Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA最新文献

{"title":"Biomedical Research on Substances of Abuse: The Italian Case Study.","authors":"Chiara Magliaro,&nbsp;Arti Ahluwalia","doi":"10.1177/02611929221132215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02611929221132215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Substances of abuse have the potential to cause addiction, habituation or altered consciousness. Most of the research on these substances focuses on addiction, and is carried out through observational and clinical studies on humans, or experimental studies on animals. The transposition of the EU <i>Directive 2010/63</i> into Italian law in 2014 (IT <i>Law 2014/26</i>) includes a ban on the use of animals for research on substances of abuse. Since then, in Italy, public debate has continued on the topic, while the application of the Article prohibiting animal research in this area has been postponed every couple of years. In the light of this debate, we briefly review a range of methodologies - including animal and non-animal, as well as patient or population-based studies - that have been employed to address the biochemical, neurobiological, toxicological, clinical and behavioural effects of substances of abuse and their dependency. We then discuss the implications of the Italian ban on the use of animals for such research, proposing concrete and evidence-based solutions to allow scientists to pursue high-quality basic and translational studies within the boundaries of the regulatory and legislative framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"423-436"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33502952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Current Status and Work of Three Rs Centres and Platforms in Europe.","authors":"Winfried Neuhaus,&nbsp;Birgit Reininger-Gutmann,&nbsp;Beate Rinner,&nbsp;Roberto Plasenzotti,&nbsp;Doris Wilflingseder,&nbsp;Joery De Kock,&nbsp;Tamara Vanhaecke,&nbsp;Vera Rogiers,&nbsp;Dagmar Jírová,&nbsp;Kristina Kejlová,&nbsp;Lisbeth E Knudsen,&nbsp;Rasmus Normann Nielsen,&nbsp;Burkhard Kleuser,&nbsp;Vivian Kral,&nbsp;Christa Thöne-Reineke,&nbsp;Thomas Hartung,&nbsp;Giorgia Pallocca,&nbsp;Costanza Rovida,&nbsp;Marcel Leist,&nbsp;Stefan Hippenstiel,&nbsp;Annemarie Lang,&nbsp;Ida Retter,&nbsp;Stephanie Krämer,&nbsp;Peter Jedlicka,&nbsp;Katharina Ameli,&nbsp;Ellen Fritsche,&nbsp;Julia Tigges,&nbsp;Eliška Kuchovská,&nbsp;Manuela Buettner,&nbsp;Andre Bleich,&nbsp;Nadine Baumgart,&nbsp;Jan Baumgart,&nbsp;Marcus W Meinhardt,&nbsp;Rainer Spanagel,&nbsp;Sabine Chourbaji,&nbsp;Bettina Kränzlin,&nbsp;Bettina Seeger,&nbsp;Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede,&nbsp;José M Sánchez-Morgado,&nbsp;Viola Galligioni,&nbsp;Daniel Ruiz-Pérez,&nbsp;Dania Movia,&nbsp;Adriele Prina-Mello,&nbsp;Arti Ahluwalia,&nbsp;Valeria Chiono,&nbsp;Arno C Gutleb,&nbsp;Marthe Schmit,&nbsp;Bea van Golen,&nbsp;Leane van Weereld,&nbsp;Anne Kienhuis,&nbsp;Erica van Oort,&nbsp;Jan van der Valk,&nbsp;Adrian Smith,&nbsp;Joanna Roszak,&nbsp;Maciej Stępnik,&nbsp;Zuzanna Sobańska,&nbsp;Edyta Reszka,&nbsp;I Anna S Olsson,&nbsp;Nuno Henrique Franco,&nbsp;Bogdan Sevastre,&nbsp;Helena Kandarova,&nbsp;Sara Capdevila,&nbsp;Jessica Johansson,&nbsp;Emma Svensk,&nbsp;Christopher R Cederroth,&nbsp;Jenny Sandström,&nbsp;Ian Ragan,&nbsp;Nataliia Bubalo,&nbsp;Jens Kurreck,&nbsp;Horst Spielmann","doi":"10.1177/02611929221140909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02611929221140909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The adoption of <i>Directive 2010/63/EU</i> on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes has given a major push to the formation of Three Rs initiatives in the form of centres and platforms. These centres and platforms are dedicated to the so-called Three Rs, which are the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of animal use in experiments. <i>ATLA</i>'s 50th Anniversary year has seen the publication of two articles on European Three Rs centres and platforms. The first of these was about the progressive rise in their numbers and about their founding history; this second part focuses on their current status and activities. This article takes a closer look at their financial and organisational structures, describes their Three Rs focus and core activities (dissemination, education, implementation, scientific quality/translatability, ethics), and presents their areas of responsibility and projects in detail. This overview of the work and diverse structures of the Three Rs centres and platforms is not only intended to bring them closer to the reader, but also to provide role models and show examples of how such Three Rs centres and platforms could be made sustainable. The Three Rs centres and platforms are very important focal points and play an immense role as facilitators of <i>Directive 2010/63/EU</i> 'on the ground' in their respective countries. They are also invaluable for the wide dissemination of information and for promoting the implementation of the Three Rs in general.</p>","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"381-413"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40548607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Capability Maturity Model as a Measure of Culture of Care in Laboratory Animal Science.","authors":"Dulshara Sachini Amarasekara,&nbsp;Hasanthi Rathnadiwakara,&nbsp;Kalpani Ratnayake,&nbsp;Mangala Gunatilake,&nbsp;Vijay Pal Singh,&nbsp;Suresh Poosala","doi":"10.1177/02611929221131313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02611929221131313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Culture of care in Laboratory Animal Science (LAS) refers to a commitment toward improving animal welfare, scientific quality, staff wellbeing, and transparency for all stakeholders, ensuring that the animals and personnel involved are treated with compassion and respect. A strong culture of care can be established by the proactive implementation of the Three Rs, sharing best practices, caring for and respecting animals and colleagues, empowering staff, taking responsibility for our actions, and having a caring leadership. Culture of care, when established, should be evaluated continuously, in order to foster its progress and persistence. Even though several tools for assessing the