Forestry research最新文献

{"title":"Responses of isolated balsam-fir stem segments to exogenous ACC, IAA, and IBA.","authors":"Rodney Arthur Savidge","doi":"10.48130/forres-0024-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48130/forres-0024-0030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this investigation, the effects of exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) on anatomical development within cultured segments of <i>Abies balsamea</i> (L.) Mill. were compared, using debudded and defoliated leaders produced in the preceding year as bioassay material. In stem apical regions, IAA promoted radial enlargement of pre-existing cortical resin ducts and attending parenchyma enlargement, whereas IBA promoted cell division and expansion of parenchyma on the outer edge of phloem without altering cortical duct shape. Cortical woody ducts, each partially surrounded by cambium, were observed as a novel but infrequent feature. A single cortical woody duct was spatially associated with each mature leaf as its vascular trace, and they were not encountered elsewhere in the cortex, nor were they induced to form in response to any hormone application. An unknown leaf factor induces the development of cortical woody ducts. Both IAA and IBA promoted cell division in the vascular cambium. The common cellular response at the interface between the latewood boundary and cambial zone was the radial expansion of primary-walled fusiform cambial cell derivatives with little if any ensuing tracheary element (TE) differentiation. Enhanced TE production at basal stem positions occurred when ACC was provided with IAA and/or IBA, and an IAA + IBA + ACC combination produced a basal stem response similar to that in untreated segments having intact leaves. The data support the conclusion that IAA, IBA, and ACC have distinct but complementary roles in the overall regulation of the types of cellular differentiation that contribute to cortex histogenesis and diameter growth of balsam-fir leaders.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"4 ","pages":"e033"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11524308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combating browning: mechanisms and management strategies in <i>in vitro</i> culture of economic woody plants.","authors":"Chen Liu, Hongrui Fan, Jiaqi Zhang, Jianing Wu, Mingbing Zhou, Fuliang Cao, Guiyun Tao, Xiaohong Zhou","doi":"10.48130/forres-0024-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48130/forres-0024-0026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Browning presents a significant challenge in the <i>in vitro</i> culture of economically important woody plants, primarily due to high levels of lignification and the accumulation of secondary metabolites. This phenomenon hampers the development of efficient regeneration and genetic transformation systems across diverse species. This review examines the internal and external factors contributing to browning, including genetic attributes, tree genotypes, physiological state of explants, explant surface sterilization, medium composition, and overall culture conditions. It explores the underlying mechanisms of browning, particularly enzymatic browning caused by the oxidation of phenolic compounds, and highlights the crucial role of redox pathways and phenolic metabolism. Conventional methods for assessing browning, such as sensory evaluation by researchers and the examination of paraffin sections stained with toluidine blue, are commonly used but introduce significant delays and potential biases. The review emphasizes the importance of accurate and timely browning assessment methods, notably the use of Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) staining, as a reliable and quantitative measure of cell viability to better evaluate browning intensity and progression. Additionally, this review explores the potential manipulation of key genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway to lower phenolic biosynthesis. Advanced strategies, such as regenerative gene manipulation and natural product encapsulation, are also discussed for their potential to improve regeneration outcomes. By integrating recent advancements in molecular biology and tissue culture techniques, this review offers novel insights and potential solutions for mitigating browning, thereby enhancing the regeneration capacities of woody plants. This comprehensive approach addresses the mechanistic bases of browning and underscores the importance of optimizing cultural practices and genetic strategies to overcome this challenge.