Forestry research最新文献

{"title":"<i>Fraxinus mandshurica SPL2</i> enhances tolerance to drought stress by activating the phenylpropanoid pathway.","authors":"Shuai Yang, Liang Gao, Shikang Zhao, Jialin Yan, Liming He, Biying He, Yaguang Zhan, Ying Xin, Fansuo Zeng","doi":"10.48130/forres-0026-0015","DOIUrl":"10.48130/forres-0026-0015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drought is a major abiotic stressor that severely threatens forest tree growth and survival worldwide. The SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like (SPL) family is a group of plant-specific transcription factors that play important roles in plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation. Our study showed that overexpression of <i>Fraxinus mandshurica</i> <i>SPL2</i> (<i>FmSPL2</i>) promotes lignin biosynthesis and enhances drought tolerance. Phenotypic analysis indicated that the stomatal aperture of <i>FmSPL2</i>-OE1 and <i>FmSPL2</i>-OE2 was reduced by 12.05% and 19.23%, respectively, compared to the wild type (WT). Additionally, the xylem width of the sixth internode in these lines increased by 26.07% and 25.93% relative to WT. Correspondingly, lignin content was elevated by 19.87% and 18.48% compared with WT, respectively. Under drought stress, the lignin content in <i>FmSPL2</i>-OE plants remained elevated compared to WT. Furthermore<i>,</i> the overexpression lines exhibited increased SOD and POD activities, accompanied by reduced levels of MDA, H₂O₂, and superoxide anion. Transcriptome analysis indicated significant upregulation of multiple genes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in <i>FmSPL2</i>-OE plants, including <i>phenylalanine ammonia-lyase</i> (<i>PAL</i>), <i>cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase</i> (<i>CAD</i>), and <i>4-coumarate-CoA ligase</i> (<i>4CL</i>). Moreover, the yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that FmSPL2 directly binds to the promoter regions of phenylpropanoid-related genes like <i>PAL</i>, <i>CAD</i>, and <i>PRX</i>, thereby activating the expression of these genes and enhancing lignin biosynthesis. These results elucidate a novel function of <i>FmSPL2</i> in enhancing drought tolerance through the regulation of phenylpropanoid pathway-mediated lignin accumulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"6 ","pages":"e015"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13195492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148020312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survival at the edge: genomic vulnerability and genetic purging of a limestone cliff-endemic sky island shrub under climate change.","authors":"Liao-Cheng Zhao, Wei-Long Gao, Nan Wang, Han-Ze Gu, Yuan-Mi Wu, Zi-Xiang Xu, Zhi-Hong Ma, Xian-Yun Mu","doi":"10.48130/forres-0026-0010","DOIUrl":"10.48130/forres-0026-0010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate change poses a significant threat to biodiversity, highlighting the urgent need to understand species' adaptive potential. Using the sky island limestone-endemic shrub <i>Lonicera oblata</i> in North China as a model, we integrated genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses to investigate its evolutionary trajectory. The assembled genome is 786.92 Mb in size, and it has the highest proportion of repetitive sequences (66.47%) in <i>Lonicera</i>. Multiple expanded gene families were enriched in pathways related to stress response, including oxidoreductase activity, cell wall synthesis, and energy metabolism. The bHLH gene family exhibits both a significant expansion in the comparative genomic analysis and a convergent transcriptional activation under calcium stress, correlating with the metabolic reprogramming of organic acid synthesis and ion homeostasis. We detected low genetic diversity (<i>π</i>: 2.24e-3 to 2.80e-3), high differentiation (average fixation index: 0.16), drastic historical decline, and strong genetic load among populations. Notably, the northeasternmost and most recently diverged population (Jiankou) exhibited extreme inbreeding but the lowest genetic load, suggesting that genetic purging enhances small population survival. The genotype-environment association analysis identified 1,286 core SNPs potentially correlated with local adaptation. Genomic offset projections predicted high maladaptation risk under future climates, especially in eastern and southern populations. This study provides essential insights into the mechanisms of local adaptation, genomic vulnerability, and climate resilience of threatened sky island species, and offers guidance for targeted conservation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"6 ","pages":"e013"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13195435/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148020281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chromatin accessibility dynamics and a hierarchical transcriptional regulatory network for shoot apex cold stress in <i>Eucalyptus grandis</i>.","authors":"Peishan Li, Shasha Zhang, Xinrong Liu, Jiaojiao Li, Lu Li, Wei Wu, Deming Yang, Zhaohua Lu, Juncheng Lin, Liuyin Ma","doi":"10.48130/forres-0026-0011","DOIUrl":"10.48130/forres-0026-0011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subtropical perennials lack formal winter dormancy mechanisms, rendering them more vulnerable to