Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India最新文献

{"title":"Drug Ropivacaine in Bilateral Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block Versus Intramuscular Diclofenac Injection for Post-Caesarean Analgesia: Comparing New Method with Traditional One.","authors":"Nishi Mishra, Rohit Dubey, Amrendra Verma","doi":"10.1007/s13224-025-02110-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13224-025-02110-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Analgesia is an important aspect in post-operative period. Nowadays, various multimodal approaches are used for pain management in surgical patients. With these numerous options, the best choice in setting after LSCS remains debatable. In this study, safety and efficacy of regional blocks like TAP block with ropivacaine for pain control were analysed. This may emerge as a better option for pain control after LSCS with minimal adverse effects to both breastfeeding neonate and mother.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>250 patients undergoing LSCS (emergency and elective) were prospectively randomized into two groups. One group received intramuscular diclofenac injections thrice daily while another received bilateral TAP block with 20 ml 0.75% ropivacaine. Visual analogue scale (VAS) score, dosage interval, duration of analgesia and rescue dosage requirement between two groups were recorded and analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean of total VAS score in group receiving TAP block was lower compared to group receiving IM diclofenac sodium (4.08 ± 3.01 Vs. 14.46 ± 3.98). Also TAP block provided longer duration of analgesia (1227.240 ± 408.118 min vs. 212.120 ± 81.506 min) in single administration. More patients of first group required rescue analgesia within 12 h. Seven patients of diclofenac group required stopping and shifting to alternate analgesic due to inadequate uterine contractions and required uterotonics administration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>0.75% ropivacaine in TAP block was effective and had better analgesic and safety profile with comparable cost to IM diclofenac and hence should be recommended in this setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":51563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India","volume":"75 3","pages":"233-237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nesting the Eggs on Another Day: Social Egg Freezing.","authors":"Sadhana Desai, Partha Guharoy, Vijay Mangoli","doi":"10.1007/s13224-025-02157-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13224-025-02157-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The object of this review article is to update on the freezing of oocytes for non-medical reasons. Following a review of increased success rate and safety, the cryopreservation of oocytes is no longer considered experimental. The trend of oocyte freezing is increasing amongst woman who wants to delay childbearing for personal, professional and financial reasons. Very few women return to retrieve their warmed frozen oocytes. The current evidence suggests that there is 70% chance of a live birth following cryopreservation of > 20 M II oocytes at < 38 years of age. However, a larger meta-analysis from different centres is needed to confirm the optimum age for oocyte cryopreservation, the optimum number of oocytes required for live birth, cost-effectiveness and how best to give accurate, unbiased updates to the prospective candidate wanting cryofreezing. In this paper, we have attempted to comprehensively review the literature published on the indications, success rates, factors affecting success rates, live birth rates, counselling, return rates and safety of social egg freezing.</p>","PeriodicalId":51563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India","volume":"75 3","pages":"192-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12205108/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144531055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robson Caesarean Calc© App: A User-Friendly Tool for Healthcare Providers.","authors":"Vijayan Sharmila, Olivia Marie Jacob, Abhishek Das, Thirunavukkarasu Arun Babu","doi":"10.1007/s13224-025-02137-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13224-025-02137-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The global rise in caesarean section (CS) rates poses a significant public health challenge, being associated with adverse maternal, foetal, and child health outcomes. In response, the World Health Organization advocates for the use of Robson's classification system, which categorizes labouring women into ten groups based on key obstetric characteristics. This facilitates standardized CS audits and targeted clinical interventions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To support implementation of Robson's classification in clinical practice, the Robson Caesarean Calc© mobile application was developed by a team at AIIMS Mangalagiri. The app is designed to simplify bedside classification by allowing healthcare workers to input relevant patient data quickly and accurately. It includes features such as rapid data entry, offline functionality for use in low-resource settings, and the ability to save data for audits and research purposes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The app has been found to enhance CS auditing processes by streamlining the classification workflow and reducing the likelihood of missing data. Its intuitive