culture of care within an institution have been proposed, an ultimate standard for measuring the concept is lacking. Here, we review the culture of care concept and propose the 'Capability Maturity Model' as a means of quantifying culture of care in the laboratory animal setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"437-446"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33498707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimisation of Conditions for the Formation of Spheroids of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines for Use as Animal Alternatives.","authors":"Esther Tenschert,&nbsp;Johann Kern,&nbsp;Annette Affolter,&nbsp;Nicole Rotter,&nbsp;Anne Lammert","doi":"10.1177/02611929221135042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02611929221135042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of <i>in vitro</i> 3-D cell culture models in cancer research has yielded substantial gains in knowledge on various aspects of tumour biology. Such cell culture models could be useful in the study of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), where mimicking intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity is especially challenging. Our research aims to establish 3-D spheroid models for HNSCC that reproduce <i>in vitro</i> the connections between tumour cells and the surrounding microenvironment. The aims of this study were to determine the optimal conditions for the culture and use of spheroids from HNSCC cell lines and optimal timepoint for using the spheroids obtained, to evaluate the effects of coculture with tumour-specific fibroblasts on spheroid formation, and to investigate spheroid responses to cisplatin treatment. Four HNSCC cell lines (UMSCC-11A, UMSCC-11B, UMSCC-22B and UD-SCC-01) were seeded in flat or round bottom well ultra-low attachment spheroid plates, and spheroid formation was evaluated. The HNSCC cell lines were then cocultured with stromal cells of the tumour microenvironment, producing an accelerated formation of dense spheroids. The viability of cells within the spheroids was assessed during cell culture by using a fluorescent dye. Our results suggest that: three out of the four cell lines tested could form usable spheroids with acceptable viability; the addition of stromal cells did not improve the number of viable cells; and the use of round bottom well plates supported the formation of a single spheroid, whereas flat bottom well plates led to the formation of multiple spheroids of different sizes.</p>","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"414-422"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40647416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case Studies Exemplifying the Transition to Animal Component-free Cell Culture.","authors":"Tilo Weber,&nbsp;Joachim Wiest,&nbsp;Stina Oredsson,&nbsp;Karen Bieback","doi":"10.1177/02611929221117999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02611929221117999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cell culture techniques are strongly connected with modern scientific laboratories and production facilities. Thus, choosing the most suitable medium for the cells involved is vital, not only directly to optimise cell viability but also indirectly to maximise the reliability of the experiments performed with the cells. Fetal bovine or calf serum (FBS or FCS, respectively) is the most commonly used cell culture medium supplement, providing various nutritional factors and macromolecules essential for cell growth. Yet, the use of FBS encompasses a number of disadvantages. Scientifically, one of the most severe disadvantages is the lot-to-lot variability of animal sera that hampers reproducibility. Therefore, transitioning from the use of these ill-defined, component-variable, inconsistent, xenogenic, ethically questionable and even potentially infectious media supplements, is key to achieving better data reproducibility and thus better science. To demonstrate that the transition to animal component-free cell culture is possible and achievable, we highlight three different scenarios and provide some case studies of each, namely: i) the adaptation of single cell lines to animal component-free culture conditions by the replacement of FBS and trypsin; ii) the adaptation of multicellular models to FBS-free conditions; and (iii) the replacement of FBS with human platelet lysate (hPL) for the generation of primary stem/stromal cell cultures for clinical purposes. By highlighting these examples, we aim to foster and support the global movement towards more consistent science and provide evidence that it is indeed possible to step out of the currently smouldering scientific reproducibility crisis.</p>","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"330-338"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40426871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing Animal Welfare Issues in Fetal Blood Collection for Fetal Bovine Serum Production.","authors":"Terence J McCann,&nbsp;Carol Treasure","doi":"10.1177/02611929221117992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02611929221117992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is ethical debate over whether fetal calves suffer when their dam is slaughtered and fetal blood extracted by cardiac puncture for fetal bovine serum (FBS) production. Yet, the serum industry does not follow best practice, as recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), to avoid fetal distress. We discuss the key elements of this debate, and recommend how the serum industry can alter its practices to improve animal welfare.