cold stress than temperate or boreal trees. While cold-response pathways are well characterized in model plants, the regulatory landscape in woody species remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that shoot apices of the fast-growing subtropical tree <i>Eucalyptus grandis</i> respond to cold stress within 0.5 h through rapid chromatin accessibility remodeling and transcriptomic reprogramming. Time-series ATAC-seq and RNA-seq analyses revealed a hierarchical regulatory architecture over a 24 h period; this architecture is initiated by hormone- and circadian-related genes, followed by metabolic, cell-cycle, and physiological adjustments. Transcriptomic reprogramming was concentrated in cold- and red-light-responsive genes (e.g., <i>CBF1</i> and <i>CBF4</i>), which were induced as early as 0.5-2 h post-treatment. Functional validation confirmed that four rapid cold-responsive motifs, including a CBF-binding site, exhibited elevated luciferase activity at 4 °C. While over 50% of dynamic chromatin accessibility regions correlated with differential gene expression, chromatin opening did not always coincide with immediate transcriptional activation. Notably, canonical auxin signaling components exhibited sustained induction and synchronized chromatin-expression dynamics. <i>De novo</i> motif analysis indicated that constitutively expressed AGL42 and ERF transcription factors in shoot apices may directly activate <i>CBF4</i>, initiating a 'development-to-stress' switch via downstream chromatin remodeling. Direct activation of the <i>CBF4</i> promoter by two <i>Eucalyptus grandis</i> AGL42 orthologs was confirmed, establishing a novel regulatory relationship in the cold response. These findings provide a high-resolution map of how chromatin accessibility integrates transcription factors into a hierarchical regulatory network to modulate cold adaptation in subtropical woody plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"6 ","pages":"e012"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13195434/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148020275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the CASA model for estimating carbon sequestration in sea buckthorn plantations using multi-temporal remote sensing and field data.","authors":"Maoyuan Wang, Yanrui Guo, Shaodong Liu, Peng Zhang, Yan Gao, Shi Qi","doi":"10.48130/forres-0026-0013","DOIUrl":"10.48130/forres-0026-0013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sea buckthorn (<i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> L.)-based ecological engineering is critical for ecological restoration and carbon sequestration enhancement in China's Pisha sandstone region. However, accurate large-scale carbon sequestration quantification remains challenging: complex terrain, limited accessibility, and high spatial heterogeneity impede extensive field surveys. To address this, we developed an integrated framework combining multi-temporal remote sensing inversion and systematic field measurements. Using the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model, we estimated 2013-2023 vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) and derived net ecosystem productivity (NEP) as a proxy for carbon sequestration density. Remote sensing-derived estimates were validated against <i>in situ</i> measurements across plots of varying stand ages (5-10 years) and site types (shady/sunny slopes, gully bottoms). Results showed strong agreement between remote sensing and field-measured carbon storage (<i>R²</i> = 0.79, RMSE = 25.07 tCO₂ ha^-1), confirming the model's reliability for regional carbon sink quantification in these shrublands. Spatially, sea buckthorn stands had higher carbon sequestration density in the study area's eastern versus western portion, with gully-bottom sites showing significantly higher capacity than slope sites (<i>p</i> < 0.05). This study validates the CASA model's effectiveness for sea buckthorn carbon sink monitoring in the fragile Pisha sandstone region, providing a species-specific remote sensing-field integrated pathway for carbon quantification in arid/semi-arid sea buckthorn ecosystems to support China's 'Dual Carbon' strategic goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"6 ","pages":"e011"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13195490/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148020277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precise identification of intersectional hybrids in <i>Morus</i> using genomic <i>in situ</i> hybridization (GISH).","authors":"Qiming Zhou, Jiacheng Li, Yahui Xuan, Jiali Qiu, Jianglian Yuan, Zhengang Li, Song Chen, Ningjia He","doi":"10.48130/forres-0026-0009","DOIUrl":"10.48130/forres-0026-0009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mulberry (<i>Morus</i> spp.) includes ecologically important tree species that are highly valued for their exceptional economic and medicinal properties. Among its diverse species, <i>Morus wittiorum</i> and <i>Morus laevigata</i> are particularly valuable genetic resources because of their resistance to <i>Sclerotinia</i>, their relatively high content of specific flavonoids, and elongated fruit morphology. In this study, hybridization experiments were conducted using 10 mulberry accessions spanning three taxonomic sections (<i>Alba</i>, <i>Wittiorum</i>, and <i>Laevigata</i>). All six attempted intersectional crosses successfully yielded hybrid progeny. Using genomic <i>in situ</i> hybridization with blocking DNA, we detected distinct chromosomal signal patterns among the three sections, enabling precise identification of hybrid and wild-type chromosomal constitutions. Notably, this study provides the first documented evidence of 2<i>n</i> gamete formation in the genus <i>Morus</i>, where 2<i>n</i> eggs from <i>M. wittiorum</i> 'W-4' produced a pentaploid hybrid, 'Mp-7'. This discovery not only rewrites the chromosomal inheritance patterns of <i>Morus</i> but also unveils untapped polyploid breeding potential. These findings provide an efficient approach for identifying hybrids and offer novel polyploid breeding strategies, thereby promising to reshape global mulberry breeding and creating new opportunities for the genetic improvement of this agronomically important species.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"6 ","pages":"e010"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13191441/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148020279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive analysis of the <i>MLP</i> genes in <i>Paulownia fortunei</i> and functional characterization of <i>PfMLP25</i> in response to pathogen invasion.","authors":"Bingbing Li, Xiaoqiao Zhai, Haibo Yang, Aizhong Liu, Guoqiang Fan","doi":"10.48130/forres-0026-0008","DOIUrl":"10.48130/forres-0026-0008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Major latex-like proteins (MLPs) play crucial regulatory roles in mediating plant responses to both abiotic and biotic stressors. Although MLPs have been identified in diverse plants, the genome-wide characteristics of MLP-encoding genes and their roles in pathogen defense in Paulownia (<i>Paulownia fortunei</i>) remain largely unexplored. <i>P. fortunei</i> is a fast-growing perennial tree widely cultivated across multiple regions of Asia due to its substantial economic and ecological value. Here, we identified 49 <i>PfMLP</i> genes from the <i>P. fortunei</i> genome and systematically characterized their sequence architectures and phylogenetic relationships. Transcriptome analyses revealed 16 <i>PfMLPs</i> that are responsive to Witches' Broom (PaWB) phytoplasma infection. Notably, we focused on the functional characterization of <i>PfMLP25,</i> whose expression was induced by PaWB infection. Heterogenous overexpression of <i>PfMLP25</i> in transgenic poplars enhanced pathogen resistance, confirming its critical role in anti-pathogen defense. Additionally, we demonstrated that the <i>PfMYB100</i> transcription factor regulates the transcription of <i>PfMLP25</i> and identified its interaction with two key immune system-essential proteins, PfCDPKa and PfRODa. Furthermore, we validated the interaction between PfMLP25 and the PfPUBa protein, indicating a potential role for PfMLP25 in the ubiquitination pathway during PaWB phytoplasma invasion. Taken together, our findings suggest that PfMLP25 functions by mediating immune system activation and participating in ubiquitination processes during PaWB phytoplasma invasion. This study presents new insights into the role of PfMLP25 and its underlying molecular mechanisms in plant pathogen defense.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"6 ","pages":"e009"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13191360/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148020276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The <i>PagWUS-PagCLV3</i> module regulates shoot meristem maintenance and activity in poplar.","authors":"Wan Chen Dong, Fang Li Wang, Xiao Tong Li, Xiu Xia Wu, Li Fang Yu, Lin Lin Luan, Yan Wang, Xian Sheng Zhang, Zhi Juan Cheng, Ya Lin Sang","doi":"10.48130/forres-0026-0007","DOIUrl":"10.48130/forres-0026-0007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The shoot apical meristem of vascular plants generates all the aboveground organs. During this process, the structure and function of the meristem are maintained by a group of regulatory genes, among which the <i>WUSCHEL</i> (<i>WUS</i>)-<i>CLAVATA3</i> (<i>CLV3</i>) module plays the core role. To date, all of the insights into shoot meristem homeostasis have been derived from studies on herbaceous plants. The mechanism by which the shoot meristem is maintained in trees remains unknown. In this study, we analyzed the functions of the poplar genes <i>PagWUS</i> and <i>PagCLV3</i>, homologs of <i>Arabidopsis</i> <i>WUS</i> and <i>CLV3</i>, respectively, in the maintenance and regeneration of the shoot meristem. Our results reveal both conserved and divergent functions compared to those of their orthologs in herbaceous species. Similar to their herbaceous counterparts, <i>PagWUS</i> and <i>PagCLV3</i> are specifically expressed in the organizing center and stem cells, respectively, and form a feedback loop that regulates shoot meristem maintenance. Overexpression of <i>PagWUS</i> promoted shoot regeneration. Compared with herbaceous species, poplar possesses a much larger stem cell niche. The function of the <i>PagWUS-PagCLV3</i> module is consistent with the developmental characteristics of perennial trees in that it regulates the cessation of the shoot meristem and mediates the proper pattern of secondary growth. Disruption of <i>PagCLV3</i> enhanced shoot regeneration capacity. Our results shed light on shoot meristem regulation in trees and pave the way for understanding the mechanisms of meristem activity and plant development.