Strabismus最新文献

{"title":"Four cases of acute comitant esotropia associated with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma in children.","authors":"D Osborne,&nbsp;J Richardson-May,&nbsp;K Bush,&nbsp;M Evans,&nbsp;S K West,&nbsp;K May,&nbsp;J Self","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2022.2143823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2022.2143823","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acute acquired concomitant esotropia (AACE) is usually a benign form of strabismus that infrequently is associated with intracranial pathology. Clinicians have noted an increase in its incidence and theorize that it may be related to public health \"lockdown\" measures taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. With an increased incidence of AACE clinicians must firstly differentiate AACE from common accommodative esotropia and secondly recognize AACE as a possible sign of serious neuropathology.Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) is a devastating diagnosis for affected families. Children typically present at age 6-7 years with cranial nerve palsies, long tract signs, and/or cerebellar signs. Diagnosis is made from characteristic findings on magnetic resonance brain imaging (MRI brain) and treatment includes radiotherapy and palliative care. Two years from diagnosis, 90% of affected children will have died from their disease.</p><p><strong>Case series: </strong>We present four cases that attended our pediatric ophthalmology clinic with AACE either as a presenting sign of DIPG or as a clinical finding following a DIPG diagnosis. Patient A (age 5 years) presented to the emergency eye clinic with sudden onset diplopia and intermittent esotropia. Suppression later developed, they had 0.00 logMAR visual acuity either eye, and bilateral physiological hypermetropia. MRI brain imaging requested as a result of the unusual presentation led to the DIPG diagnosis. The other 3 cases (ages 11, 5 & 5 years) were assessed post DIPG diagnosis and found to have an esotropia measuring bigger on 1/3-meter fixation than 6-meter fixation, full ocular motility, physiological hypermetropia or emmetropia, and visual acuity normal for age. Other than patient B (age 11 years), who had papilledema and gaze evoked nystagmus when they were assessed 2 weeks prior to death, no patient had any other clinical eye findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This small series of 4 patients attending our clinic within a 12-month period supports the notion that children presenting with AACE should routinely be offered brain MRI. Not all children with DIPG-associated AACE have significant ophthalmic findings indicative of intracranial pathology. With the potential for increased incidence of AACE related to lockdowns, clinicians should be reminded of the infrequent possibility their patient has a more serious condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9374439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphometry and anatomical variations of the inferior oblique muscle as relevant to the strabismus surgeries.","authors":"Tulika Gupta,&nbsp;Chetan Kharodi,&nbsp;Neelkamal Cheema","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2023.2168706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2023.2168706","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Effective outcome of inferior oblique (IO) corrective surgeries demands a detailed knowledge of morphometry and variations of IO. Our aim was to study and morphometrically define the surgical anatomy of the IO muscle and its variations. Also to provide easily identifiable surgical coordinates to locate, the IO origin and the oculomotor nerve entry point into the IO. Dissection was performed on 16 cadaveric orbits. IO anatomy, variations, morphometry and relevant surgical distances were measured using digital caliper. IO with multiple bellies was found in five specimens. The IO mean length was 33.1 ± 3.3 mm, width at origin was 3.1 ± 0.6 mm, and width at insertion was 8.8 ± 1.5 mm. For easy localization of origin, its distance from the palpable landmarks, Zygomatico-maxillary suture and fronto-maxillary suture was measured. The mean distance between IO and the optic nerve was 10 mm. Distance of the nerve to inferior oblique entry point to the origin and insertion of the inferior oblique was measured. The nerve to IO was 28 mm long. The mean distance of the nerve entry point to IO origin was 15.5 ± 2.3 mm and distance to IO insertion was 15.2 ± 2.8 mm. A muscular bridge between the Inferior rectus (IR) & IO was found in one case, affecting ~¼ of the IO length; the distal end of the bridge was 5 mm from the IO insertion. Origin of the IO can be localized on the orbital surface of maxilla, 1-2 cm from the point where zygomatico-maxillary suture cuts the inferior orbital margin and 1-2 cm from the fronto-maxillary suture. In 19% of the orbits, the IO length was less than 30 mm, which may cause traction injury in muscle transposition procedures. The width at insertion is useful as most corrective surgeries are performed at the insertion site. The nerve to IO consistently entered at the center of medial border. The nerve entry point is important surgically as myectomy is performed between it and the insertion point. The safe distance available from the optic nerve was 7 mm. Detailed morphometry of IO may aid surgeons in better surgical planning and execution.