Ecological and evolutionary physiology最新文献

{"title":"Telomeres and the Rate of Living: Linking Biological Clocks of Senescence.","authors":"James F Gillooly, Emily S Khazan","doi":"10.1086/730588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/730588","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractTwo prominent theories of aging, one based on telomere dynamics and the other on mass-specific energy flux, propose biological time clocks of senescence. The relationship between these two theories, and the biological clocks proposed by each, remains unclear. Here, we examine the relationships between telomere shortening rate, mass-specific metabolic rate, and lifespan among vertebrates (mammals, birds, fishes). Results show that telomere shortening rate increases linearly with mass-specific metabolic rate and decreases nonlinearly with increasing body mass in the same way as mass-specific metabolic rate. Results also show that both telomere shortening rate and mass-specific metabolic rate are similarly related to lifespan and that both strongly predict differences in lifespan, although the slopes of the relationships are less than linear. On average, then, telomeres shorten a fixed amount per unit of mass-specific energy flux. So the mitotic clock of telomere shortening and the energetics-based clock described by metabolic rate can be viewed as alternative measures of the same biological clock. These two processes may be linked, we speculate, through the process of cell division.</p>","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 3","pages":"157-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141322289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Metabolic Effort and Duration of Ecdysis in Timber Rattlesnakes: Implications for Time-Energy Budgets of Reptiles.","authors":"Maxwell D Carnes-Mason, Jason Ortega, Steven J Beaupre","doi":"10.1086/730524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/730524","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractTemperate reptiles are often considered to be low-energy systems, with their discrete use of time and energy making them model systems for the study of time-energy budgets. However, the semifrequent replacement and sloughing of the epidermis is a ubiquitous feature of squamate reptiles that is often overlooked when accounting for time and energy budgets in these animals. We used open-flow respirometry to measure both the energetic effort of ecdysis and the duration of the associated metabolic upregulation (likely related to behavioral changes often reported for animals in shed) in wild-caught timber rattlesnakes (<i>Crotalus horridus</i>). We hypothesized that total effort of skin biosynthesis and physical removal would be related to body mass and expected the duration of the process to remain static across individuals at a fixed temperature (25°C). We provide both the first measurements of the cost of skin biosynthesis and physical removal in a reptile and the highest-resolution estimate of process duration recorded to date. We found that skin biosynthesis, but not the cost of physical removal of the epidermis, was related to body mass. Shed cycle duration was consistent across individuals, taking nearly 4 wk from process initiation to physical removal of the outermost epidermal layer. Total energetic effort of ecdysis was of sizeable magnitude, requiring ∼3% of the total annual energy budget of a timber rattlesnake. Energetic effort for a 500-g snake was equivalent to the amount of metabolizable energy acquired from the consumption of approximately two adult mice. Ecdysis is a significant part of the time-energy budgets of snakes, necessitating further attention in studies of reptilian energetics.</p>","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 3","pages":"129-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141322290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional Intraspecific Differences of Thermal Biology in a Marsupial Hibernator.","authors":"Fritz Geiser","doi":"10.1086/730867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/730867","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractDuring periods of torpor, hibernators can reduce metabolic rate (MR) and body temperature (<i>T</i>_b) substantially. However, to avoid physiological dysfunction at low temperatures, they defend <i>T</i>_b at a critical minimum, often between ~0°C and 10°C via an increase in MR. Because thermoregulation during torpor requires extra energy, individuals with lower <i>T</i>_b's and thus minimal MR during torpor should be selected in colder climates. Such inter- and intraspecific variations occur in some placental mammals, but for the evolutionary separate marsupials, available information is scarce. Marsupial eastern pygmy possums (<i>Cercartetus nanus</i>; ~22 g body mass), widely distributed along the Australian southeastern coast including subtropical to alpine areas, were used to test the hypothesis that the defended <i>T</i>_b of torpid individuals is related to the climate of their habitat. Possums were captured from five regions, 1,515 km apart, with midwinter (July) minimum environmental temperatures (min <i>T</i>_env's) ranging from -3.9°C to 6.6°C. Captive possums in deep torpor were slowly cooled with ambient temperature (<i>T</i>_a), while their MR was measured to determine the minimum torpor metabolic rate (TMR), the <i>T</i>_a at which their MR increased for thermoregulation (min <i>T</i>_a), and the corresponding minimum <i>T</i>_b (min <i>T</i>_b). Partial least squares regression analysis revealed that <i>T</i>_a and <i>T</i>_env were the strongest