interface and cross-platform accessibility make it suitable for both senior and junior healthcare providers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Robson Caesarean Calc© app is a user-friendly, innovative digital tool that facilitates the implementation of Robson's classification system. Its routine use can improve labor room efficiency, support accurate clinical audits, and contribute to better maternal health outcomes by guiding interventions to address unnecessary CS rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":51563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India","volume":"75 3","pages":"264-269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204954/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144531061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Embryo Quality Assessment with Deep Learning Models.","authors":"Maryam Kalatehjari, Younes Ghasemi, Shaghayegh Mahmoudiandehkordi, Fatemeh Afrazeh, Hossein Abbasi, Fariba Ghasemi","doi":"10.1007/s13224-025-02109-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13224-025-02109-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Embryo quality assessment plays a pivotal role in assisted reproductive technology (ART) for selecting viable embryos for implantation. Accurate evaluation is essential for improving success rates in fertility treatments. Traditional assessment methods rely on subjective visual grading by embryologists, which can lead to inconsistencies. The application of deep learning in this domain offers the potential for objective and reproducible assessments.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study investigates the use of deep learning models to classify embryo images as good or not good at the day-3 and day-5 stages. A dataset obtained from Hung Vuong Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City was used to train and evaluate four convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures: VGG-19, ResNet-50, InceptionV3, and EfficientNetV2. Performance metrics, including accuracy, precision, and recall, were used to assess model effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the tested models, EfficientNetV2 demonstrated superior performance, achieving an accuracy of 95.26%, a precision of 96.30%, and a recall of 97.25%. These results indicate that deep learning models, particularly EfficientNetV2, can provide highly accurate and consistent assessments of embryo quality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The high classification accuracy of EfficientNetV2 underscores its potential as a valuable tool for fertility specialists. By offering objective and consistent evaluations, this approach can enhance fertility treatment efficiency and support prospective parents in their reproductive journey.</p>","PeriodicalId":51563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India","volume":"75 3","pages":"227-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12205116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-op Puzzle: Deciphering Fallopian Tube Prolapse After Hysterectomy.","authors":"Chandana Tholu, Amruta Choudhary, Prajakta Bhimgade, Anita Yadav","doi":"10.1007/s13224-025-02131-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13224-025-02131-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fallopian tube prolapse following hysterectomy is an uncommon condition that can be mistaken for vaginal vault granulation tissue or vaginal vault cancer. We present two cases of post-hysterectomy fallopian tube prolapse that were successfully treated using a combination of laparoscopic and vaginal approaches. Performing hysterectomy combined with routine salpingectomies can prevent fallopian tube prolapse and offer additional protection against tubal and ovarian cancers.</p>","PeriodicalId":51563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India","volume":"75 3","pages":"261-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204956/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144531057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outcome of Early Severe Alloimmunised Pregnancies.","authors":"Kamaldeep Bains, Subhas Chandra Saha, Neelam Aggarwal, Ashish Jain, Shivsajan Saini, Anil Eragam","doi":"10.1007/s13224-024-02081-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13224-024-02081-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the perinatal outcome of early severely alloimmunised pregnancies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a prospective observational comparative study of all Rh alloimmunised women who required IUT in less than 26 weeks of gestation. Outcome measures such as abortion, stillbirth, perinatal survival, and neonatal outcomes were compared with those who required IUT after 26 weeks gestation. Thinner needle (22G) and intrahepatic route preferentially were used for early transfusions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of forty-four patients, 22 required transfusion at early gestation. A total of 152 IUT's were given in both groups. Mean number of IUT's was 4.5 ± 2 and 2.2 ± 1.4 in early and late group, respectively. There were two abortions in early group. One stillbirth occurred each in early & late groups while there were three neonatal deaths in late group. Hydropic foetuses were more likely to survive when they were treated early in gestation (80% vs. 66%). Take-home baby rate was 86.3% in early group which was higher than in late transfusion group (82.6%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Proper technique and appropriate skill can reduce early IUT complications and improve survival. Results can be as good as those of foetuses who have late transfusions. Hydrops foetuses are more likely to survive if diagnosed and treated early.