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9382081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prism adaptation response and surgical outcomes of acquired nonaccommodative comitant esotropia.","authors":"Noriko Nishikawa,&nbsp;Yuriya Kawaguchi,&nbsp;Rui Fushitsu","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2022.2143824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2022.2143824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the clinical factors influencing the prism adaptation response of acquired non-accommodative comitant esotropia (ANAET) and evaluate the surgical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective observational study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study assessed patients with ANAET who underwent strabismus surgery based on the results of a short prism adaptation test (PAT). Patients wore Fresnel trial prisms based on alternate prism cover tests in outpatient clinics. The cover test was then performed after 15-20 minutes; if the deviation increased, the power of the prism was increased to neutralize the angle. The test was repeated until the angle was stable. Patients were classified as either prism builders (angle increased by ≥ 10 prism diopters [PD] compared with the entry angle) or prism non-builders (angle increased by < 10 PD). The following clinical characteristics were noted: age at onset, age at surgery, duration of esotropia, refractive error, angle of deviation, presence or absence of intermittent esotropia at near, and pre- and postoperative sensory status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 41 patients (median age, 15.4 years) were evaluated. The mean (standard deviation) spherical equivalent refractions were -3.03 (3.33) diopters (D) and -3.05 (3.23) D in the right and left eyes, respectively. Twenty-seven (66%) patients were prism builders. The prism builders had greater myopia (builders vs. non- builders, right eye: -3.97 [2.97] vs. -1.22 [3.33] D, P = .01; left eye: -4.08 [2.78] vs. -1.07 [3.20] D; P = .003), lower angle of deviation at near (median [interquartile range] 30.0 [20.0, 35.0] vs. 42.5 [35.0, 49.4] PD; P = .009), much more preoperative intermittent esotropia or esophoria at near (44% vs. 7%, P = .03) and diplopia (96% vs. 64%, P = .01), and better postoperative stereoacuity (50 [40, 110] vs. 100 [60, 400] arcsec, P = .02) than the prism non-builders. The overall success rate was 83%, without a significant difference between the two groups (builders vs. non-builders, 89% vs. 71%, P = .21).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In cases of myopic refractive error, a small entry angle with intermittency at near, and good binocularity, it is recommended that surgery is performed based on prism-adapted angle to prevent under-correction.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9373945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Binocular contrast sensitivity in patients with intermittent exotropia in relation to angle of strabismus and level of compensation.","authors":"Fatemeh Moradi,&nbsp;Ali Mirzajani,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Akbari,&nbsp;Masoud Khorrami-Nejad,&nbsp;Jamileh Abolghasemi,&nbsp;Babak Masoomian","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2022.2141272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2022.2141272","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intermittent exotropia (IXT) causes photophobia, and photophobia has been studied by measurement of contrast sensitivity (CS). CS was reduced in children with IXT. We compared binocular CS (BCS) in patients with IXT and normal subjects in relation to the angle of strabismus and control of IXT. This case-control study was performed on 40 patients with IXT and 40 normal subjects who were examined with the CSV1000 CS device in mesopic (3 cd/m2) and photopic (85 cd/m2) conditions with and without a glare stimulus at 3, 6, 12, and 18 cycle/degree (cpd) spatial frequencies. The angle of strabismus and near stereoacuity were also measured. The patient's IXT compensation was graded based on the office control scale. The mean age for IXT and normal participants were 12.30 ± 0.60 (range, 6-18) and 11.00 ± 0.78 (range, 6-18) years, respectively (<i>P</i> = .34). The IXT patients had lower binocular CS than controls at all spatial frequencies (<i>P</i> < .001). The largest decrease in CS occurred at 6 cpd spatial frequency under mesopic condition (1.61 ± 0.07 vs 1.38 ± 0.15, <i>P</i> < .001) and photopic condition with glare (2.03 ± 0.06 vs 1.77 ± 0.13, <i>P</i> < .001). Patients with better control scores had higher levels of BCS; also, the score of BCS showed a significant decrease in patients with a deviation of 25 prism diopter or more, compared to those with less deviation. BCS correlated at 3 and 6 cpd with near stereoacuity (r = -0.652, <i>P</i> < .001 and r = -0.613, <i>P</i> < .001). Binocular CS in patients with IXT correlates with the angle of strabismus and level of compensation.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9380758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of visual and acoustic biofeedback eccentric viewing training in conjunction with home exercises on visual function: a retrospective observational review.","authors":"Natalia Kelly,&nbsp;Meri Vukicevic,&nbsp;Konstandina Koklanis","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2023.2172435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2023.2172435","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an eccentric viewing training program that combines biofeedback training using micro-perimetry with home exercises on multiple visual function parameters and to explore potential relationships between post-treatment visual function parameters. A retrospective observational review of 27 participants who underwent the training program was performed. Eligible participants were diagnosed with bilateral central scotomas secondary to age-related macular degeneration. All participants undertook up to 15 visual and acoustic biofeedback training sessions and were required to partake in traditional home exercises between sessions. The biofeedback training was conducted in the better eye using the Macular Integrity Assessment microperimeter (MAIA). Distance and near acuity, contrast sensitivity and fixation stability quantified by the P1 and P2 values and the 63% and 95% bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA) before and after the rehabilitation program were recorded. Significant improvement was noted post-training for distance visual acuity (t(26) = 4938 <i>p</i> = .000), near visual acuity (Z = -4.461 <i>p</i> = .000), contrast sensitivity (Z = -3.647 <i>p</i> = .000) and fixation stability for all measures, including P1 (t(26) = -9.490 <i>p</i> = .000), P2 (t(26) = -7.338 <i>p </i> = 0.000), 63% BCEA (Z = 3.569 <i>p</i> = .000) and 95% BCEA (t(26) = 4.687 <i>p</i> = .000). Significant medium-to-large correlations were also found between most visual function variables. Visual and acoustic biofeedback in conjunction with home exercises has the potential to improve visual function parameters in patients with age-related macular degeneration and irreversible central vision loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9433011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective excyclotorsion increases with aging in adults.","authors":"Akihiko Oohira","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2022.2126864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2022.2126864","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>It has been reported that the disc-fovea angle (DFA), a measure of objective cyclotorsion, increases with age. DFA was measured in three age groups of adults and the effects of age, sex, and laterality on DFA is reported.</p><p><strong>Methods and subjects: </strong>A retrospective study was performed on patients who had a glaucoma checkup or who visited for suspected cataract, who underwent fundus photography between 2013 and 2021. Patients with visual acuity <0.7, axial length >27 mm, strabismus or ocular diseases affecting fusion were excluded. DFA was measured from digital fundus photographs obtained from 249 participants comprising three age groups (group I, 44.4 ± 0.5 years, n = 58; group II, 63.7 ± 3.6 years, n = 129; group III, 81.0 ± 3.8 years, n = 62). The sum of right- and left-eye DFAs is named as total DFA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dunnett's post-hoc test after ANOVA showed that the left-eye DFA and total DFA of group III were significantly larger than those of group I (p = .01 and p < .01, respectively). Total DFA of female participant (15.6 ± 4.7°, n = 168) was significantly larger than that of male participant (13.9 ± 4.3°, n = 81) (p < .01). The DFA of the left eye (8.2 ± 3.5°, n = 249) was significantly larger than that of the right eye (6.8 ± 3.3°, n = 249) (p < .001). Group III was subdivided based on eye dominance (right eye dominance, n = 36; left eye dominance, n = 13; NA, n = 13). The DFA in the nondominant eye (9.7 ± 4.6°) was significantly larger than that in the dominant eye (7.4 ± 3.7°) (p < .01).