explanatory variables for the min <i>T</i>_b. The min <i>T</i>_b and <i>T</i>_a were also correlated with latitude but not elevation of the capture sites. However, the best correlations were observed between the min <i>T</i>_env and the min <i>T</i>_b and <i>T</i>_a for individuals experiencing min <math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>env</mi></mrow></msub><mo>></mo><mn>0</mn><mo>°</mo><mtext>C</mtext></mrow></math>; these individuals thermoconformed to min <i>T</i>_a's between -0.8°C and 3.7°C, and their min <i>T</i>_b ranged from 0.5°C to 6.0°C and was 0.5°C-2.6°C below the min <i>T</i>_env at the capture site. In contrast, individuals experiencing a min <i>T</i>_env of -3.9°C regulated <i>T</i>_b at <math><mrow><mn>0.6</mn><mo>°</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>±</mo><mn>0.2</mn><mo>°</mo><mtext>C</mtext></mrow></math> or 4.5°C above the <i>T</i>_env. The minimum TMR of all possums did not differ with <i>T</i>_a and thus did not differ among populations and was 2.6% of the basal MR. These data provide new evidence that thermal variables of marsupials are subject to regional intraspecific variation. It suggests that min <i>T</i>_b is a function of the min <i>T</i>_env but only above 0°C, perhaps because the <","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 3","pages":"180-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141322288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic Rate Suppression and Maintenance of Flight Muscle Metabolic Capacity during Diapause in Bumble Bee (<i>Bombus impatiens</i>) Queens.","authors":"Ariane Rondot, Charles-A Darveau","doi":"10.1086/730587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/730587","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThe common eastern bumble bee (<i>Bombus impatiens</i>) queens endure cold winter months by entering a diapause state. During this overwintering period, these animals use stored energy reserves while maintaining a low metabolic rate. This study investigates changes in the metabolic rate of bumble bee queens during diapause-like laboratory conditions and the potential reorganization of the flight muscle metabolic properties during this period. We first confirmed the hypometabolic state of queens during diapause in the laboratory, which lowered their resting metabolic rate to less than 5% of normal resting values. Body mass decreased during diapause, body composition changed where carbohydrates decreased initially, and later protein declined, with a similar trend for lipid content. Using cellular respirometry, we determined the capacity of the flight muscle cells of bumble bee queens to use various metabolic fuels and whether this capacity changes during the progression of diapause to favor stored lipid-derived substrates. Queens showed a low capacity to oxidize the amino acid proline, compared with workers, and their capacity to oxidize all metabolic substrates did not change during a 4-mo diapause period in the laboratory. We also show no detectable ability to oxidize fatty acid by flight muscle mitochondria in this species. The metabolic properties of flight muscle tissue were further characterized using metabolic enzyme activity profiles showing little change during diapause, indicating that profound metabolic suppression is induced without major changes in muscle metabolic phenotypes. Overall, <i>B. impatiens</i> queens undergo diapause while maintaining flight muscle capacity under the conditions used.</p>","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 3","pages":"144-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141322287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in Freshwater Insect Osmoregulatory Traits: A Comparative Approach.","authors":"Jamie K Cochran, Sarah E Orr, David H Funk, Anastasia C Figurskey, Michael H Reiskind, David B Buchwalter","doi":"10.1086/730689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/730689","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractFreshwater salinity regimes vary naturally and are changing in response to anthropogenic activities. Few insect species tolerate saline waters, and biodiversity losses are associated with increasing salinity in freshwater. We used radiotracers (²²Na, ³⁵SO₄, and ⁴⁵Ca) to examine ion uptake rates across concentration gradients in mayflies (Ephemeroptera), caddis flies (Trichoptera), and mosquitoes (Diptera) and made observations for some traits in seven other taxa representing mayflies, stone flies (Plecoptera), true flies (Diptera), and true bugs (Hemiptera). We further assessed the permeability of the cuticle to ³H₂O influx and ²²Na efflux when faced with deionized water in these same taxa. We hypothesized a relationship between uptake rates and reported saline tolerances, but our data did not support this hypothesis, likely because acclimatory responses were not part of this experimental approach. However, we found several common physiological traits across the taxa studied, including (i) ionic uptake rates that were always positively correlated with dissolved concentrations, (ii) generally low Ca uptake rates relative to other freshwater taxa, (iii) greater Na loss than Na uptake in dilute conditions, (iv) ion uptake that was more variable in ion-rich conditions than in dilute conditions, and (v) ³H₂O influx that occurs quickly (but this rapidly exchangeable pool of body water accounts for a surprisingly small percentage of the water content of species tested). There remains much to learn about the physiology of these important organisms in the face of changing salinity regimes worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 