Ecological and evolutionary physiology最新文献

{"title":"Plasticity of Gene Expression and Thermal Tolerance: Implications for Climate Change Vulnerability in a Tropical Forest Lizard.","authors":"Adam A Rosso, Brianna Casement, Albert K Chung, John David Curlis, Edita Folfas, Maria A Gallegos, Lauren K Neel, Daniel J Nicholson, Claire E Williams, W Owen McMillan, Michael L Logan, Christian L Cox","doi":"10.1086/729927","DOIUrl":"10.1086/729927","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractTropical ectotherms are thought to be especially vulnerable to climate change because they have evolved in temporally stable thermal environments and therefore have decreased tolerance for thermal variability. Thus, they are expected to have narrow thermal tolerance ranges, live close to their upper thermal tolerance limits, and have decreased thermal acclimation capacity. Although models often predict that tropical forest ectotherms are especially vulnerable to rapid environmental shifts, these models rarely include the potential for plasticity of relevant traits. We measured phenotypic plasticity of thermal tolerance and thermal preference as well as multitissue transcriptome plasticity in response to warmer temperatures in a species that previous work has suggested is highly vulnerable to climate warming, the Panamanian slender anole lizard (<i>Anolis apletophallus</i>). We found that many genes, including heat shock proteins, were differentially expressed across tissues in response to short-term warming. Under long-term warming, the voluntary thermal maxima of lizards also increased, although thermal preference exhibited only limited plasticity. Using these data, we modeled changes in the activity time of slender anoles through the end of the century under climate change and found that plasticity should delay declines in activity time by at least two decades. Our results suggest that slender anoles, and possibly other tropical ectotherms, can alter the expression of genes and phenotypes when responding to shifting environmental temperatures and that plasticity should be considered when predicting the future of organisms under a changing climate.</p>","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 2","pages":"81-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140904442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Behavior Evolve First? Correlated Responses to Selection for Voluntary Wheel-Running Behavior in House Mice.","authors":"Rahim H Khan, Justin S Rhodes, Isabelle A Girard, Nicole E Schwartz, Theodore Garland","doi":"10.1086/730153","DOIUrl":"10.1086/730153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractHow traits at multiple levels of biological organization evolve in a correlated fashion in response to directional selection is poorly understood, but two popular models are the very general \"behavior evolves first\" (BEF) hypothesis and the more specific \"morphology-performance-behavior-fitness\" (MPBF) paradigm. Both acknowledge that selection often acts relatively directly on behavior and that when behavior evolves, other traits will as well but most with some lag. However, this proposition is exceedingly difficult to test in nature. Therefore, we studied correlated responses in the high-runner (HR) mouse selection experiment, in which four replicate lines have been bred for voluntary wheel-running behavior and compared with four nonselected control (C) lines. We analyzed a wide range of traits measured at generations 20-24 (with a focus on new data from generation 22), coinciding with the point at which all HR lines were reaching selection limits (plateaus). Significance levels (226 <i>P</i> values) were compared across trait types by ANOVA, and we used the positive false discovery rate to control for multiple comparisons. This meta-analysis showed that, surprisingly, the measures of performance (including maximal oxygen consumption during forced exercise) showed no evidence of having diverged between the HR and C lines, nor did any of the life history traits (e.g., litter size), whereas body mass had responded (decreased) at least as strongly as wheel running. Overall, results suggest that the HR lines of mice had evolved primarily by changes in motivation rather than performance ability at the time they were reaching selection limits. In addition, neither the BEF model nor the MPBF model of hierarchical evolution provides a particularly good fit to the HR mouse selection experiment.</p>","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 2","pages":"97-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140904386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of a Simulated Infection on the Locomotor Behavior of Invasive and Noninvasive Species of Congeneric Anurans.","authors":"Thaysa G Oliveira, Laurie Araspin, Carlos A Navas, Anthony Herrel","doi":"10.1086/729774","DOIUrl":"10.1086/729774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractLocomotion is essential for survival, but it requires resources such as energy and metabolites and therefore may conflict with other physiological processes that also demand resources, particularly expensive processes such as immunological responses. This possible trade-off may impose limits on either the magnitude of immune responses or the patterns of activity and