Avian diseases最新文献

{"title":"Assessing the Efficacy of Oregano, Apple Cider Vinegar, and Citric Acid in Water as a Treatment for Spotty Liver Disease Caused by <i>Campylobacter hepaticus</i> in Challenged SPF Laying Hens.","authors":"Roel Becerra, Monique S Franca, Catherine M Logue","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00063","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spotty liver disease (SLD) caused by <i>Campylobacter hepaticus</i> has emerged as an important cause of disease in table egg layers in the United States. The disease associated with <i>C. hepaticus</i> results in focal lesions on the livers of infected birds, reduced egg production, and increased mortality of layer hens. Currently, there are no approved treatments and no commercial vaccine available for <i>C. hepaticus</i>, and very limited research is available supporting best approaches for the control of <i>C. hepaticus</i> in organic or antibiotic free-laying hens. We assessed the potential effects of water acidification treatments for the control of <i>C. hepaticus</i> in challenged specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens and transmission of the organism to naïve birds. The objective of this study was to develop a challenge and treatment model to assess the effects of oregano, apple cider vinegar, and citric acid as potential control measures for <i>C. hepaticus</i> in challenged birds. We divided 148 SPF chickens, 17 wk of age, into five groups; four groups (with 51% of the birds in each group orally challenged with <i>C. hepaticus</i>) and one negative control group (<i>n</i> = 8). A dose of 10⁷ cfu/ml of <i>C. hepaticus</i> was given on day 1, day 4, and day 7 by oral gavage. At day 10 after the day 1 challenge, three challenged groups were treated for 5 days with either oregano, apple cider vinegar, or citric acid in the water. One challenged but not treated group and the negative control received only water as treatment. Bile and liver samples from challenged and nonchallenged naïve exposed birds were collected from euthanatized birds at days 9, 15, 20, and 27 after the first day challenge to evaluate the presence of <i>C. hepaticus</i> gross lesions and detection via culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmation. Results showed that challenged birds were able to develop mild to moderate multifocal liver lesions resembling SLD. Severe lesions were evident in the naïve, exposed nonchallenged birds. Positive bacterial culture and colony PCR positives were found in challenged birds in each challenge group. Results from PCR of DNA extracted from liver samples were able to detect a greater number of <i>C. hepaticus</i>-positive samples than culture PCR of bile alone. Treatment with oregano, apple cider vinegar, or citric acid was not able to clear <i>C. hepaticus</i> from challenged birds because more than 44% of the challenged birds remained positive on liver PCR analysis posttreatment. Results also found that <i>C. hepaticus</i> could be passed horizontally because more than 29% of the naïve nonchallenged birds became <i>C. hepaticus</i> positive postintroduction to challenged birds. Overall, this study found that this challenge model for <i>C. hepaticus</i> was successful and that treatments did not clear <i>C. hepaticus</i> in challenged birds. Nevertheless, it appears that acidifying the water could help to re","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 S1","pages":"490-498"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144056616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Emergence of <i>Streptococcus gallolyticus</i> as a Pathogen in Turkeys.","authors":"LaTasha S Gray, Timothy J Johnson, Kabel M Robbins, Billy M Hargis, Juan D Latorre","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00097","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Streptococcus gallolyticus</i>, formerly known as <i>Streptococcus bovis</i>, is a Gram-positive coccus bacterium that is a facultative anaerobe. Although it was previously considered a commensal bacterium that caused secondary disease because of a stressor, <i>S. gallolyticus</i> can now be considered a causative agent of disease associated with a variety of infections in both humans and animals. <i>Streptococcus gallolyticus</i> has become an emerging pathogen in the poultry industry, particularly in turkey poults, causing acute mortality, usually without any premonitory signs. In the southern portion of the United States, there has been an influx of <i>S. gallolyticus</i> infections occurring predominately in July and August. A majority of turkey poults most susceptible to this disease range in age between 1.5 and 2.5 wk of age. It is suggested that virulence capability relies on accessory genome components that may not be core to all <i>S. gallolyticus</i> strains. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the nomenclature changes, identification, and emergence of <i>S. gallolyticus</i> in turkeys.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 S1","pages":"448-454"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144057053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Enterococcus hirae</i>-Associated Endocarditis Outbreak in Young Broiler Breeders of the Female Line.","authors":"Thijs T M Manders, Henk K Parmentier, Andreas Papanikolaou, Rodrigo A Gallardo","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00025","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enterococci infections may result in acute and chronic disease. Lesions, such as osteomyelitis, arthritis, or endocarditis, depend on the <i>Enterococcus</i> species involved. In this case report, an outbreak of <i>Enterococcus hirae</i>-associated endocarditis affecting young broiler breeders is presented. On a rearing farm with 46,500 broiler breeders, a slight increased mortality (1.02%-1.42%) within the female line was observed between 2 and 6 wk posthatch (ph). Between days 12 and 47 ph, 256 birds were pathologically examined, and bacteriologic samples were taken. In 191 (51.8%) of the examined female line chickens, endocarditis was observed on at least one of the atrioventricular valves, while no endocarditis was diagnosed in chickens of the male line (<i>n</i> = 65). <i>Enterococcus hirae</i> was isolated from 64.4% of the bone marrow samples and from two heart samples taken from chickens of the female line. <i>Enterococcus hirae</i> was not isolated from samples taken from the male line. In addition, natural antibody titers (immunoglobulin G) were significantly higher in serum of the female line compared with the male line. This case gives an overview of gross lesions and bacteriology of <i>E. hirae</i> affecting only the female line of broiler breeders.