3","pages":"164-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141322244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasticity of Gene Expression and Thermal Tolerance: Implications for Climate Change Vulnerability in a Tropical Forest Lizard.","authors":"Adam A Rosso, Brianna Casement, Albert K Chung, John David Curlis, Edita Folfas, Maria A Gallegos, Lauren K Neel, Daniel J Nicholson, Claire E Williams, W Owen McMillan, Michael L Logan, Christian L Cox","doi":"10.1086/729927","DOIUrl":"10.1086/729927","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractTropical ectotherms are thought to be especially vulnerable to climate change because they have evolved in temporally stable thermal environments and therefore have decreased tolerance for thermal variability. Thus, they are expected to have narrow thermal tolerance ranges, live close to their upper thermal tolerance limits, and have decreased thermal acclimation capacity. Although models often predict that tropical forest ectotherms are especially vulnerable to rapid environmental shifts, these models rarely include the potential for plasticity of relevant traits. We measured phenotypic plasticity of thermal tolerance and thermal preference as well as multitissue transcriptome plasticity in response to warmer temperatures in a species that previous work has suggested is highly vulnerable to climate warming, the Panamanian slender anole lizard (<i>Anolis apletophallus</i>). We found that many genes, including heat shock proteins, were differentially expressed across tissues in response to short-term warming. Under long-term warming, the voluntary thermal maxima of lizards also increased, although thermal preference exhibited only limited plasticity. Using these data, we modeled changes in the activity time of slender anoles through the end of the century under climate change and found that plasticity should delay declines in activity time by at least two decades. Our results suggest that slender anoles, and possibly other tropical ectotherms, can alter the expression of genes and phenotypes when responding to shifting environmental temperatures and that plasticity should be considered when predicting the future of organisms under a changing climate.</p>","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 2","pages":"81-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140904442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Behavior Evolve First? Correlated Responses to Selection for Voluntary Wheel-Running Behavior in House Mice.","authors":"Rahim H Khan, Justin S Rhodes, Isabelle A Girard, Nicole E Schwartz, Theodore Garland","doi":"10.1086/730153","DOIUrl":"10.1086/730153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractHow traits at multiple levels of biological organization evolve in a correlated fashion in response to directional selection is poorly understood, but two popular models are the very general \"behavior evolves first\" (BEF) hypothesis and the more specific \"morphology-performance-behavior-fitness\" (MPBF) paradigm. Both acknowledge that selection often acts relatively directly on behavior and that when behavior evolves, other traits will as well but most with some lag. However, this proposition is exceedingly difficult to test in nature. Therefore, we studied correlated responses in the high-runner (HR) mouse selection experiment, in which four replicate lines have been bred for voluntary wheel-running behavior and compared with four nonselected control (C) lines. We analyzed a wide range of traits measured at generations 20-24 (with a focus on new data from generation 22), coinciding with the point at which all HR lines were reaching selection limits (plateaus). Significance levels (226 <i>P</i> values) were compared across trait types by ANOVA, and we used the positive false discovery rate to control for multiple comparisons. This meta-analysis showed that, surprisingly, the measures of performance (including maximal oxygen consumption during forced exercise) showed no evidence of having diverged between the HR and C lines, nor did any of the life history traits (e.g., litter size), whereas body mass had responded (decreased) at least as strongly as wheel running. Overall, results suggest that the HR lines of mice had evolved primarily by changes in motivation rather than performance ability at the time they were reaching selection limits. In addition, neither the BEF model nor the MPBF model of hierarchical evolution provides a particularly good fit to the HR mouse selection experiment.</p>","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 2","pages":"97-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140904386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of a Simulated Infection on the Locomotor Behavior of Invasive and Noninvasive Species of Congeneric Anurans.","authors":"Thaysa G Oliveira, Laurie Araspin, Carlos A Navas, Anthony Herrel","doi":"10.1086/729774","DOIUrl":"10.1086/729774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractLocomotion is essential for survival, but it requires resources such as energy and metabolites and therefore may conflict with other physiological processes that also demand resources, particularly expensive processes such as immunological responses. This possible trade-off may impose limits on either the magnitude of immune responses or the patterns of activity and performance. Previous studies have shown that invasive species may have a depressed immune response, allowing them to maintain locomotor function and reproduction even when sick. This may contribute to the ecological success of invasive species