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"4 ","pages":"e032"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11524309/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lignin biosynthesis pathway repressors in gymnosperms: differential repressor domains as compared to angiosperms.","authors":"Sonali Sachin Ranade, María Rosario García-Gil","doi":"10.48130/forres-0024-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48130/forres-0024-0029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lignin is a polyphenolic polymer present in the cell walls of specialized plant cell types in vascular plants that provides structural support and plays a major role in plant protection. The lignin biosynthesis pathway is regulated by transcription factors from the MYB (myeloblastosis) family. While several MYB members positively regulate lignin synthesis, only a few negatively regulate lignin synthesis. These lignin suppressors are well characterized in model plant species; however, their role has not been fully explored in gymnosperms. Lignin forms one of the major hurdles for the forest-based industry e.g. paper, pulp, and biofuel production. Therefore, the detailed mechanisms involved in the regulation of lignin synthesis are valuable, especially in conifers that form the major source of softwood for timber and paper production. In this review, the potential and differential domains present in the MYB suppressors in gymnosperms are discussed, along with their phylogenetic analysis. Sequence analysis revealed that the N-terminal regions of the MYB suppressor members were found to be conserved among the gymnosperms and angiosperms containing the R2, R3, and bHLH domains, while the C-terminal regions were found to be highly variable. The typical repressor motifs like the LxLxL-type EAR motif and the TLLLFR motif were absent from the C-terminal regions of MYB suppressors from most gymnosperms. However, although the gymnosperms lacked the characteristic repressor domains, a R2R3-type MYB member from <i>Ginkgo</i> was reported to repress the lignin biosynthetic pathway. It is proposed that gymnosperms possess unique kinds of repressors that need further functional validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"4 ","pages":"e031"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11524278/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative splicing of the <i>FLOWERING LOCUS C</i>-like gene <i>MaMADS33</i> is associated with endodormancy in mulberry.","authors":"Yiwei Luo, Hongjiang Liu, Yuanxiang Han, Wei Li, Wuqi Wei, Ningjia He","doi":"10.48130/forres-0024-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48130/forres-0024-0027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alternative splicing (AS) is an important post-transcriptional process that generates multiple mRNA isoforms. <i>FLOWERING LOCUS C</i> (<i>FLC</i>) is a pivotal gene in both the vernalization and autonomous pathways of flowering plants, and <i>MaMADS33</i> is one of the <i>FLC</i> homologs in white mulberry (<i>Morus alba</i>). Recent studies have revealed that <i>MaMADS33</i> is involved in endodormancy, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be characterized. Here, a comparison of <i>MaMADS33</i> expression among three mulberry cultivars with different degrees of dormancy revealed a positive association between <i>MaMADS33</i> expression and dormancy. Further 3' and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) analyses led to identifying four <i>MaMADS33</i> isoforms derived from AS and designated <i>MaMADS33-AS1</i>-<i>4</i>. Analysis of their coding potential revealed that <i>MaMADS33-AS1</i> was a long non-coding RNA. Expression profiling and splicing-efficiency analyses showed that cold stress during endodormancy induced AS of <i>MaMADS33</i>, resulting in a predominance of truncated isoforms, especially <i>MaMADS33-AS1</i>. <i>MaMADS33-AS2</i> expression was upregulated during both endodormancy and ecodormancy, whereas <i>MaMADS33-AS3</i> and <i>MaMADS33-AS4</i> were endodormancy-associated isoforms that were upregulated during endodormancy and then downregulated during ecodormancy. MaMADS33-AS4 was used as bait for a yeast two-hybrid screen because its gene expression was higher than that of MaMADS33-AS3, and mulberry winter-accumulating 18 kDa protein (MaWAP18) was identified as an MaMADS33-AS4 interaction partner. The interaction between MaWAP18 and MaMADS33-AS4 was confirmed by a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. These findings offer insight into the role of <i>FLC</i> homologs in the endodormancy of woody plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"4 ","pages":"e029"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11524320/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into <i>Aquilaria</i> phylogenetics through comparative plastomic resources.","authors":"Junhu Kan, Liyun Nie, Zenglu Mi, Xiaojin Liu, Daping Xu, Luke R Tembrock, Zhiqiang Wu, Zhou Hong","doi":"10.48130/forres-0024-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48130/forres-0024-0028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The plastid is an essential organelle for its role in photosynthesis and energy production and its genomic information is always employed as important evolutionary markers to explore the relationship among species. Agarwood (<i>Aquilaria</i>), prized for its aromatic blend, finds extensive use in various cultures as incense and perfume. Despite its high economic importance, the phylogenetic status among <i>Aquilaria</i> based on plastomes remains ambiguous due to the lack of available plastomic resources. To bridge this knowledge gap, 22 <i>Aquilaria</i> plastomes were newly sequenced, similar variation patterns in this genus were determined, including a shared 16 bp extension of the <i>rps19</i> gene and seven highly variable regions. The analysis highlighted the highest prevalence of the A/T motif among simple sequence repeats in these plastomes. Further phylogenetic analysis revealed <i>Aquilaria</i>'s phylogenetic implications with an expanded dataset. This comprehensive plastomic resource not only enhances our understanding of <i>Aquilaria</i> evolution but also presents potential molecular markers for DNA barcoding.