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 S1","pages":"443-447"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144045385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Updated Review of <i>Enterococcus cecorum</i> Infections in Poultry.","authors":"J Higuita, M Arango, A Forga, D Cortes, D Graham","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00098","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the early 2000s, skeletal effects, specifically enterococcal spondylitis, related to pathogenic <i>Enterococcus cecorum</i> (EC), have been observed in older broiler chicken flocks. This skeletal involvement has typically been associated with persistent EC infections in the free thoracic vertebrae leading to paralysis. However, the emergence of virulent EC in young broiler chicken flocks causing clinical septicemia requires further investigation. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on EC-related research and pending industry needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 S1","pages":"404-411"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144063929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Application of Optimized Isolation Methods and Diagnostic PCR Protocols for the Detection of Pathogenic <i>Enterococcus cecorum</i> Isolated from Broiler Chickens.","authors":"M Mitsu Suyemoto, Grayson K Walker, Undine Taldo, Kayleigh R Diveley, Luke B Borst","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00067","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Enterococcus cecorum</i> (EC) is a dominant enteric commensal in broiler chickens. However, pathogenic strains of EC cause increased morbidity and mortality from septicemic disease in broiler production worldwide. EC infections can present as pericarditis and paralytic spinal lesions from which pathogenic EC can be isolated. However, the inability to distinguish between commensal and pathogenic EC strains has confounded the search for the source of pathogenic EC in environmental or hatchery samples. This issue is exacerbated by poor sensitivity of standard sampling and culture methods. Comparative genomic analysis of EC isolates previously identified a conserved capsule region in pathogenic EC strains that is absent or variable in commensal strains. Based on a capsular synthesis gene, <i>cps</i>O, and EC species-specific <i>sod</i>A primers, we designed a standard multiplex PCR to distinguish pathogenic EC from commensal EC strains. To allow for increased sample throughput, a real-time PCR protocol was developed in tandem based on detection of these genes. To increase the culture sensitivity, a selective enrichment protocol using Todd-Hewitt Broth with 1% yeast extract and four antibiotics enabled the isolation of pathogenic EC from egg transfer residue and culled eggs at hatcheries. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to genotype recovered hatchery isolates, which identified clonal pathogenic EC strains isolated from hatchery residue and a spinal lesion of a broiler. The ability to distinguish pathogenic EC from commensal EC coupled with modified culture methods will facilitate improved surveillance of pathogenic EC throughout broiler production, ideally leading to decreased incidence or eradication of this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 S1","pages":"427-434"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144048912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evolving Landscape of <i>Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale</i> in Turkeys: A Review.","authors":"Jennifer Irwin, Timothy J Johnson, Jessica Walters","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00073","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale</i> (ORT) is a Gram-negative, pleomorphic rod-shaped bacterium that causes respiratory disease in the commercial poultry industry. This bacterium has been causing severe disease in chickens and turkeys since it emerged in the 1980s. In birds, increased mortality, reduced egg production, and loss in weight gain gives ORT the potential to have severe economic implications. In older birds, ORT causes more severe lesions and increases in mortality; therefore it is of particular concern in the breeder industry because infection and loss of production in breeders impact all stages of production. Despite the importance of ORT, few published studies have contributed to understanding of the diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of this disease. This review discusses the evolving landscape of ORT and summarizes an update on important issues related to ORT.