</p>","PeriodicalId":51563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India","volume":"75 3","pages":"220-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12205109/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144531056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary Cytoreductive Surgery Versus Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Followed by Surgery in Patients with Advanced Primary Epithelial Ovarian Cancer in Low Resources Setting: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Hisham Abutaleb, Ali Hussien, Mohamed Khalaf, Dalia M Badary, Alaa M Ismail, Sara Hassanein, Samy AlGizawy, S A M Moustafa, Rabab Mohmed Mumdouh Farghaly, A F Abdel-Kawi","doi":"10.1007/s13224-024-02061-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13224-024-02061-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ovarian cancer (OV) stands as the deadliest female reproductive system malignancy. Globally, OV ranks as the seventh most prevalent cancer in women, with an estimated 240,000 new cases annually and being the second most common malignancy among women in Egypt.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We investigate the efficacy of cytoreductive surgery in achieving complete tumor removal (R0 resection) in OV, compared to neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This randomized controlled trial at Women Health Hospital, Asyut University, Egypt from 2020 to 2023. Eighty patients were randomized (1:1) to primary surgery (Group I) or NACT (Group II), followed by further randomization (1:1) within each group to bevacizumab-containing chemotherapy or chemotherapy alone. The primary outcome was the rate of complete tumor removal (R0 resection). Secondary outcomes included surgical complexity, operative time, complications, and survival rates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Baseline demographic characteristics were similar between the groups (no statistically significant differences). The mean age for group I and group II were (56.3 and 57.23, respectively). Whereas, the BMI for group I and group II were (32.56 and 33.2, respectively). In addition, both groups achieved no significant difference of complete tumor removal (31 vs. 27). However, group II demonstrated significantly shorter operative times (182.34 vs. 219.85 min, <i>p</i> = 0.047), required fewer blood transfusions (9 vs. 21, <i>p</i> value 0.006), and experienced shorter hospital stays (6.13 vs. 11.9 days, <i>p</i> value < 0.001) compared to group I. Notably, no significant differences emerged in complication rates, progression-free survival (11.20 vs. 11.19 months), or overall survival (11.69 vs. 11.76 months) between the groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study demonstrates that optimal cytoreduction is more feasible with NACT, with less surgical complexity, shorter operative duration, less blood transfusion and short hospital stay.<i>Clinical Trials registration</i> The study was registered on clincaltrail.gov with number: NCT04257786.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13224-024-02061-w.</p>","PeriodicalId":51563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India","volume":"75 3","pages":"199-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12205117/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144531058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-existent Uterovaginal and Rectal Prolapse Management: A Case Series.","authors":"Manasi Deoghare, N Nisha, Rajesh Kumari, J B Sharma, Ashita Aggarwal, Muntaha Khan","doi":"10.1007/s13224-025-02120-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13224-025-02120-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The simultaneous occurrence of uterovaginal and rectal prolapse, i.e. dual prolapse, is uncommon. However, these two conditions can be managed concurrently through a combination of perineal, abdominal and laparoscopic approaches. In this article, we present a series of four cases wherein a perineal approach was utilized successfully.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>All 4 patients had varying degrees of uterine prolapse, cystocele and rectocele along with external rectal prolapse. They all had completed their families and provided consent for hysterectomy. One patient underwent vaginal hysterectomy and pelvic floor repair along with the Delorme procedure for rectal prolapse, while the remaining three patients had vaginal hysterectomy and anterior colporrhaphy and posterior colpoperineorrhaphy with levatorplasty.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Follow-up evaluation 6 months after surgery revealed complete resolution of symptoms with no vault prolapse and rectal prolapse on examination. It is worth noting that all surgeries were performed under spinal anaesthesia, making this approach suitable for candidates who are at high risk during general anaesthesia, thereby allowing for simultaneous treatment of uterovaginal and rectal prolapse via perineal repair techniques. Also, assistance from surgeons was taken only in one case where Delorme procedure was performed, and in rest 3 cases, satisfactory surgical outcomes were seen following a good posterior colpoperineorrhaphy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Concomitant repair of both uterovaginal and rectal prolapse can be successfully performed by combining vaginal hysterectomy along with a good posterior colpoperineorrhaphy or Delorme procedure under spinal anaesthesia.