Sport Ethics and Philosophy最新文献

{"title":"Return of the Grasshopper: Games, Leisure, and the Good Life in the Third Millennium <b>Return of the Grasshopper: Games, Leisure, and the Good Life in the Third Millennium</b> , by Bernard Suits (edited by Christopher C. Yorke and Francisco Javier López Frías), illustrated by Paul Hammond, (Ethics and Sport Series), London and New York, Routledge (Taylor &amp; Francis Group), 2022, 190 pp., (paperback, 22 B/W Illustrations), $48.95 (paperback), $170.00 (hardback), $48.95 (ebook), ISBN 978-1-…","authors":"Taliah L. Powers","doi":"10.1080/17511321.2023.2272052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2023.2272052","url":null,"abstract":"Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).","PeriodicalId":51786,"journal":{"name":"Sport Ethics and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135778506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘Ecce Ego’: Apollo, Dionysus, and Performative Social Media","authors":"Aurélien Daudi","doi":"10.1080/17511321.2023.2265070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2023.2265070","url":null,"abstract":"Epitomized in the bodily exhibitions of ‘fitspiration’, photo-based social media is biased toward self-beautification and glorification of reality. Meanwhile, evidence is growing of psychological side effects connected to this ‘pictorial turn’ in our communication. In The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche poses the question how ugliness and discord can produce aesthetic pleasure. This paper proceeds from an inverse relationship and examines why glorification of appearances and conspicuous beauty fails to do the same, and even compounds suffering. Drawing on the Apollo-Dionysus dualism undergirding Nietzsche’s aesthetic philosophy, I posit a deeper relation between the saturation of visual self-exhibitionism typified in fitspiration and its empirical effects. Concentrating on the medium and self-representational photograph, I argue that Instagram is primarily an instrument of Apolline artifice and that the pictorial turn which defines the present centers Apolline mediation to the detrimental exclusion of meaningful communion with its Dionysiac antithesis. For users immersed in this Apolline sphere of visual self-representation, a fractured existence beholden to conditions of the image ensues—comprising surface-level appearances, deification of the moment, and loss of existential sustenance through myth. By positioning fitspiration not as an aberration but as the logical conclusion of the medium’s intrinsic Apolline property, it becomes a litmus test of the entire visual landscape and illustrative of the implications that uncritical participation in it may bring.","PeriodicalId":51786,"journal":{"name":"Sport Ethics and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135854092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reframing the Debate over Performance-Enhancing Drugs: The Reasonable Athlete Argument","authors":"Matthew C. Altman","doi":"10.1080/17511321.2023.2266581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2023.2266581","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTTwo of the major arguments against performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs), appealing to fairness and the protection of athletes’ health, have serious flaws. First, there is no relevant moral distinction between the use of PEDs and the use of other performance enhancers that introduce unfairness and that we accept nonetheless. Second, prohibiting PEDs for athletes’ own good ignores the fact that adult athletes are constantly making tradeoffs to improve performance and pursue excellence, including sacrificing their health. We should not paternalistically impose our values on them. On the other side, arguments to allow ‘safe’ PEDs provide no normative criterion to determine the acceptable level of risk, thus begging the question. The reasonable athlete argument solves both sets of problems: it justifies a ban on some performance-enhancing drugs based on health and fairness, while avoiding paternalism, and it also establishes a non-arbitrary standard to determine which drugs ought to be allowed. First, if unsafe PEDs were allowed, some athletes would refuse to take them out of concern for their health. This is a reasonable decision even though it would put them at a competitive disadvantage against athletes who choose to use unsafe PEDs. It would be unfair for clean athletes to suffer a competitive disadvantage for acting reasonably. Therefore, PEDs that pose significant health risks should be prohibited for all athletes. Second, it would be unreasonable for athletes to refuse, on principle, relatively safe and effective PEDs, so a blanket prohibition is also unjustified. Which drugs and which doses to allow should be determined not by athletes’ actual choices but by the hypothetical choices of the reasonable athlete. The resulting sport-specific drug policy would carve a justifiable middle path between complete prohibition and complete permission.KEYWORDS: Performance-enhancing drugsdopingfairnesscoercionsteroids AcknowledgmentsI am grateful to Cynthia Coe and Lou Matz for helpful comments on earlier drafts. The two reviewers for Sport, Ethics and Philosophy also provided valuable suggestions as I revised the article for publication.Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Some philosophers have questioned whether elite athletes are in fact fully free. For example, Murray (Citation1983), Fraleigh (Citation1985), and Holowchak (Citation2000) claim that they are coerced—forced to choose either to harm themselves, lower expectations, or quit the sport; and pressured by team owners and fans—and are thus not in control of their choices regarding PEDs. Brown (Citation1985a) and Veber (Citation2014) challenge that idea, claiming that the athlete’s situation is not coercive, or coercive enough, for them to be in need of protection against their own decisions. Saying that someone must do something dangerous to compete at the highest levels, such as the McTwist maneuver in skateboarding, is not coercive, ","PeriodicalId":51786,"journal":{"name":"Sport Ethics and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135094569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a Value-Neutral Definition of Sport","authors":"Michael Hemmingsen","doi":"10.1080/17511321.2023.2260116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2023.2260116","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTIn this paper I argue that philosophers of sport should avoid value-laden definitions of sport; that is, they should avoid building into the definition of sport that they are inherently worthwhile activities. Sports may very well often be worthwhile as a contingent matter, but this should not be taken to be a core feature included in the definition of sport. I start by outlining what I call the ‘legitimacy-conferring’ element of the category ‘sport’. I then argue that we ought not to include such a dimension in our definition of sport, on the grounds that it confuses issues of description with issues of definition: the issue of what sport does with what sport is. Following this, I consider a Wittgensteinian family resemblance approach to defining sport; Kevin Schieman’s argument that sports are necessarily good games; and the oft-cited wide-following and institutional criteria, as arguments for including an evaluative dimension in the definition of sport. I conclude that none succeed, for similar reasons: they either fail to track our common sense intuitions about what does or does not count as a sport; and/or they make it impossible for us to ever describe something a ‘bad’ sport (or instance of sport). Just as a good definition of, say, art, shouldn’t make it impossible for us to describe something as ‘bad art’, I argue that our definition of sport shouldn’t build in a necessarily positive evaluation. I conclude by discussing some of the practical reasons why supporters of activities about which there is currently debate as to their status as sports might want to see those activities included under the sports umbrella, but suggest that this on its own isn’t a good reason for modifying a philosophical definition of sport to include them.KEYWORDS: value-neutraldefining sportlegitimacy AcknowledgmentsI would like to thank Don Oxtoby for his comments on a draft of this paper, as well as the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful feedback.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Realising that you made a definitional mistake like this is not the same as extending a chain of family resemblances. Whereas extending a chain of family resemblances continues to take the original feature as definitionally central to some instances of sport—s1, say, even if we now realise that it doesn’t apply to s2, s3, etc., – realising that you’ve made a definitional mistake is a matter of appreciating that you should never have taken that element to be definitionally important in the first place.2. Again putting aside the question of physicality, which is important to Schieman’s definition, but somewhat tangential to our discussion here.","PeriodicalId":51786,"journal":{"name":"Sport Ethics and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136280544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embodied Experience, Embodied Advantage, and the Inclusion of Transgender Athletes in Competitive Sport: Expanded Framework, Criticisms, and Policy Recommendations","authors":"Francisco Javier Lopez Frias, Cesar R. Torres","doi":"10.1080/17511321.2023.2260112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2023.2260112","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTIn a previous paper entitled ‘Beyond Physiology: Embodied Experience, Embodied Advantage, and the Inclusion of Transgender Athletes in Competitive Sport,’ we claim that analyses of the inclusion or exclusion of transgender athletes in competitive sport must go beyond physiological criteria and incorporate the notions of embodied experience and embodied advantage. Our stance has recently been challenged as impractical and excessively exclusionary. In this paper, we address these challenges and build upon them to expand on the policy implications of our original framework, highlighting that embodied experience and embodied advantage heavily influence athletic performance. We differentiate competitive fairness from justice to, with an emphasis on the inclusion of transgender women in competitive sport, formulate a justice-based argument for maximizing inclusion. Afterward, we identify ideal and nonideal policy