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 S1","pages":"461-468"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143996624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> Evaluation of Candidate <i>Bacillus</i> Strains Against <i>erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae</i> from Erysipelas Outbreaks in Layer Flocks.","authors":"Diana I Ayala, Nick P Evans, Dan Wilson, Mark Mouw, T Peter Karnezos","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00061","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Erysipelas is a zoonotic disease, causing acute infections in swine, poultry, and a wide variety of animals, including humans. In layers, erysipelas is considered an emerging disease characterized by hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, septicemia, and acute death. It affects flocks between 43 and 73 wk old and can result in 50% overall mortality. Layer hens possibly affected by an erysipelas outbreak were sampled in this study. Organs at necropsy showed the typical erysipelas lesions; the presence of <i>Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae</i> was confirmed by selective plating and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial effect of a set of 20 proprietary <i>Bacillus</i> direct-fed microbials (DFM), individual strains and in combinations, was analyzed against confirmed <i>E. rhusiopathiae</i> isolates, by agar-well diffusion assay. Nine of the <i>Bacillus</i> strains screened in this study were found effective at inhibiting the growth of all four <i>E. rhusiopathiae</i> isolates from erysipelas cases. The findings of this study highlight the potential of using the <i>Bacillus</i> DFMs <i>in vivo</i> to evaluate their efficacy as biocontrol alternatives to reduce the growth <i>E. rhusiopathiae</i> in poultry production.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 S1","pages":"521-524"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144003526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erysipelas-A Review of an Emerging Disease in Layers.","authors":"Helena Eriksson, Eva Wattrang, Robert Söderlund, Désirée S Jansson","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00076","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite being a disease known to affect poultry for well over 100 years, several aspects of erysipelas, caused by <i>Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae</i>, are still poorly understood. For many years, erysipelas in poultry was considered a disease of interest primarily in turkeys, with only a few cases reported in chickens and other poultry species. However, since the change of housing systems for layers from conventional battery cages to litter-based systems, sometimes with access to the outdoors, there has been an increase in the number of outbreaks, especially in Europe, and erysipelas is now considered to be an emerging disease in layers. The aim of this review is therefore to provide a summary background on erysipelas in general, as well as in other poultry species, after which the focus is directed to the disease in chickens, with special emphasis on recent advances in knowledge on immune responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 S1","pages":"506-520"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144057055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Campylobacter hepaticus</i> and Spotty Liver Disease in Poultry.","authors":"Ben Wade, Silke Rautenschlein, T T Hao Van, Robert J Moore","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00090","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spotty liver disease is an economically important, emerging disease that primarily impacts the cage-free poultry layer industry. While this disease remains understudied, several important findings have been reported in the last 5 yr that warrant an updated review of the field. These include updated cost estimates of disease, insights into the molecular biology of the causative agent, the identification of a second bacterium responsible for disease production, insights into disease epidemiology and interventions, and the generation of new molecular tools for further study.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 S1","pages":"481-489"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Validation of TaqMan Real-Time Quantitative PCR Assay for Improved Diagnosis of Spotty Liver Disease.","authors":"Eman Gadu, Amro Hashish, Mostafa M S Shelkamy, Maria Chaves, Osemeke Onyekachukwu, Mariela E Srednik, Yuko Sato, Mohamed El-Gazzar","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00066","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spotty liver disease (SLD) is a reemerging infection caused by <i>Campylobacter</i> species that results in increased mortality and reduced egg production, with increased incidence in cage-free commercial layer hens. Recently, <i>Campylobacter hepaticus</i> has been identified as a key pathogen responsible for SLD. The laboratory diagnosis of SLD primarily relies on isolating <i>C. hepaticus</i> colonies, a process hindered by the bacterium's fastidious nature and the requirement for time-consuming and specialized culture conditions. Molecular diagnosis using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) overcomes these limitations and offers a more sensitive and specific alternative. However, the existing qPCR assay using a DNA-binding dye chemistry suffers from nonspecific binding to any double-stranded DNA in the sample, which could potentially lead to an increased incidence of false-positive cases. In this study, we present the development of a more specific TaqMan probe-based qPCR assay targeting the glycerol kinase gene of <i>C. hepaticus</i>. This assay demonstrated excellent analytical specificity and sensitivity, with a detection limit of 5 copies/µl and a PCR efficiency of 95.15%. Additionally, it exhibited 100% diagnostic specificity and sensitivity. Furthermore, probe-based PCRs are the most commonly used type of diagnostic PCR assay and are much better suited for routine diagnostics compared to other types of PCRs. In conclusion, the newly developed assay represents a significant advancement in the accurate and efficient diagnosis of SLD caused by <i>C. hepaticus</i> directly from clinical samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 S1","pages":"499-505"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144061490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}