Global Policy最新文献

{"title":"The possibility of climate restoration law","authors":"Petra Minnerop, Friederike E. L. Otto","doi":"10.1111/1758-5899.13421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13421","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The climate must not only be protected in its status-quo-it must be restored.</p><p>The dominant discourse in climate change law and policy centres on climate legislation that enshrines, at its best, sector-specific quantified greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets for mitigation. In some instances, climate legislation combines rules on mitigation with provisions that address country-specific needs for adaptation which, in general, receive much less attention and, crucially, funding. Climate legislation primarily focuses, explicitly or impliedly, on the distribution of a rapidly shrinking global carbon budget within sectors, between generations and among nations. National legislatures, often jointly with scientific advisory boards, are tasked with the endeavour of translating global carbon budgets into national quota and quantifiable climate targets.</p><p>At the international level, we are entering the era of second-generation nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the 2015 Paris Agreement, due in 2025 and expected with a new time horizon up to 2035 (so-called NDCs 3.0). These NDCs represent important touchpoints between the international climate change regime and its policy- and law making processes, and relevant national climate laws and policies. New NDCs must be informed by the outcome of the first global stocktake that concluded at the 5th Conference of Parties serving as the Meeting of Parties under the Paris Agreement (CMA5) in Dubai, 2023. At this critical juncture, it is necessary to evaluate  existing legal techniques and to develop and advance new instruments, principles and approaches that transpose science into measurable standards. This special issue endeavours to reflect on this architecture of climate law.</p><p>A few points are worth mentioning at the outset.</p><p>Previous research and the results of climate lawsuits have shown that the legal processes that translate science into carbon budgets is susceptible to errors and misconceptions about both, the role of science in climate legislation and the measurable effects of climate targets. Three main challenges can be summarised.</p><p>First, the legislative operation that intersects carbon budgets with GHG emissions quantities and temperature scenarios presumes a mathematical precision that does not exist. A carbon budget is of course needed, yet the accuracy of emissions quantities and the comparability of country-specific metrics are limited, and the various levels of confidence and probability are often lost when science is moulded into legal provisions. Carbon budget calculations can only indicate a likelihood with which a certain temperature threshold will not be exceeded, provided the carbon budget is well managed and maintained. Correspondingly, sector specific accounting can only be folded into a baseline that, for example, indicates how achieving the target supports the overarching probability of net zero. This includes assumptions about the achie","PeriodicalId":51510,"journal":{"name":"Global Policy","volume":"15 S5","pages":"5-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-5899.13421","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142244926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards the autonomous defence capabilities of the European Union: Upgrading cyber defence policy","authors":"Eimys Ortiz Hernández","doi":"10.1111/1758-5899.13412","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1758-5899.13412","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cyber attacks against the EU and its Member States have increased in recent times, which demonstrates the rapid blurring of the boundaries between the civilian and military components of cyberspace. Indeed, these events clearly highlight the critical interdependence between physical and digital infrastructures. While Member States have different and divergent perceptions of the prevailing threats, the EU, as guarantor of security, has been implementing strategies since the early 2000s to pursue a joint action aligned with the objective outlined in Article 24 of the TEU, namely, a common European defence also in cyberspace. This paper will thoroughly analyse the latest European initiative on cyber defence policy, adopted in November 2022, to highlight new aspects and previous elements trying to answer whether we are making any real progress in this area.</p>","PeriodicalId":51510,"journal":{"name":"Global Policy","volume":"15 S8","pages":"57-62"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-5899.13412","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competing ambitions regarding the global governance of artificial intelligence: China, the US, and the EU","authors":"Sabine Mokry,&nbsp;Julia Gurol","doi":"10.1111/1758-5899.13444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13444","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are developed and used across borders and have the potential to transform societies worldwide, global regulation thereof becomes necessary. However, key differences exist in how the leading players in the field, China, the United States, and the EU, view these technologies and approach their regulation. This article traces their respective ambitions on the global governance of AI technologies. It asks how the three each envision the latter as well as their role therein. Drawing on frame analysis, we find that while concrete ideas for coordinating regulation attempts seem to be of secondary importance, all three actors feel the need to position themselves within the new race for leadership on AI regulation. This results in a flurry of suggested proposals on how AI should be regulated internationally. Only recently have the actors started to reflect on why global regulation is necessary and to highlight the respective benefits of their proposal. Amidst current geopolitical tensions, the global regulation of AI has become an instrument of global power ambitions. Such competition bears huge risks for the further fragmentation of the global institutional architecture as well as for deepening tensions between China, the US, and the EU.