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"4 ","pages":"e030"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11524301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in the beneficial endophytic fungi for the growth and health of woody plants.","authors":"Liang Hong, Qingao Wang, Junhao Zhang, Xuan Chen, Yuxin Liu, Fred O Asiegbu, Pengfei Wu, Xiangqing Ma, Kai Wang","doi":"10.48130/forres-0024-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48130/forres-0024-0025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the importance of microorganisms for plant survival has been increasingly recognized. Endophytic fungi, as part of holobiont, can confer growth advantages to plants. Most studies have shown that the endophytic fungi of forest trees can promote host plant growth, increase adversity resistance, and thus improve the survival competitiveness of forest trees. However, the beneficial examples of endophytic fungi on the growth and development of woody plants have not been systematically summarized. This review is focused on various aspects of beneficial endophytic fungi in forest trees (definition, classification, colonization mechanisms, etc.), with an emphasis on their beneficial roles in woody plant growth, protection against biotic and abiotic stresses, as well as the response of forest trees to endophytic fungi. In addition, this review lists a series of experiments on screening beneficial endophytic fungi from Chinese fir (<i>Cunninghamia lanceolata</i>) and verifying their beneficial functions, to explore the mutualistic relationships between them. This review not only provides a theoretical basis for the study of beneficial endophytic fungi in forest trees in the future but also sheds light on the molecular perspectives for a mechanistic understanding of their potential future significance for the sustainable utilization of forest resources and ecological environment protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"4 ","pages":"e028"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11524292/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MGCPdb, a collective resource for mulberry genome size, chromosome number, and ploidy.","authors":"Honghong Wang, Jingchun Liu, Xiaofei Xu, Yan Li, Jianglian Yuan, Yichun Zeng, Yahui Xuan, Sheng Wang, Gang Liu, Ningjia He, Bi Ma","doi":"10.48130/forres-0024-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48130/forres-0024-0024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mulberry is a critical economic tree with a high diversity of germplasm resources. However, the lack of primary data on genome size, chromosome number, and ploidy for this species limits the exploitation of mulberry resources. In this study, the genome size of 323 mulberry germplasm resources were examined using flow cytometry and chromosome numbers analyzed. The genome sizes ranged from 0.36 to 3.08 Gb, and seven different ploidies of mulberry germplasm resources were identified, with chromosome numbers ranging from 14 to 308. Correlation analysis indicated that genome size (1C) and chromosome number positively correlated. Here, the genome size, chromosome number, and ploidy database MGCPdb (https://mgcpdb.biodb.org) were constructed for mulberry plants, which contains 323 core mulberry germplasm resources and provides raw data of flow cytometry analysis, genome size, and chromosome count. This database is significant and valuable for mulberry genome evolution, polyploidy breeding, and genetic diversity research.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"4 ","pages":"e027"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11524241/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulations reveal variability in exposure to drier conditions during timing of budbreak for tree species of the mixedwood forests of Québec, Canada.","authors":"Benjamin Marquis","doi":"10.48130/forres-0024-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48130/forres-0024-0023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to climate change, the timing of budbreak is occurring earlier in temperate and boreal tree species. Since the warmer conditions also cause snow to melt earlier in the spring, the hypothesis that bud reactivation of tree species of the mixedwood forests of Québec would occur under drier conditions in the future and that species from the temperate forests with late budbreak would be most exposed to dry conditions was tested. The thermal-time bud phenology model was used to predict the timing of budbreak for early and late species using 300 and 500 growing degree-days as the threshold for the timing of budbreak. Climate data was obtained from four CMIP6 climate models from 1950-2100 for two socioeconomic pathways at two locations, one in the temperate forest and one in the boreal mixedwood forest. Using linear regressions, the anomaly, which results from the difference between the historical mean (1950-1980) and the yearly values in timing of budbreak was predicted by the anomaly in drought index (SPEI) per site, climate model, socioeconomic pathways, and species with early or late budbreak