Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law最新文献

{"title":"Motivation to work remotely in the face of organizational and cost conditions","authors":"A. Ziomek","doi":"10.12775/eip.2023.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2023.023","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation: Working conditions have changed significantly as remote working has become widespread in many countries. These changes were caused by a pandemic, as a result of which the possibility of direct communication as well as control and integration of employees was limited. There are also new cost categories for employees and employers, such as installing a better internet connection, purchasing new hardware and software, and implementing better security for data transmission outside the company’s premises. These changes resulted in changes in the employee motivation factors against the background of organizational and cost conditions, which is important for the proper development of the organization.Aim: The aim of the article is to assess motivation to work remotely, based on a survey of opinions among 450 employees in total in Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary. The assessment was performed by verifying, using the logistic regression method, ten hypotheses describing organizational and cost conditions as well as individual effects, such as career opportunities, increase in knowledge and skills, and the occurrence of stress that arose as a result of working remotely. The motivation to work remotely was verified by establishing the willingness to continue working through an opinion.Results: Motivation in remote work is influenced by both efficient communication and technical assistance provided to the employee remotely. Motivation resulting from the independent organization of working time is also important, and it is based on the decision to choose the duration of work, hours and intensity of its performance. Organizational and cost-related factors are related to motivation, as well as individual effects experienced by the employee. Directly from the survey, it appears that only 26.8% of the respondents incurred higher costs related to remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the respondents want to continue it with their current earnings. The study found that employees are motivated to work remotely because the organizational conditions and earnings meet their needs. They also admitted that thanks to remote work, they have a better chance of developing a professional career, as well as a higher level of their knowledge and skills, which is also associated with the motivation to continue working remotely.","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79308418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Income inequality and economic growth: the reexamination of the existence of Kuznets curve: evidence from CEE countries","authors":"Sławomir Kuźmar","doi":"10.12775/eip.2023.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2023.014","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation: In the last years, a lot of attention has been paid to economic inequality — a phenomenon that may lead to what some commentators predict as the end of capitalism. At the same time some economists believe that the economic inequalities are natural and excessive inequalities can be reduced through the process of economic growth. The natural starting point in the discussion concerning the relation between inequality and economic growth is the theory proposed by Simon Kuznets, according to which inequality rises in the early phases of economic development but falls eventually as the growth advances, taking the shape of the inverse-U shaped pattern. The empirical validity of the so-called “Kuznets curve” has been intensively investigated, but the evidence is ambiguous. In this context re-examining Kuznets theory in CEE countries is interesting especially because of the observed rapid economic growth as a result of structural transformation in these countries.Aim: The aim of the study is an attempt to investigate the nature of relation between economic growth and income inequality levels in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries in years 2004–2020 and verify if the analysed relation is taking an inverse-U shape as indicated by the Kuznets curve.Results: The results of conducted analysis indicate that the evidence for an inverted-U shaped relation between inequality levels and economic growth in CEE countries is much less robust than what is implied by Kuznets curve theory.","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88566916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of protecting the institutional system in Poland","authors":"Jakub Sukiennik","doi":"10.12775/eip.2023.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2023.019","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation: Introducing changes in the formal part of the institutional system is a process subject to certain regulations in Poland. These rules are present at the ex-ante stage of the preparation of a draft normative act, and they consist of, inter alia, the procedure for Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) or the so-called legislative drafting principles; furthermore, they are present at the ex-post stage of the introduction of a normative act, which can also be noticed as part of certain RIA elements and of the activities of the Constitutional Tribunal (CT). The objectives of these procedures are indirectly related to the attempt to streamline the functioning of the institutional system, which affects many entities and elements, including, for example, economic development. In addition, the quality of the regulatory environment is one of the fundamental dimensions of the functioning of the state, and the identified elements are intended to result in the creation of necessary and beneficial regulations. With a total of 5,531 acts passed in Poland from 1991 to 28 June 2022, studies of institutional system protection mechanisms indicate their low effectiveness.Aim: This article attempts to defend the thesis that ex-ante and ex-post types of institutional system protection mechanisms in Poland are only partially effective.Results: The article identifies measures to protect against ex-ante and ex-post distortions in the functioning of the institutional system in Poland. The article attempts to defend the thesis that these mechanisms are not fully effective.","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81244608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Auctioning institutions in China: economic and legal aspects","authors":"Zuzanna Kamykowska","doi":"10.12775/eip.2023.