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study found a slight increase of DFA with age. Furthermore, DFA in female or DFA in the left-eye was larger than DFA in male or in the right-eye.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10516456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of lyophilized bovine pericardium (Tutopatch®) in the management of third nerve palsy following prior conventional strabismus surgery - a case series.","authors":"Mohamed Elabbasy,&nbsp;Sabine Naxer,&nbsp;Maren Horn,&nbsp;Michael P Schittkowski","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2022.2123943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2022.2123943","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To study the secondary management of strabismus due to third nerve palsy using bovine pericardium (Tutopatch®) when previous conventional surgical therapy had failed. Review of our clinic records of selected patients with third nerve palsy, in whom residual deviation had been managed using Tutopatch® after previous surgical correction. The squint angle was measured preoperatively, and at 1 day, 3 months, and if possible 6 months postoperatively. Nine patients were enrolled in this study. One patient had mainly residual vertical deviation and was corrected with tendon elongation of the contralateral superior rectus. Three patients were operated on with tendon elongation of the lateral rectus muscle with or without medial rectus muscle resection and/or advancement (Group 1). Lateral rectus splitting after tendon elongation in addition to the resection and/or advancement of the medial rectus was performed in five patients with complete third nerve palsy (Group 2). In Group 1, the preoperative median squint angle was -20° (range -17° to -25°), which improved postoperatively to -4.5° (range -12° to +3°). In Group 2, the preoperative horizontal and vertical median squint angles were -27° (range -20° to -40°) and 0.5° (range 0° and 20°), respectively. Postoperatively, they had improved to -12.5° (range-2° to -25°), and 1.5° (range 0° to 7°), respectively. Two patients of Group 2 were re-operated due to residual exotropia. No postoperative complications were observed in any patient. In this small series several complex re-do situations of patients with third nerve palsy were evaluated in which Tutopatch® markedly improved outcomes after an initially ineffective surgical management. For better evaluation of its usefulness a study with more patients is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10516915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified Nishida's procedure in a case of medial rectus hypoplasia.","authors":"Soveeta Rath,&nbsp;Suma Ganesh,&nbsp;Priya Goyal,&nbsp;Andrea Molinari","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2022.2136212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2022.2136212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Introduction:</i> We report a case of large angle exotropia in a child with limitation of adduction in the left eye with a radiological finding of hypoplastic medial rectus. <i>Methods:</i> A 3- year- old male child presented with left eye large angle exotropia, left face turn, -4 adduction limitation and severe amblyopia. Orbital imaging revealed hypoplasia of the medial rectus and intraoperatively a thin medial rectus was noted. The surgical procedure planned was lateral rectus recession combined with Modified Nishida's technique in the left eye. In this technique the superior and inferior recti were transposed medially by inserting non-absorbable sutures in the sclera posteriorly, closer to the upper and lower borders of the medial rectus muscle. <i>Result:</i> There was improvement in adduction of left eye and reduction of original deviation following maximal lateral rectus recession and a modified Nishida's approach. The early and optimal correction of exotropia also improved the compliance to patching with subsequent gain in visual acuity of the amblyopic eye. <i>Conclusion:</i> Modified Nishida's technique has the advantage of no muscle splitting and no tenotomy, remains a less invasive surgical procedure to correct large deviations. The modification of placing the bellies closer to medial rectus augments the effect and further improves adduction in cases with severe limitation of adduction. This technique can thus be considered as a possible surgical approach in young children with large angle exotropia due to hypoplastic medial rectus.