timing. Budbreak is expected to occur earlier in the future, whereas the temporal trends in SPEI remained weak during April and May. When paired with the anomalies in both timing of budbreak and drought index, analyses showed that budbreak could be expected to occur under drier conditions in the future. However, due to differences between climate models, it remains uncertain whether drought stress will begin earlier in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"4 ","pages":"e026"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11524311/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing genomic association studies in slash pine through close-range UAV-based morphological phenotyping.","authors":"Ruiye Yan, Yihan Dong, Yanjie Li, Cong Xu, Qifu Luan, Shu Diao, Chunyan Wu","doi":"10.48130/forres-0024-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48130/forres-0024-0022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In forestry genetics and industry, tree morphological traits such as height, crown size, and shape are critical for understanding growth dynamics and productivity. Traditional methods for measuring these traits are limited in efficiency, scalability, and accuracy, posing challenges for large-scale forest assessments. This study focuses on integrating unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology with GWAS to improve genomic association studies in slash pine (<i>Pinus elliottii</i>). Seven key morphological traits have been identified (canopy area (CA), crown base height (CBH), crown length (CL), canopy volume (CV), crown width (CW), crown width height (CWH), and tree height (H)) through advanced UAV-based phenotyping. These associations account for a remarkable range of heritability in slash pine, with traits such as CBH, CL, CV, and H showing relatively high heritability across both Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and pedigree methods, indicating strong genetic influence, while traits such as CWH show lower heritability, suggesting greater environmental influence or non-additive genetic variance. The GWAS identified 28 associations, including 22 different SNPs localized to 16 candidate genes, that were significantly associated with the morphological traits of Slash Pine. Notably, two of these candidate genes, annotated as putative DEAD-like helicase and ethylene-responsive element binding factor (ERF), were present at different mutation sites and were significantly associated with CW and CA traits, respectively. These results demonstrate that the UAV imaging enables a comprehensive analysis of the Morphological growth response of slash pine and can facilitate the discovery of informative alleles to elucidate the genetic structure underlying complex phenotypic variation in conifers.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"4 ","pages":"e025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11524239/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-destructive estimation of needle leaf chlorophyll and water contents in Chinese fir seedlings based on hyperspectral reflectance spectra.","authors":"Dong Xing, Penghui Sun, Yulin Wang, Mei Jiang, Siyu Miao, Wei Liu, Huahong Huang, Erpei Lin","doi":"10.48130/forres-0024-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48130/forres-0024-0021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chinese fir is the most important native softwood tree in China and has significant economic and ecological value. Accurate assessment of the growth status is critical for both seedling cultivation and germplasm evaluation of this commercially significant tree. Needle leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) and needle leaf water content (LWC), which are determinants of plant health and photosynthetic efficiency, are important indicators of the growth status in plants. In this study, for the first time, the LCC and LWC of Chinese fir seedlings were estimated based on hyperspectral reflectance spectra and machine learning algorithms. A line-scan hyperspectral imaging system with a spectral range of 870 to 1,720 nm was used to capture hyperspectral images of seedlings with varying LCC and LWC. The spectral data of the canopy area of the seedlings were extracted and preprocessed using the Savitzky-Golay smoothing (SG) algorithm. Subsequently, the Successive Projection Algorithm (SPA) and Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS) methods were employed to extract the most informative wavelengths. Moreover, SVM, PLSR and ANNs were utilized to construct models that predict LCC and LWC based on effective wavelengths. The results indicated that the CARS-ANNs were the best for predicting LCC, with R²_C = 0.932, RSME_C = 0.224, and R²_P = 0.969, RSME_P = 0.157. Similarly, the SPA-ANNs model exhibited the best prediction performance for LWC, with R²_C = 0.952, RSME_C = 0.049, and R²_P = 0.948, RSME_P = 0.051. In conclusion, the present study highlights the significant potential of combining hyperspectral imaging (HSI) with machine learning algorithms as a rapid, non-destructive, and highly accurate method for estimating LCC and LWC in Chinese fir.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"4 ","pages":"e024"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11524296/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}