</p>","PeriodicalId":51510,"journal":{"name":"Global Policy","volume":"15 5","pages":"955-968"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring best practices for user engagement in peace and conflict research","authors":"Thomas Bobo,&nbsp;Giuditta Fontana,&nbsp;Nino Kemoklidze","doi":"10.1111/1758-5899.13441","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1758-5899.13441","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Peace and conflict scholars often engage in academic-policy exchanges to <i>both</i> improve the rigour and relevance of their academic research <i>and</i> translate their findings into tangible policy and practical outcomes for peace and conflict resolution efforts. In a first effort of this kind, this paper explores best practices for user engagement in conflict and peace studies at three stages of academic research: identification of research questions, data collection and analysis, and dissemination of research findings. We draw on three strands of research: a review of academic literature on user engagement in conflict and peace studies, inductive thematic analysis of Impact Case Studies submitted to the 2021 UK Research Excellence Framework and experiential reflection on our own work as academics. We aim to provide practical suggestions based on concrete examples, before drawing more general conclusions on what makes for effective involvement of users in peace and conflict research. We find that the impact of specific activities hinges on their timing, format and continuity. We conclude that nurturing sustainable and mutually beneficial networks of partnerships based on mutual trust and open dialogue across professional cultures is key to effective and constructive user engagement in peace and conflict research.</p>","PeriodicalId":51510,"journal":{"name":"Global Policy","volume":"16 1","pages":"16-27"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimalist economic management, deferred revenue regime and aid dependency: Explaining contradictory post-war statebuilding aims","authors":"Kambaiz Rafi","doi":"10.1111/1758-5899.13427","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1758-5899.13427","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The paper analyses a contradiction in the liberal approach to post-war statebuilding. The form of the state is seen to aim for the establishment of a centralised maximalist administration when the state's <i>de jure</i> economic policy makes its revenue dependant on market-generated private sector taxes that are either inadequate or its institutions are part of the reconstruction process. This conflation de facto leads to dependency on official development assistance (ODA), mainly administered through exogenous-to-state agencies that undermine the nascent state's bureaucratic development. The paper introduces the concept of <i>deferred revenue regime</i> and argues that dependency on ODA is one empirical symptom of the contradiction in the liberal approach to statebuilding. Using a high-profile recent example in an instrumental case study, Afghanistan, from 2002 to 2021, the paper develops a diachronic sequencing of significant policy decisions to suggest temporal causality between economic management and ODA dependency, relying on primary data and stylised statistics. The findings contribute to post-war statebuilding, institutionalism and the political economy of aid.</p>","PeriodicalId":51510,"journal":{"name":"Global Policy","volume":"15 5","pages":"869-885"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-5899.13427","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue congruence in international organizations: A study of World Bank spending","authors":"Mirko Heinzel,&nbsp;Bernhard Reinsberg,&nbsp;Giuseppe Zaccaria","doi":"10.1111/1758-5899.13413","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1758-5899.13413","url":null,"abstract":"<p>International organizations (IOs) are often criticized for insulated decision-making processes that do not react to the preferences of key stakeholders that are directly affected by them. However, empirical studies probing the degree to which IOs’ policies are aligned with the preferences of such key constituencies are scarce. This paper tackles the gap by studying the case of the World Bank. We argue that congruence with stakeholder preferences increases when recipients have institutional means of participation and decreases when donors restrict the purposes of their funds. We utilize survey data from 269 stakeholder surveys conducted in 114 countries between 2012 and 2022 for our empirical analysis. Our findings carry important implications for the responsiveness of IOs to stakeholders in low- and middle-income countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":51510,"journal":{"name":"Global Policy","volume":"15 5","pages":"855-868"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-5899.13413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The politics of accountability in global sustainable commodity governance: Dilemmas of institutional competition and convergence","authors":"Kate Macdonald,&nbsp; Bahruddin,&nbsp;Annisa Sabrina Hartoto,&nbsp;Carla Unger,&nbsp;Paul Cisneros,&nbsp;Deborah Delgado Pugley,&nbsp;Damaris Herreras Salazar,&nbsp;Poppy Sulistyaning Winanti,&nbsp;Nanang Indra Kurniawan","doi":"10.1111/1758-5899.13426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13426","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The