performance. Previous studies have shown that invasive species may have a depressed immune response, allowing them to maintain locomotor function and reproduction even when sick. This may contribute to the ecological success of invasive species in colonization and dispersal. In contrast, noninvasive species tend to reduce activity as a response to infection. Here, we studied the impact of a simulated infection on locomotor performance and voluntary movement in the anurans <i>Xenopus laevis</i> (a globally invasive species) and <i>Xenopus allofraseri</i> (a noninvasive congeneric). We found that a simulated infection reduces locomotor performance in both species, with an accentuated effect on <i>X. allofraseri</i>. Voluntary movement was marginally different between species. Our data suggest that a simulated infection leads to behavioral depression and reduced locomotor performance in anurans and show that this effect is limited in the invasive <i>X. laevis</i>. Contrasting responses to an immune challenge have been reported in the few amphibian taxa analyzed to date and suggest relationships between ecology and immunology that deserve further investigation. Specifically, a depressed immune response may underlie a propension to invasion in some species. Whether this is a general trend for invasive species remains to be tested, but our data add to the growing body of work documenting depressed immune systems in invasive species.</p>","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 2","pages":"71-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140904395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cutaneous Evaporative Water Loss in Lizards Changes Immediately with Temperature.","authors":"Calvin G Davis, Savannah J Weaver, Emily N Taylor","doi":"10.1086/730423","DOIUrl":"10.1086/730423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractCutaneous evaporative water loss (CEWL) makes up a significant portion of total evaporative water loss in many terrestrial vertebrates. CEWL changes on evolutionary and acclimatory timescales in response to temperature and humidity. However, the lability of CEWL on acute timescales is unknown. To examine this, we increased or decreased body temperatures of western fence lizards (<i>Sceloporus occidentalis</i>) over a 15-min period while continuously recording CEWL with a handheld evaporimeter. CEWL increased in response to heating and decreased in response to cooling on the order of seconds. However, CEWL was different between heating and cooling groups at a common body temperature. We observed the same positive relationship between CEWL and body temperature, as well as the difference in CEWL between treatments, for deceased lizards that we opportunistically measured. However, deceased lizards had more extreme CEWL values for any given body temperature and treatment. Overall, our results suggest that both structural traits and active physiological processes likely influence the rates and plasticity of CEWL.</p>","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 2","pages":"118-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140904311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust Responses of Female Caribou to Changes in Food Supply.","authors":"Perry S Barboza, Rachel D Shively, Daniel P Thompson","doi":"10.1086/729668","DOIUrl":"10.1086/729668","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractUngulates can respond to changes in food supply by altering foraging behavior, digestive function, and metabolism. A multifaceted response to an environmental change is considered robust. Short seasons of plant growth make herbivores sensitive to changes in food supply because maintenance and production must be accomplished in less time with fewer options in a more fragile response. Caribou live at high latitudes where short summers constrain their response to changes in food supply. We measured the ability of female caribou to resist and tolerate changes in the quality and quantity of their food supply during winter and summer. Caribou resisted changes in food abundance and quality by changing food intake and physical activity with changes in daily temperature within each season. Peak food intake rose by 134% from winter pregnancy to summer lactation (98 vs. 229 g kg^-0.75 d^-1), as digestible requirements to maintain the body increased by 85% for energy (1,164 vs. 2,155 kJ kg^-0.75 d^-1) and by 266% for N (0.79 vs. 2.89 g N kg^-0.75 d^-1). Caribou required a diet with a digestible content of 12 kJ g^-1 and 0.8% N in pregnancy, 18 kJ g^-1 and 1.9% N in early lactation, and 11 kJ g^-1 and 1.2% N in late lactation, which corresponds with the phenology of the wild diet. Female caribou tolerated restriction of ad lib. food intake to 58% of their energy requirement (680 vs. 1,164 kJ kg^-0.75 d^-1) during winter pregnancy and to 84% of their energy requirement (1,814 vs. 2,155 kJ kg^-0.75 d^-1) during summer lactation without a change in stress level, as indicated by fecal corticosterone concentration. Conversely, caribou can respond to increased availability of food with a spare capacity to process digestible energy and N at 123% (2,642 vs. 2,155 kJ kg^-0.75 d^-1) and 145% (4.20 vs. 2.89 g N kg^-0.75 d^-1) of those respective requirements during lactation. Robust responses to changes in food supply allow caribou to sustain reproduction, which would buffer demographic response. However, herds may decline when thresholds of behavioral resistance and physiological tolerance are frequently exceeded. Therefore, the challenge for managing declining populations of caribou and other robust species is to identify declines in robustness before their response becomes fragile.