recommendations connected to our analysis of embodied experience and embodied advantage. We ultimately advocate for a qualified inclusion that assesses potential residual (physiological and embodied) advantages while striving for justice and competitive fairness.KEYWORDS: transgender athletesembodied experienceinclusion, justicecompetitive fairness Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. See Birrell and Cole (Citation1990) and, among others, Herman (Citation1976) and Lautens (Citation1976).2. Moreover, one may wonder whether philosophy by itself can make sound contributions to policymaking (Wolff Citation2019).3. We acknowledge that Loland’s account of competitive fairness, especially his distinction between stable and dynamic conditions, clashes with some of the policy recommendations reviewed below. However, it is possible to draw on Loland’s fair play opportunity principle without also accepting (some of) his further refinements and applications of the notion. See Camporesi (Citation2020); Camporesi and Hämäläinen (Citation2021); Hämäläinen (Citation2012).4. Also see Berg (Citation2015), (Citation2018).5. One year after the publication of English’s work, Iris Marion Young (Citation1979), another feminist philosopher who formulated a justice-based argument for sex segregation in sport, expanded on this argument. By drawing on Simone de Beauvoir, she argued that sport engagement allows individuals to flourish. Thus, a lack of participation in sport prevents them from developing capacities crucial to leading fully human lives. For an analysis of feminist approaches to sport, see Burke Citation2015.6. This concept also plays a key role in the works of Young (Citation1979). For a detailed analysis of this concept, see Falbo (Citation2008).7. As Schultz et al. (Citation2022) expound, data from communities with transgender inclusive policies indicate that ‘the inclusion of trans athletes at the high school level has had no negative impact on sport participation or athletic achievements fo","PeriodicalId":51786,"journal":{"name":"Sport Ethics and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136061705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ontology and interdisciplinary research in esports","authors":"Tom Brock","doi":"10.1080/17511321.2023.2260567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2023.2260567","url":null,"abstract":"This article identifies the benefits of adopting a critical realist ontology to researching esports in the social sciences. The article outlines some of the challenges in researching esports, paying particular attention to the emerging specialisms and sub-disciplines. The article suggests that different schools of thought have different ontological and epistemological commitments, resulting in a complex and somewhat fragmented or contested set of definitions and research directives. The article considers how the philosophy of science can enable researchers to gain a more complete understanding and appreciation of esports. More specifically, the article outlines some of the central philosophical commitments of critical realism and considers their benefits for researching the multi-layered and multifaceted nature of esports. What results is a stratified ontology of esports, in which various biological, psychological and sociological factors interact to produce emergent outcomes at micro, meso and macro levels of causality. Such an interdisciplinary approach resists previous attempts to reduce esports research to singular (and competing) epistemological claims. Instead, this article invites sports researchers to investigate the complex ways natural and social factors interact to generate and change esports structures, institutions and agential behaviours.","PeriodicalId":51786,"journal":{"name":"Sport Ethics and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136135901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heidegger and the possibilities of ‘Authenticity’ in Sports participation","authors":"Neslihan Filiz","doi":"10.1080/17511321.2023.2259620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2023.2259620","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to analyze the possibility of ‘authenticity’, in other words, ‘authentic being’ in sports, based on the ideas in Heidegger’s Being and Time (Sein und Zeit). In order to do that, I firstly explain Dasein and its existentialia (which are significant for this paper: being-in-the-world, thrownness, understanding, attunement, and possibilities), the concept of ‘care’, and Heideggerian understanding of authenticity. Then, I examine the possibilities of authenticity in sports participation, and I look at some related studies analyzing the Heideggerian take on authenticity in sports. Finally, considering human existence (i.e. Dasein) within the sportsworld, I describe some possibilities for an authentic being to reveal itself, even for a short moment, such as ‘the realization of our finitude’ (by confronting death, especially in extreme sports); ‘coping with failure or loss (by facing with the call of conscience)’; ‘anxiety of losing the familiarity to the world’ (non-skillful coping in sports) and anxiety accompanying the realization of being-in-the-sportsworld’ (They-self vs. One-Self as an athlete) etc.KEYWORDS: Heideggersportsauthenticityauthentic