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"6 ","pages":"e007"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13191361/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148020282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intercalary meristems revisited: from anatomical regions to cell-resolved fate systems.","authors":"Shihui Niu","doi":"10.48130/forres-0026-0012","DOIUrl":"10.48130/forres-0026-0012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"6 ","pages":"e008"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13195433/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148020278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the multifaceted roles of the <i>LncNAT1</i>-<i>GbCHS</i> module in <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> for flavonoid biosynthesis and plant development.","authors":"Sian Liu, Yinlong Shuai, Peng Wan, Meng Cao, Hanyue Zhang, Changquan Zhang, Xi Zhang, Lingyu Ma, Biao Jin, Li Wang","doi":"10.48130/forres-0026-0006","DOIUrl":"10.48130/forres-0026-0006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flavonoids are the primary bioactive compounds in <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> leaves. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying their biosynthesis remain incompletely understood. In this study, three <i>G. biloba</i> exhibiting significant differences in flavonoid content were selected from a total of 26 cultivars. Integrated metabolomic, lncRNA, and mRNA sequencing analyses identified <i>GbCHS</i> as a core gene involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. Overexpression of <i>GbCHS</i> markedly enhanced flavonoid accumulation, whereas virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of <i>GbCHS</i> resulted in a significant reduction in total flavonoid content, confirming its essential role in flavonoid biosynthesis. Notably, <i>GbCHS</i>-silenced <i>G. biloba</i> plants also exhibited a significant decrease in plant height, leaf weight, root length, and lateral root number. In contrast, <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> plants overexpressing <i>GbCHS</i> showed significant increases in plant height, leaf weight, root length, and lateral root number, indicating that this gene also promotes plant development. Furthermore, <i>GbCHS</i> was found to be partially complementary to the lncRNA <i>LncNAT1</i>. Overexpression of <i>LncNAT1</i> in <i>G. biloba</i> calli significantly suppressed <i>GbCHS</i> expression and reduced total flavonoid content, whereas silencing <i>LncNAT1</i> led to increased <i>GbCHS</i> expression, flavonoid accumulation, plant height, and leaf weight. Mechanistically, <i>LncNAT1</i> represses <i>GbCHS</i> expression through the formation of an <i>LncNAT1</i>-<i>GbCHS</i> RNA duplex. Collectively, these findings reveal the multidimensional regulatory functions of the novel <i>LncNAT1</i>-<i>GbCHS</i> module in flavonoid biosynthesis and plant development in <i>G. biloba</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"6 ","pages":"e006"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13187911/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147990387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and intra-genus conservation analysis of non-conventional peptides in hybrid poplar 84K.","authors":"Ying-Da Chen, Jian Tang, Xin-Yue Wang, Xin Lin, Hao-Ran Liao, Hui Liu, Li-Na Mei, Liang-Jiao Xue, Ying Guo","doi":"10.48130/forres-0026-0004","DOIUrl":"10.48130/forres-0026-0004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The functional roles of non-conventional peptides (NCPs) encoded by short open reading frames (sORFs) are increasingly recognized. However, their evolutionary conservation among closely related species remains largely unexplored. This study presented a genome-wide identification of NCPs in the hybrid poplar 84K (<i>P. alba</i> × <i>P. glandulosa</i>), and analyzed NCPs' sequence conservation across six sections of the <i>Populus</i> genus. Using LC-MS/MS with a custom six-frame-translated genome database, 516 conventional peptides (CPs), and 337 NCPs were indentified. NCPs exhibited distinct properties, including shorter length and lower molecular weight, compared to CPs. Tissue-specific expression patterns were prominent, with peptides functionally linked to photosynthesis in leaves, cell wall biosynthesis in stems, and nutrient uptake in roots. Allelic analysis revealed a parent-of-origin expression bias for over 10% of peptides, each set enriched in distinct metabolic pathways. Notably, NCP sequences were significantly less conserved than CPs across the genus, though specific conserved motifs were identified. This work provides the first systematic NCP resource for a model hybrid tree, establishing a foundational platform for leveraging peptide biology in molecular forestry and hybrid breeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":520285,"journal":{"name":"Forestry research","volume":"6 ","pages":"e004"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13187908/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147990022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}