</p>","PeriodicalId":51563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India","volume":"75 3","pages":"258-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204969/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Male Age and Semen Parameters on Blastocyst Morphology, Beta-HCG Positivity and Pregnancy Viability: A Retrospective Analysis in Frozen Embryo Transfer Cycles.","authors":"Doel Bose Pande, Hemant Deshmukh, Shivani Bhadauria, Gajendra Singh Tomar","doi":"10.1007/s13224-024-02079-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13224-024-02079-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study was conducted to explore the impact of male age, sperm concentration and motility, on the blastocyst expansion, inner cell mass and trophectoderm grade of the blastocyst along with beta-HCG positivity and viability of pregnancy following a frozen embryo transfer.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Data from Indore Infertility Clinic from January 2021 to December 2023 were utilized. ICSI cycles with a single frozen embryo transfer were used for analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA-13/IC software and Microsoft Excel Professional Plus 2021.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant correlation was found between male age and sperm concentration or motility. A positive correlation between sperm concentration and motility was observed in autologous sperm samples. There was no significant association between male age, sperm concentration and sperm motility with blastocyst expansion, inner cell mass grade or trophectoderm grade. No significant association was found between male age, sperm concentration and sperm motility with beta-HCG. A significant association was observed between inner cell mass grade and beta-HCG positivity. No significant association was found between cardiac activity and blastocyst morphology, male age, sperm concentration and motility.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study did not reveal any significant associations between male age, semen parameters and blastocyst morphology. No association was found between male age, semen parameters to beta-HCG positivity and pregnancy viability. A significant association was found between quality of inner cell mass and beta-HCG positivity in autologous semen sample cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":51563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India","volume":"75 3","pages":"206-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204959/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144531052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reference Range of Thyroid Hormones in Pregnancy: Customization Needed for Pregnant Women in India.","authors":"Nalini Arora, Pallavi Kashyap, Dipankar Saren, Priyanka Meel, Joya Ghosh, Ashish Yadav","doi":"10.1007/s13224-025-02117-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13224-025-02117-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The precise interpretation of thyroid function tests during pregnancy needs population-based trimester-specific data among pregnant women. This study was to determine trimester-specific reference range for free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyrotropin (TSH) among pregnant women in India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective observational study, asymptomatic pregnant women with single fetus were enrolled from each trimester. Serum FT3, FT4, TSH and anti-thyroperoxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies were estimated using electrochemiluminescence technique.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 918 pregnant women, 82 women were excluded due to the presence of anti-TPO antibodies (76) and overt hypothyroidism (6). Among the remaining 836 women, 279 (33.3%) were in first trimester, 309 (36.9%) in second and 248 (29.6%) in third trimester. The 5th and 95th percentile values for each trimester were used as reference ranges. For all three hormones, the reference ranges for the first, second and third trimesters were: FT3 (1.59-3.64, 1.60-3.50 and 1.44-3.28 pg/dl), FT4 (0.64-1.12, 0.64-1.05 and 0.60-1.01 ng/dl) and TSH (0.21-4.95, 0.23-4.90 and 0.14-4.59 µIU/ml). The mean and median values for TSH between each trimester showed no statistically significant difference. No specific trend was seen for FT3 and TSH with advancing gestation. FT4 showed a decreasing trend with advancing trimester (P value: first versus second = 0.01, first versus third = 0.00003 and second versus third = 0.004). The reference range (<i>N</i> = 836) irrespective of trimester for thyroid hormones was: FT3 (1.53-3.46 pg/dl), FT4 (0.63-1.08 ng/dl) and TSH (0.19-4.72 µIU/ml).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The trimester-specific reference levels of TSH among pregnant women from India are significantly higher than 4 mIU/L (American Thyroid Association 2017).</p>","PeriodicalId":51563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India","volume":"75 3","pages":"246-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204971/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144531059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}