accountability of market-driven sustainability governance has long been controversial, reflecting the deeply political processes through which accountability contests shape governance transformations. Drawing on illustrative examples from internationally traded agro-commodity sectors in the critical case of Indonesia, this paper examines the contested processes of accountability that have accompanied a recent period of institutional change in sustainability governance. Amidst rising critiques of global certification, there has been a parallel expansion of governance approaches that prioritise capability development over regulatory enforcement and engage more intensively with governments in commodity-producing countries. As alternative governance models gain influence, tensions between competing governance stakeholders and agendas are mirrored and amplified through parallel accountability contests, in which distributional conflicts between global and local stakeholders are intensified by pressures to adopt contentious systems of compliance verification. While accountability gaps associated with contrasting institutional models produce strong pressures for partial institutional convergence, such convergence coexists with new forms of institutional fragmentation, as competition between global and national certification expands to encompass competition with localised capacity-building and jurisdictional approaches. Analysis highlights the often-neglected role of accountability politics in shaping institutional change, while raising pressing questions about the distributional implications of contemporary shifts away from global certification governance models.</p>","PeriodicalId":51510,"journal":{"name":"Global Policy","volume":"15 5","pages":"838-854"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-5899.13426","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142708441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competing narratives of the Russia–Ukraine war: Why the West hasn't convinced the rest","authors":"Hilary Appel","doi":"10.1111/1758-5899.13431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13431","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines the narratives surrounding Moscow's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and beyond. Since the start of the war, Western characterizations of Russia's foreign policy as revanchist and imperialist have been overshadowed by the more successful framing by Russia that its actions were driven by the need to push back on American unipolarity and Western imperialist tendencies. This article examines how the Kremlin's narrative on the war has been embraced by leaders in core BRICS countries, shaping their position vis-à-vis Russia and the war. Drawing on theories of strategic narratives, this article highlights how leaders in China, India, Brazil, and South Africa understand the war and create conditions in which Russia can prosecute its war against a neighbor with their support or acquiescence. The paper concludes with policy recommendations and a brief discussion of why theories of strategic narratives have been underappreciated relative to more standard power-based and materialist explanations of the war's outbreak, scope, and trajectory by scholars of international relations.</p>","PeriodicalId":51510,"journal":{"name":"Global Policy","volume":"15 4","pages":"559-569"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142324727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A “Battle for hearts and minds”? EU digital diplomacy toward the Global South","authors":"Cecilia Emma Sottilotta","doi":"10.1111/1758-5899.13423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13423","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Against the backdrop of the polarization created by Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 and growing competition between the US and China, a “battle for the hearts and minds” of the Global South is taking place, with the digital realm serving as a major theater for such a battle. Based on a review of the literature, an analysis of official documents as well as data collected via expert interviews with EU officials, this study delves into the state of the art of EU digital diplomacy toward the Global South, problematizing key concepts and categories; exploring the role of actors, audiences, and messages; and providing some policy recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":51510,"journal":{"name":"Global Policy","volume":"15 5","pages":"915-927"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142708023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The European Union's involvement in global migration management: Possibilities and limitations","authors":"Agnieszka Nitszke","doi":"10.1111/1758-5899.13419","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1758-5899.13419","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate migration will be one of the most important challenges in the coming decades, and although many international institutions are beginning to recognise this challenge, there is no coordinator for these efforts. The EU, because of the resources at its disposal and the fact that it is a world leader in the fight against climate change, can play this role. It can also be one of the elements of building and strengthening the EU's partnerships in the international arena, and it could strengthen the flagship political project of recent years, i.e. strategic autonomy. The aim of this article is to analyse the EU agenda and the actions taken so far to prepare the EU and the international community to manage climate migration on a global scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":51510,"journal":{"name":"Global Policy","volume":"15 S8","pages":"51-56"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-5899.13419","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}