in colonization and dispersal. In contrast, noninvasive species tend to reduce activity as a response to infection. Here, we studied the impact of a simulated infection on locomotor performance and voluntary movement in the anurans <i>Xenopus laevis</i> (a globally invasive species) and <i>Xenopus allofraseri</i> (a noninvasive congeneric). We found that a simulated infection reduces locomotor performance in both species, with an accentuated effect on <i>X. allofraseri</i>. Voluntary movement was marginally different between species. Our data suggest that a simulated infection leads to behavioral depression and reduced locomotor performance in anurans and show that this effect is limited in the invasive <i>X. laevis</i>. Contrasting responses to an immune challenge have been reported in the few amphibian taxa analyzed to date and suggest relationships between ecology and immunology that deserve further investigation. Specifically, a depressed immune response may underlie a propension to invasion in some species. Whether this is a general trend for invasive species remains to be tested, but our data add to the growing body of work documenting depressed immune systems in invasive species.</p>","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 2","pages":"71-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140904395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cutaneous Evaporative Water Loss in Lizards Changes Immediately with Temperature.","authors":"Calvin G Davis, Savannah J Weaver, Emily N Taylor","doi":"10.1086/730423","DOIUrl":"10.1086/730423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractCutaneous evaporative water loss (CEWL) makes up a significant portion of total evaporative water loss in many terrestrial vertebrates. CEWL changes on evolutionary and acclimatory timescales in response to temperature and humidity. However, the lability of CEWL on acute timescales is unknown. To examine this, we increased or decreased body temperatures of western fence lizards (<i>Sceloporus occidentalis</i>) over a 15-min period while continuously recording CEWL with a handheld evaporimeter. CEWL increased in response to heating and decreased in response to cooling on the order of seconds. However, CEWL was different between heating and cooling groups at a common body temperature. We observed the same positive relationship between CEWL and body temperature, as well as the difference in CEWL between treatments, for deceased lizards that we opportunistically measured. However, deceased lizards had more extreme CEWL values for any given body temperature and treatment. Overall, our results suggest that both structural traits and active physiological processes likely influence the rates and plasticity of CEWL.</p>","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 2","pages":"118-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140904311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust Responses of Female Caribou to Changes in Food Supply.","authors":"Perry S Barboza, Rachel D Shively, Daniel P Thompson","doi":"10.1086/729668","DOIUrl":"10.1086/729668","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractUngulates can respond to changes in food supply by altering foraging behavior, digestive function, and metabolism. A multifaceted response to an environmental change is considered robust. Short seasons of plant growth make herbivores sensitive to changes in food supply because maintenance and production must be accomplished in less time with fewer options in a more fragile response. Caribou live at high latitudes where short summers constrain their response to changes in food supply. We measured the ability of female caribou to resist and tolerate changes in the quality and quantity of their food supply during winter and summer. Caribou resisted changes in food abundance and quality by changing food intake and physical activity with changes in daily temperature within each season. Peak food intake rose by 134% from winter pregnancy to summer lactation (98 vs. 229 g kg^-0.75 d^-1), as digestible requirements to maintain the body increased by 85% for energy (1,164 vs. 2,155 kJ kg^-0.75 d^-1) and by 266% for N (0.79 vs. 2.89 g N kg^-0.75 d^-1). Caribou required a diet with a digestible content of 12 kJ g^-1 and 0.8% N in pregnancy, 18 kJ g^-1 and 1.9% N in early lactation, and 11 kJ g^-1 and 1.2% N in late lactation, which corresponds with the phenology of the wild diet. Female caribou tolerated restriction of ad lib. food intake to 58% of their energy requirement (680 vs. 1,164 kJ kg^-0.75 d^-1) during winter pregnancy and to 84% of their energy requirement (1,814 vs. 2,155 kJ kg^-0.75 d^-1) during summer lactation without a change in stress level, as indicated by fecal corticosterone concentration. Conversely, caribou can respond to increased availability of food with a spare capacity to process digestible energy and N at 123% (2,642 vs. 2,155 kJ kg^-0.75 d^-1) and 145% (4.20 vs. 2.89 g N kg^-0.75 d^-1) of those respective requirements during lactation. Robust responses to changes in food supply allow caribou to sustain reproduction, which would buffer demographic response. However, herds may decline when thresholds of behavioral resistance and physiological tolerance are frequently exceeded. Therefore, the challenge for managing declining populations of caribou and other robust species is to identify declines in robustness before their response becomes fragile.</p>","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 1","pages":"29-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140878396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}