</p>","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 1","pages":"29-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140878396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the Phenotypic Flexibility of Muscle and Body Condition of Migrant and Resident White-Crowned Sparrows.","authors":"Marilyn Ramenofsky, Andrew W Campion, Darren T Hwee, Stacy K Wood, Jesse S Krause, Zoltán Németh, Jonathan H Pérez, Sue Bodine","doi":"10.1086/729666","DOIUrl":"10.1086/729666","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractSeasonally breeding birds express variations of traits (phenotypic flexibility) throughout their life history stages that represent adaptations to environmental conditions. Changes of body condition during migration have been well studied, whereas alterations of skeletal and cardiac muscles, body mass, and fat scores have yet to be characterized throughout the spring or fall migratory stages. Additionally, we examined flexible patterns of muscle, body mass, and fat score in migrant white-crowned sparrows (<i>Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii</i>) in comparison with those in a resident subspecies (<i>Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli</i>) during the stages they share to evaluate the influence of different life histories. Migrants showed hypertrophy of the pectoralis muscle fiber area on the wintering grounds in late prealternate molt, yet increased pectoralis muscle mass was not detected until birds readied for spring departure. While pectoralis profile and fat scores enlarged at predeparture in spring and fall, pectoralis, cardiac, and body masses were greater only in spring stages, suggesting seasonal differences for migratory preparation. Gastrocnemius mass showed little change throughout all stages, whereas gastrocnemius fiber area declined steadily but rebounded in fall on the wintering grounds, where migrants become more sedentary. In general, residents are heavier birds with larger leg structures, while migrants sport longer wings and greater heart mass. Phenotypic flexibility was most prominent among residents with peaks of pectoralis, gastrocnemius, and body masses during the winter stage, when local weather is most severe. Thus, the subspecies express specific patterns of phenotypic flexibility with peaks coinciding with the stages of heightened energy demands: the winter stage for residents and the spring stages for migrants.</p>","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 1","pages":"11-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140878393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological, Genetic, and Physiological Effects of Nutrient Manipulation on a Colonial Marine Hydroid.","authors":"Weam S El Rahmany, Neil W Blackstone","doi":"10.1086/729053","DOIUrl":"10.1086/729053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThe availability of environmental nutrients is an existential constraint for heterotrophic organisms and is thus expected to impact numerous biochemical and physiological features. The continuously proliferative polyp stage of colonial hydroids provides a useful model to study these features, allowing genetically identical replicates to be compared. Two groups of colonies of <i>Eirene</i> sp., defined by different feeding treatments, were grown by explanting the same founder colony onto cover glass. Colonies of both treatments were allowed to grow continuously by explanting them onto new cover glass as they reached the edge of the existing surface. The nutrient-abundant polyps grew faster and produced more clumped or \"sheet-like\" colonies. Compared to the founder colony, the nutrient-abundant colonies exhibited more mutations (i.e., single-nucleotide polymorphisms) than the nutrient-scarce colonies. Nevertheless, these differences were not commensurate with the differences in growth. Using a polarographic electrode, we found that the nutrient-abundant colonies exhibited lower rates of oxygen uptake relative to total protein. The probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and fluorescent microscopy allowed visualization of the mitochondrion-rich cells at the base of the polyps and showed that the nutrient-abundant colonies exhibited greater amounts of reactive oxygen species than the nutrient-scarce colonies. Parallels to the Warburg effect-aerobic glycolysis, diminished oxygen uptake, and lactate secretion-found in human cancers and other proliferative cells may be suggested. However, little is known about anaerobic metabolism in cnidarians. Examination of oxygen uptake suggests an anaerobic threshold at a roughly 1-mg/L oxygen concentration. Nutrient-abundant colonies may respond more dramatically to this threshold than nutrient-scarce colonies.