</p>","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"365-368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40637129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transparency in Non-Technical Project Summaries to Promote the Three Rs in Respiratory Disease Research.","authors":"Martina Bonassera,&nbsp;Esther Clews,&nbsp;Kelly BéruBé","doi":"10.1177/02611929221121076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02611929221121076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-Technical Project Summaries (NTS) are legal documents that were first introduced by the <i>Directive 2010/63/EU</i> to enhance transparency within scientific animal experimentation. Researchers intending to conduct biological research on animal models must fulfil the NTS requirements by outlining their proposed use of animals and how they plan to implement the Three Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement of animal use) in their experiments. This study outlines a novel systematic analysis approach that enables the assessment of NTS transparency based on the accuracy of reporting of certain Three Rs-specific information. This potentially customisable strategy could help toward the development of practical guidelines for use by Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Bodies (AWERBs) in establishments conducting animal research, in the process of scrutinising NTS during their pre-submission review of proposed licence applications. This could help to identify gaps in reporting of Three Rs-specific information relating to the planned animal experiments, which represents a remarkable step toward achieving greater openness in scientific communication. This study supports the concept that NTS transparency can promote the implementation of non-animal alternatives in fields where this is currently lacking, such as respiratory disease research. Although NTS were originally conceived as informative documents for a lay audience, we can conclude that data in NTS can be successfully used as a basis for systematic analysis. By reviewing the NTS, the experimental limitations of the currently available replacement strategies can also be highlighted, potentially pinpointing where there is a need for future method development.</p>","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"349-364"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40364360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial.","authors":"Helena Kandarova","doi":"10.1177/02611929221129667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02611929221129667","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"315-316"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40373165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A History of Regulatory Animal Testing: What Can We Learn?","authors":"Doortje Swaters,&nbsp;Anne van Veen,&nbsp;Wim van Meurs,&nbsp;Janette Ellen Turner,&nbsp;Merel Ritskes-Hoitinga","doi":"10.1177/02611929221118001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02611929221118001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The contemporary pharmaceutical industry is voicing growing concerns about the translatability and reproducibility of animal models. In addition, the usefulness of certain of the required regulatory safety tests in animals is being increasingly questioned. It remains difficult, however, to make the move toward alternative testing methods, not least because of legislative demands. A historical analysis was performed, in order to study how the mandatory animal studies in legislative requirements came about. This article reflects on the role that specific public health disasters played in the creation of (more) regulatory requirements for animal testing. It will show how the regulatory changes prompted by the sulfanilamide elixir disaster in the 1930s and the thalidomide disaster in the early 1960s were based on the belief that extensive animal testing would prevent similar future human health tragedies. As scientists increasingly highlight issues with translatability between non-human animals and humans, the belief that current regulatory requirements ensure safety becomes more difficult to maintain. In addition, it means that some of the regulations now in place require animal tests that do not contribute to the safety of a drug, as shown in a third case study of the court case by Vanda industries against the FDA. We finally argue that regulations should be critically examined and altered where necessary, so that they are no longer a barrier in the transition toward animal-free testing and more human-relevant science.</p>","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"322-329"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40638688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Evaluation of Different Types of Peptone as Partial Substitutes for Animal-derived Serum in Vero Cell Culture.","authors":"Chloe Lezin,&nbsp;Philippe Mauduit,&nbsp;Georges Uzan,&nbsp;Mohamed Essameldin Abdelgawad","doi":"10.1177/02611929221122780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02611929221122780","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vero cells are one of the most frequently used cell types in virology. They can be used not only as a vehicle for the replication of viruses, but also as a model for investigating viral infectivity, cytopathology and vaccine production. There is increasing awareness of the need to limit the use of animal-derived components in cell culture media for a number of reasons, which include reducing the risk of contamination and decreasing costs related to the downstream processing of commercial products obtained via cell culture. The current study evaluates the use of protein hydrolysates (PHLs), also known as peptones, as partial substitutes for fetal bovine serum (FBS) in Vero cell culture. Eleven plant-based, two yeast-based, and three casein-based peptones were assessed, with different batches evaluated in the study. We tested the effects of three concentration ratios of FBS and peptone on Vero cell proliferation, four days after the initial cell seeding. Some of the tested peptones, when in combination with a minimal 1% level of FBS, supported cell proliferation rates equivalent to those achieved with 10% FBS. Collectively, our findings showed that plant-based peptones could represent promising options for the successful formulation of serum-reduced cell culture media for vaccine production. This is especially relevant in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, in view of the urgent need for SARS-CoV-2 virus production for certain types of vaccine. The current study contributes to the Three Rs principle of <i>reduction</i>, as well as addressing animal ethics concerns associated with FBS, by repurposing PHLs for use in cell culture.</p>","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"339-348"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40350412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}