being AcknowledgmentsI really appreciate Assoc. Prof. Dr. Irena Parry Martínková and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. This article was partially submitted as a presentation at the 11th Czech Philosophy of Sport Conference.2. Heidegger uses the term ‘Dasein’ to address the being of human beings (or i.e. human existence). It is the central concept used in B&T which is wisely-chosen by Heidegger to denote that only human beings have the the possibility of an existential understanding of ‘what it means to exist’ by way of self-relation and its relation to other beings. Moreover, Dasein is the entity which makes its very Being an issue (and the meaning of Being) and so, cares.3. ‘existentialia’ i.e. the existential structures of Dasein. HEIDEGGER (Citation2001, §9, 71) states that “Existentialia andcategories are the two basic possibilities for characters of Being. The entities which correspond to them require different kinds of primary interrogation respectively: any entity is either a ‘who’ (existence) or a ‘what’ (presence-at-hand in the broadest sense)”. Therefore, we need existentialia to interpret the Being of Dasein, its existence.4. Here, it is significant to distinguish what ontological (i.e. ontologico-existential) and ontical (ontico-existentiell) inquiries mean. In the footnote of their translation of B&T, Macquarrie & Robinson define the terms as follows: the ontical one is “concerned with the entities and the facts about them and the ontological one is ‘concerned primarily with Being’5. As the translators of B&T, Macquarrie and Robinson, clarified in a footnote that the German Stimmung is ‘the usual word for one’s mood or humour’ and they prefer to translat","PeriodicalId":51786,"journal":{"name":"Sport Ethics and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135059184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anschlag auf Olympia. Was 1972 in München wirklich geschah","authors":"Jacob Kornbeck","doi":"10.1080/17511321.2023.2256985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2023.2256985","url":null,"abstract":"Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.Notes1. The planners hadn’t yet reached today’s belief in banning cars from city centres, but rather took the functional separation of Le Corbusier to the next stage, by sending cars underground and reserving the open spaces for pedestrians, just like they were two a decade later in Louvain-la-Neuve, the Belgian university city planned and build to host the francophone half of the old Catholic University of Leuven who had been expelled thence following the events of 1968 (where 1968 didn’t mean the same as in the rest of the global West). My pictures from that warm summer evening—during a summer regularly featuring the highest temperatures recorded to date—seem to have captured what I felt during that evening walk.2. There is a curious reticence in Germany to use the army for domestic security purposes, usually backed up by woolly references to ‘German history’. Such explanations are flawed, as Hitler did not take power through a military coup, while the big street fights of the Weimar Republic were carried out by heavily armoured and motorised police forces, not the army, yet the taboo persists, although mass-scale repression through troops has not happened since 1848.","PeriodicalId":51786,"journal":{"name":"Sport Ethics and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134913030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Nothing is funnier than suffering”. Sport as a comic and perverse aesthetic practice","authors":"Andy Harvey","doi":"10.1080/17511321.2023.2256988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2023.2256988","url":null,"abstract":"The article takes up diverse strands of psychoanalytic thinking to investigate how desire is manifested in male team sporting environments. In particular, it is posited that sporting desire shares a remarkable structural similarity to the joking relationship in that they both work through the overcoming of obstacles. In doing so unconscious desires are long-circuited and only emerge in radically altered form, upending traditional gender and sexual subjectivities in the process. The paper explores the concept of desire from perspectives that are either straightforwardly psychoanalytic or heavily influenced by psychoanalytic thought. Initially, I examine desire from a Freudian viewpoint before looking at how Jacques Lacan extended Freudian analysis through a linguistic lens. I then explore desire in terms developed by Gilles Deleuze before turning, in the second part of the paper, to an examination of the work of George Bataille to consider the desire of sport through the mechanism of the joke to trace the complex routing that it often takes.","PeriodicalId":51786,"journal":{"name":"Sport Ethics and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135826362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why the rules do not prohibit cheating in sports","authors":"Sinclair A. MacRae","doi":"10.1080/17511321.2023.2254941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2023.2254941","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51786,"journal":{"name":"Sport Ethics and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80820502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}