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2023.013","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation: China is now the third largest art market in the world, and thanks to its long history, the country is able to offer a great artistic heritage. Chinese auctioning institutions have become one of the most significant in the world, having a massive global impact on art pricing. By establishing their sales infrastructure in new locales ahead of the traditional mechanisms of primary market commercial galleries, the Chinese auction houses have played a foundational role in the notional construction of new genres of art.Aim: The main purpose of this article is to present a detailed analysis of Chinese auction houses and other auction institutions, with regards to the economic and legal aspects of their operation. The article is cross-sectional, showing how China has become the fastest growing art market in the world. The analysis provides evidence for the existence of various factors that determine the dynamic development of the Chinese art auctions market and determines the differences in the functioning of Chinese and Western auction houses.Results: These results illustrate that exceptional economic and political factors made it possible to significantly develop the Chinese auction market in a very short time.","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"254 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73554249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of BLER on the corporate activity in the UE","authors":"S. Rudolf","doi":"10.12775/eip.2023.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2023.018","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation: Since the 1970s, there has been recorded a significant scope of the employee representation in corporate governance bodies, as the earlier German solutions have been popularized in many European countries. Since then, there has been a discussion about the impact of this representation on the activities of companies, their economic results, their value, etc. The research conducted on this subject does not provide a clear answer on this topic.Aim: The article aims to determine the impact of board level employee representation (BLER) on the activities of companies. The latest findings in this area, based on the results of empirical research shall be considered. New types of BLER impact on the value of companies in various phases of the business cycle and on preventing tax avoidance shall be presented. The objective of the article is also to provide the governments of particular countries with additional arguments in favour of introducing or expanding the institution of employee representation. In the longer term, these arguments should encourage the EU authorities to try to develop and adopt a directive on this subject, obliging member states to introduce or extend BLER.Results: The controversy over the influence of BLER on the company’s operations has not diminished. However, taking into account the entirety of such an impact (ideological, economic and social results), there has been an increasing number of arguments in favour of a positive assessment of such an impact. They are provided by the latest, extensive empirical research conducted on this subject, covering several dozen countries. They indicate that BLER has a positive effect on the stabilization of the company in times of economic downturn (recession), that it affects the adoption of a long-term development strategy by companies, etc. The research also shows that representation of the employees in boards prevents companies from tax avoidance. Its effectiveness correlates with the scope of such representation.","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83874580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraday trading patterns in Bitcoin: does the war in Ukraine matter?","authors":"Paweł Miłobędzki","doi":"10.12775/eip.2023.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2023.016","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation: So far, nothing has been known about the impact of the war in Ukraine on the dynamics of cryptocurrency markets, in particular on the intraday trading patterns in Bitcoin, nowadays the largest market capitalization and trading volume cryptocurrency.Aim: Use the data from the period January–April 2022 exhibiting over 1.5 million trades at Bitstamp, one out of four largest in trading volume Bitcoin markets, to identify and compare the day of the week and the hour of the day effects in the rate of return, bid-ask spread and trading volume at times preceding and following the war outbreak.Results: The analysis based on the regression including dummy variables showed that the bid-ask spread and trading volume exhibited both the day of the week and the hour of the day effects. The same applied to the rate of return — but only incidentally. The effects differed in the magnitude across the peace and war periods being mostly smaller in the latter one due to increased risk faced by market participants who, as reflected in the number of trades and trading volume, lowered their activity. Since Bitcoin at Bitstamp is traded 24 hours a day and 7 days a week and incoming information is continuously impounded into its prices, the intraday trading patterns are different from those at the mature and emerging stock markets. The wider spreads and larger trading volumes were found present close to open of the major stock markets (NYSE, NASDAQ, London, Frankfurt, Tokyo).","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"134 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80465823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes on economic freedom in 11 post-socialist countries of Central-Eastern and South-Eastern Europe in 1996–2022","authors":"Bartłomiej Lach, Krzysztof Malaga","doi":"10.12775/eip.2023.