</p>","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140878395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Among- and Within-Individual Variance in Metabolic Thermal Reaction Norms.","authors":"Mansoura Husain, Howard D Rundle, Vincent Careau","doi":"10.1086/729925","DOIUrl":"10.1086/729925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractIn ectotherms, temperature has a strong effect on metabolic rate (MR), yet the extent to which the thermal sensitivity of MR varies among versus within individuals is largely unknown. This is of interest because significant among-individual variation is a prerequisite for the evolution of metabolic thermal sensitivity. Here, we estimated the repeatability (<i>R</i>) of the thermal sensitivity of MR in individual virgin, adult male <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (<math><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>316</mn></mrow></math>) by taking repeated overnight measures of their MRs at two temperatures (~24°C and ~27°C). At the population level, thermal sensitivity decreased with locomotor activity, and older individuals showed a higher thermal sensitivity of MR than younger individuals. Taking these effects (and body mass) into account, we detected significant repeatability in both the centered intercept (<math><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>int</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0.52</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.04</mn></mrow></math>) and the slope (<math><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>slp</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0.21</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.07</mn></mrow></math>) of the metabolic thermal reaction norms, which respectively represent average MR and thermal sensitivity of MR. Furthermore, individuals with a higher overall MR also displayed greater increases in MR as temperature increased from ~24°C to ~27°C (<math><mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mrow><mi>ind</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0.32</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.14</mn></mrow></math>). Average MR and thermal sensitivity of MR were also positively correlated within individuals (<math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mstyle><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></mstyle></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0.15</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.07</mn></mrow></math>). Our study represents a point of departure for future larger studies, in which more complex protocols (e.g., wider temperature range, breeding design) can be applied to quantify the causal components of variation in thermal sensitivity that are needed to make accurate predictions of adaptive responses to global warming.</p>","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 1","pages":"64-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140878392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hit Snooze: An Imperiled Hibernator Assesses Spring Snow Conditions to Decide Whether to Terminate Hibernation or Reenter Torpor.","authors":"Austin Z T Allison, Courtney J Conway, Alice E Morris, Amanda R Goldberg, Kristin Lohr, Russell Richards, Jon A Almack","doi":"10.1086/729775","DOIUrl":"10.1086/729775","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractMany animals follow annual cycles wherein physiology and behavior change seasonally. Hibernating mammals undergo one of the most drastic seasonal alterations of physiology and behavior, the timing of which can have significant fitness consequences. The environmental cues regulating these profound phenotypic changes will heavily influence whether hibernators acclimate and ultimately adapt to climate change. Hence, identifying the cues and proximate mechanisms responsible for hibernation termination timing is critical. Northern Idaho ground squirrels (<i>Urocitellus brunneus</i>)-a rare, endemic species threatened with extinction-exhibit substantial variation in hibernation termination phenology, but it is unclear what causes this variation. We attached geolocators to free-ranging squirrels to test the hypothesis that squirrels assess surface conditions in spring before deciding whether to terminate seasonal heterothermy or reenter torpor. Northern Idaho ground squirrels frequently reentered torpor following a brief initial emergence from hibernacula and were more likely to do so earlier in spring or when challenged by residual snowpack. Female squirrels reentered torpor when confronted with relatively shallow snowpack upon emergence, whereas male squirrels reentered torpor in response to deeper spring snowpack. This novel behavior was previously assumed to be physiologically constrained in male ground squirrels by testosterone production required for spermatogenesis and activated by the circannual clock. Assessing surface conditions to decide when to terminate hibernation may help buffer these threatened squirrels against climate change. Documenting the extent to which other hibernators can facultatively alter emergence timing by reentering torpor after emergence will help identify which species are most likely to persist under climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":519900,"journal":{"name":"Ecological and evolutionary physiology","volume":"97 1","pages":"53-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140878394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}