Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal最新文献_第7页

Arab Sailing Directions of the African Coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the First Half of the 14th Century 14世纪上半叶地中海非洲海岸的阿拉伯航行方向

Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027140-3

Irina Konovalova

引用次数: 0

Eaglet, Liberty, Hercules, and a Beehive: from the History of the Evolution of the State Seal of France in the Time of Napoleon 小鹰、自由、大力神和蜂巢:拿破仑时期法国国玺的演变历史

Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027138-0

Andrey Mitrofanov

{"title":"Eaglet, Liberty, Hercules, and a Beehive: from the History of the Evolution of the State Seal of France in the Time of Napoleon","authors":"Andrey Mitrofanov","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027138-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027138-0","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the formation of republican and imperial emblems of the late 18th — early 19th centuries. in France, an important element of which was the state seal. A complete break with the heraldic tradition of the Old Order ended not in 1789, but in 1792 in connection with the overthrow of the monarchy. In August 1792, the National Convention approved a new state seal, which was used until 1804 with minor changes. The central element of the seal — the allegory of Liberty in the image of a woman was a well-known visual representation of the image of France from the very beginning of the Revolution, but in September 1792 it for the first time acquires the official status of a state emblem. The author shows how the revolutionary leaders made attempts to replace this image with others, wanting to emphasize the radical break and aspects of their political program. The projects of 1793 by Jean-Louis David and 1796 by Henri Gregoire differed significantly from each other. But the decree on the state seal of 1793, according to which the image of Liberty should be replaced by the image of Hercules, was not put into practice, and Gregoire’s proposals were completely rejected. On the basis of elements of revolutionary emblematic and neoclassical heraldic designs, in June — July 1804, a new state seal of the empire was created, the central elements of which are a golden eagle on an azure field and the image of Napoleon sitting on a throne in imperial insignia. The author emphasizes that the Napoleonic system of heraldic representation was originally conceived by Bonaparte and his advisers as an important political resource.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Continuity of Vocational Training in the Regulations of French Manufactories 法国制造业法规中职业培训的连续性

Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027137-9

Ekaterina Kirillova

引用次数: 0

A Code of Laws, Which Did Not Exist: How Began to Teach the Siete Partidas in the Universities 一本不存在的法典:如何开始在大学里教授共产主义

Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840025788-5

Alexander Marey

引用次数: 0

Soviet-Norwegian Economic Relations in the First Years After the Second World War: From Cooperation to Confrontation 二战后最初几年的苏挪经济关系:从合作到对抗

Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027796-4

Maria Serova

{"title":"Soviet-Norwegian Economic Relations in the First Years After the Second World War: From Cooperation to Confrontation","authors":"Maria Serova","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027796-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027796-4","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes Soviet-Norwegian economic relations after the World War II. All this is considered in the context of such international events of 1948—1949 as accepting Marshall Plan aid and Norway’s entry into the NATO alliance. After the liberation of Norway in 1945 the Norwegian economy came under severe inflationary pressure. That happened as a result of the increase in money supply and the reduction of domestic production and imports. In this case, trade with the Soviet Union could have been a good alternative for the development of the Norwegian economy. The previous conditions of pre-war arrangements between Norway and the USSR continued to operate and after the war. All trade between the two countries had been settled in Norwegian kroner with the provision of the possibility of offsetting the delivery of products. Norway understood perfectly well necessity of foreign policy balancing act by striving to maintain good neighbourly relations with The Soviet Union. That promoted enhanced trade relations between both countries. Although the bulk of the Norwegian trade was with the USA and the United Kingdom. This only accelerated the depleting currency reserves of country The Norwegian nation found itself in deep financial embarrassment. So, the Norwegian Government had accepted invitation to the conference in Paris which met from July to September 1947 to discuss the details of Marshall Aid. Such a decision contributed to the further to a cooling of relations between the Norway and the USSR and declining trade between the countries.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Humanitarian Initiatives on the Territory of the German Empire during the First World War (on the Examples of Treatment of the Russian Civilians) 第一次世界大战期间德意志帝国领土上的人道主义倡议(以对待俄罗斯平民为例)

Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026829-0

Nataliya Rostislavleva

{"title":"Humanitarian Initiatives on the Territory of the German Empire during the First World War (on the Examples of Treatment of the Russian Civilians)","authors":"Nataliya Rostislavleva","doi":"10.18254/s207987840026829-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840026829-0","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the variety of the humanitarian aid to the Russian enemy aliens in Germany during the First World War. Compositional the author distinguishes three categories of enemy aliens: Russian subjects detained at the beginning of the war, who returned to Russia after some months; confined persons, which means detained, deported and restricted male, who stayed in Germany until the end of the war; internees, who were kept in German camps. Officially, the interests of all Russian enemy aliens were represented by the Spanish Embassy. In addition to the support of the Embassy of Spain, three areas of humanitarian assistance to Russian enemy aliens could be specificated: support from the local population and professional communities, humanitarian initiatives of the International and National Committees of the Red Cross and also actions of other philanthropic institutions. The author describes special aspects of the humanitarian aid to each category of enemy aliens. So the first category receive help from the German professional associations, international and national committees of the Red Cross. It was noted that the support of confined persons is some of the most unknown part: they received help mostly from the professional communities and the local population. The help of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), national Red Cross committees from the neutral states, Young Men&apos;s Christian Association (YMCA) is applicable to the interned captive civilians. Initiatives by prince Max von Baden also took their part in supporting the internees. The article also shows the support by the English and American internees, who shared their parcels with Russian captive civilians, discovers the humanitarian actions of the Relief Committees in the internment camps. The author highlights that the perception of humanitarian aid by citizens and governments were often in conflict.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Armillary Sphere in the Ideology of the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times 中世纪晚期和近代早期意识形态中的浑天仪

Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027170-6

Alexander Tchernik

引用次数: 0

The Problem of Spitsbergen on the Pages of the Soviet Press in the Context of the Transformation of Soviet-Norwegian Relations During the Cold War (Based on the Materials of the Newspaper “Pravda”) 冷战时期苏挪关系转变背景下苏联报刊上的斯匹次卑尔根问题(基于《真理报》资料)

Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027815-5

Oksana Zaretskaya

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Noble Comitats (Noble Counties) of the Kingdom of Hungary during the Fifteen Years’ War (1593—1606): the Limits of Possibilities 十五年战争(1593-1606)期间匈牙利王国的贵族委员会(贵族郡):可能性的极限

Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027472-8

Tatyana Gusarova

{"title":"Noble Comitats (Noble Counties) of the Kingdom of Hungary during the Fifteen Years’ War (1593—1606): the Limits of Possibilities","authors":"Tatyana Gusarova","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027472-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027472-8","url":null,"abstract":"The article studies the daily activity of the noble comitats of the Kingdom of Hungary during the Fifteen Years’, or Long, War (1593—1606) i.e. the war between the Austrian Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire, which erupted on the territory of what was then Hungary. The period was not selected at random. The tension and concentration of the social forces were most noticeable in the conditions of war and, first of all, at the local level, because the local population suffered from the war and bore all its burdens: military operations, mobilization, growing taxes, lawlessness and irreparable damage caused by their own and other troops, forced gratuitous labour, military supplies, etc. In that difficult situation, society had to self-organize. The functioning and interaction of the central and local authorities became the key factor in the country resistance to the Ottomans. The noble community, united locally in a self-governing corporation, was aware of its obligations to the country when it came to its defence and tried to comply with them. But such possibilities also had limits that the population could not physically overcome, and local authorities, in dialogue with the central authorities, marked these limitations in various ways. Comitat statutes, as well as minutes of noble assemblies, contain extensive material on this issue. In combination with the laws of state assemblies, they provide an objective and fairly complete picture of this interaction.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Undén — Hammarsjöld Political Duet: the New Doctrine of Swedish Neutrality in Action undat - Hammarsjöld政治二重唱:瑞典行动中立的新学说

Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027802-1

Evgenia Korunova

引用次数: 0