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2023.015","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation: One of the most important dimensions of socio-economic development in democratic countries with market economies remains economic freedom. In this context, it is worth assessing the evolution of economic freedom in 11 countries of Central and Eastern Europe and South-Eastern Europe: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia during the period of institutional transformations in 1996–2022.Aim: The aim of the article is to present the results on correlation, s-convergence and s-divergence, as well as a multidimensional comparative analysis in the field of economic freedom. In order to conduct comparative analyzes, the economic freedom indexes published by The Heritage Foundation in Washington and Wall Street Journal will be used. They measure 12 quantitative and qualitative aspects grouped around the four pillars of economic freedom: Rule of Law — property rights, government integrity, judicial effectiveness; Government Size — government spending, tax burden, fiscal health; Efficiency regulators — business freedom, labour freedom, monetary freedom; Open Markets — trade freedom, investment freedom, financial freedom.Results: The obtained results allow us to assess the generally positive changes in economic freedom in its 12 partial and 1 general aspects in relation to each country separately, as well as in relation to the group of countries that joined the European Union after 2003. They are a significant supplement to the knowledge about creating economic freedom in 11 post-socialist countries in the years 1996–2022.","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90675657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Young adults’ job satisfaction in Poland and the Czech Republic: a comparative analysis","authors":"Agnieszka Szulc-Obłoza, M. Osińska, Dominik Śliwicki, M. Szczepaniak","doi":"10.12775/eip.2023.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2023.020","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation: Job satisfaction as an attitude that reflects an evaluation judgment of the various aspects of a job is an essential factor influencing employees as well as employers. The well-being of individuals, activity in the labor market, productivity, and turnover are examples of effects of job satisfaction. The inclusion of the circumstances of Poland and the Czech Republic countries and additionally young generations (GenY and GenZ) context enables the formulation of practical implications for increasing job satisfaction for both employers and employees in CEE countries.Aim: The research aims to identify factors that shape job satisfaction patterns among young adults, including age as an indicator variable in Poland and the Czech Republic. The identification is based on the two separate ordered logit models estimated in the group of young adults ages 18–29. The models were built upon the data collected in 2021 in a survey using the CAWI technique on a sample of 304 respondents in Poland and 259 in the Czech Republic.Result: The results of the logit models estimation indicate that job satisfaction in Poland and the Czech Republic is determined by various sets of factors considered in four dimensions, i.e., behavioral, economic, educational, and socio-demographic. Substantial differences between young adults in both countries were recognized. The greatest impact on job satisfaction in Poland has the willingness to control expenses and wage satisfaction. In the Czech Republic, job satisfaction is most strongly influenced by the imposition of rules that discipline expenditure and wage satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88399621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethical and regulatory challenges amid artificial intelligence development: an outline of the issue","authors":"Magdalena Owczarczuk","doi":"10.12775/eip.2023.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2023.017","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation: The Fourth Industrial Revolution brings with it numerous challenges for society, business and government. Its nature and pace is dictated by the increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The acquisition, collection, analysis, processing and informed use of data, as well as the continued development of artificial intelligence algorithms, are becoming the basis for the development of modern economies. However, its implementation is associated with a number of opportunities as well as threats. The way and extent to which artificial intelligence-based technologies are used requires constant attention, the basis of which is an appropriate regulatory system.Aim: The purpose of the paper is indicating and discussing selected challenges facing people and institutions responsible for creating regulations regarding the use and implementation of artificial intelligence. The regulators should , therefore, find a proper balance between innovation and credibility.Results: The analysis of the available literature allows to indicate at least 3 important challenges facing regulators: these are providing a precise definition of AI, ethical threats and competition in terms of creating suitable regulations regarding AI. The European Union has developed regulations on artificial intelligence with respect for freedom and human rights. This is a different approach from other regions of the world, including regulations established in the US or China.","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79693895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standard of living in European Union countries","authors":"Łukasz Topolewski, Kamila Topolewska","doi":"10.12775/eip.2023.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2023.021","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation: Researchers have been concerned with the issues related to the differences among economies for many years. The level of differentiation is an important matter as excessive economic and social differences among the states may lead to limited scope of integration processes, which in turn determine the development rate of regions. Due to how significant this issue is, it was decided that the level differentiation of the standard of living of the population in selected European Union countries ought to be investigated.Aim: The purpose of the article is to compare the standard of living in the countries of the European Union, with particular emphasis placed on the countries that joined the Union in 2004. The authors try to answer the question whether the economic policy pursued by the EU achieves the intended effect. A synthetic measure was constructed to measure the standard of living, taking into account various aspects of life. The time scope of the study covers the period of 2005–2020. The choice of a specific time frame was dictated by the expansion of the number of European Union members in 2004 and the availability of data. Therefore, the analysis covered the countries of the European Union post 2005 (excluding Great Britain). Data were obtained from Eurostat.Results: Taking into account the values of the synthetic variable, it may be claimed that one the one hand, the standard of living in the countries is increasing, and on the other hand, the disparity between countries is decreasing. Therefore it should be noticed, that the economic policy pursued by the European Union achieves the intended effect.","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78736105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}