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10579743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of bupivacaine in the non-surgical treatments of strabismus: a review.","authors":"Mohammad Yaser Kiarudi,&nbsp;Seyed Hossein Ghavami Shahri,&nbsp;Acieh Es'haghi,&nbsp;Bahare Gharib,&nbsp;Mohammad-Reza Ansari-Astaneh","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2022.2135743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2022.2135743","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bupivacaine (BUP) is an anesthetic from the family of aminoacyl anesthetics and has the highest myotoxicity among other groups of anesthetics. Intramuscular injection of BUP first causes acute libriform lysis and subsequently with the regeneration process, stronger myofibrils are formed within 3-4 weeks. Satellite cells, which are actually myogenic stem cells, are preserved in the early stage and during the destruction of muscle fibers. In fact, these cells are responsible for the subsequent regeneration of fibers. BUP is one of the few medicines that is able to increase muscle strength. In animal studies on rabbits, a decrease has been observed in the diameter of the global layer in the first week and an increase in type-I myosin occurs after 60 days, especially in the global muscle layer. There are numerous studies according to BUP injection for the non-surgical management of horizontal strabismus. To intensify the effects of the injection, botulinum toxin injection can also be used simultaneously in the antagonist muscles. In general, although the rate of improvement in strabismus varied among different studies, BUP injection alone corrects about 5-8 prism diopters. Together with botulinum toxin, BUP corrects about 15 prism diopters. The stability of this improvement is up to 10 years after injection. No significant difference has been observed in response rate between patients with esotropia and exotropia. Unlike the large molecule of botulinum toxin, which spreads slowly to its site of action, the BUP molecule is small and must be in direct contact with myofibrils before absorption into the bloodstream to exert its effect. Therefore, the injection volume should be about 3 cc with a concentration of 0.75 g per deciliter. Although BUP is promising non-surgical strabismus management, especially in small angle and residual horizontal strabismus, however, it has its own limitations. The need for direct infusion of a relatively large volume of BUP may be one of its major drawbacks that limits its usage in an office method.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10530545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are binocular alignment and convergence amplitude different between phakic and pseudophakic older patients?","authors":"Hassan Hashemi,&nbsp;Mehdi Khabazkhoob,&nbsp;Amir Asharlous,&nbsp;Alireza Hashemi","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2022.2134432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2022.2134432","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare the binocular alignment status and convergence amplitude between phakic and pseudophakic older adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The present report is a part of the Tehran Geriatric Eye Study (TGES), a population-based study performed on the elderly population above 60 years of age in Tehran, Iran. All study participants were transferred to the examination site and underwent complete ocular examinations including the measurement of uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity, objective and subjective refraction, unilateral and alternating cover tests, and slit-lamp biomicroscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 3791 invitees, 3310 participated in the TGES (response rate: 87.3%). After applying the exclusion criteria, the data of 1969 individuals were analyzed for this report. The mean of far exophoria, far esophoria, near exophoria, and near esophoria was 5.09 ± 3.66, 8.20 ± 9.60, 6.94 ± 3.69, 7.00 ± 5.83 prism diopter in phakic and 5.15 ± 2.43, 6.50 ± 5.80, 7.77 ± 4.00, 4.75 ± 1.50 prism diopter in pseudophakic individuals, respectively. The mean of far exotropia, far esotropia, near exotropia, and near esotropia was 14.92 ± 9.49, 22.00 ± 13.86, 15.09 ± 7.20, 21.33 ± 14.47 prism diopter in phakic and 19.67 ± 22.5, 8.00 ± 0, 17.36 ± 7.55, 17.36 ± 7.55, 0 prism diopter in pseudophakic individuals, respectively. Near exophoria (P = .003) was significantly higher in pseudophakic than in phakic participants after controlling the effects of age, sex, body mass index, diabetes, and hypertension. The mean near point of convergence was 7.94 ± 3.27 cm in phakic and 7.99 ± 3.3 cm in pseudophakic participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Near exophoria was significantly higher in pseudophakic compared to phakic individuals while other deviations and near point of convergence were not significantly different between phakic and pseudophakic groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10523745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}