American Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献

{"title":"College Education, Politics, and Attitudes Towards Capital Punishment","authors":"Amy L. Anderson,&nbsp;Philip Schwadel","doi":"10.1007/s12103-024-09782-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12103-024-09782-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We argue that the decrease in support for the death penalty associated with college education should differ across political groups given the salience of political identities in the United States. We expect the negative association between education and views of capital punishment is minimized for Republicans and conservatives, especially among White Americans. We use 2002–2018 General Social Survey data and present marginal effects at the mean from the logistic regression models and tests of first and second differences from race-specific interaction models. Moderation analyses demonstrate that the association between education and reduced support for capital punishment is robust among White Democrats and liberals, and relatively weak among White Republicans and especially conservatives. Among non-Whites, the association between higher education and support for capital punishment does not vary by party but it is in the opposite directions for liberals and conservatives. We discuss the implication of the results for party and orientation and for White and non-White respondents, highlighting the rigidity of capital punishment support among political conservatives even as support decreases among other groups.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51509,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"50 1","pages":"119 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translational Criminology and Law Enforcement","authors":"William M. Casey","doi":"10.1007/s12103-024-09779-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12103-024-09779-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51509,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"50 1","pages":"94 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slowing Down Reinvolvement in the System: A Multi-Site Examination of the Effects of COVID on Time Until Readmission into Jail","authors":"Ian A. Silver,&nbsp;Emily Burtch,&nbsp;Kim Janda,&nbsp;Pamela K. Lattimore,&nbsp;Matthew DeMichele","doi":"10.1007/s12103-024-09778-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12103-024-09778-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The COVID-19 pandemic was an unprecedented time in the United States, resulting in substantive changes to policy and practice to curb the spread of the virus. This was nowhere more evident than in the criminal legal system where agencies implemented a wide-variety of policies to limit the spread of COVID-19. In addition to limiting the spread, the criminal legal system’s response to the pandemic could have impacted the functioning of the system, potentially reducing the number of and speed at which individuals reencountered the system after an initial booking. To date, however, no research has been conducted to examine how the legal system’s response to the pandemic influenced the speed at which individuals became reinvolved in the system. Through reliance on jail data from five jurisdictions across the United States, the current study examined if being booked into jail after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with the number of days until the individual experienced a subsequent booking into jail. The findings suggested that the legal system’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic delayed individual’s reinvolvement in the criminal legal system, permitting more individuals to live in the community than in a facility. These findings suggest that more research is needed to identify the specific policies and procedures that increased the time until an individual became reinvolved in the system, as it could help diminish the number of individuals processed through the system on multiple occasions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51509,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"50 1","pages":"58 - 74"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining Parent Criminal History as a Predictor of Recidivism From a Life-course Perspective: Testing for Age-differing Salience in Effects","authors":"Thomas Wojciechowski","doi":"10.1007/s12103-024-09780-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12103-024-09780-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biosocial research has examined intergenerational transmission of criminality and genetic explanations underpinning the link between parent and offspring criminality. Less research has examined parent criminal history as a predictor of offspring recidivism risk and the limited research on this topic has yielded mixed findings. Further, there is a dearth of research that has examined potential age-graded differences in salience of this relationship. A positive interaction between age and parent criminal history for predicting recidivism may then be indicative of evidence of intergenerational transmission helping to explain divergence between adolescence-limited and chronic offenders. The Pathways to Desistance data were analyzed. Mixed effects modeling was used to test for direct and interactive effects for predicting re-offending frequency. Results indicated that having a parent with a history of being arrested/jailed was associated with increased re-offending frequency. A significant positive interaction between age and parent criminal history was also observed. Findings indicated that identification of justice-involved youth with parents who similarly have a criminal history are at-risk for recidivism. Prioritizing youth who are exiting adolescence treatment may help to reduce recidivism in particular.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51509,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"50 1","pages":"1 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Community Views of Local Police Agencies Change During “Crises of Legitimacy”? Results of a Multi-wave Random Sample Community Survey in a Large Suburban Jurisdiction","authors":"Cynthia Lum,&nbsp;Christopher S. Koper,&nbsp;Hailey Khatchatourian","doi":"10.1007/s12103-024-09777-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12103-024-09777-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>George Floyd’s murder by a Minneapolis Police Department officer on May 25, 2020, was arguably one of the most impactful events in modern policing in the United States. However, several controversial and highly publicized use-of-force events preceded it during the 2010s, leading to this entire period being labeled a “crisis of legitimacy” or “reckoning” for the police. Nationally, perceptions of the police declined during this period, especially after Floyd’s death, prompting a great deal of debate, protest, and discussion about police reform (including arguments about defunding the police). However, a great deal of variation exists in these perceptions at the local level. This study presents a rare insight into this issue, pooling two random-sample household mail surveys that researchers collected in 2015 and 2021 in a large urban-suburban county. It seeks to determine whether changes in specific measures of perceived police legitimacy and effectiveness found in national-level polls were also found in this jurisdiction, and more specifically, across different racial groups. Although this racially and ethnically diverse county is also a progressive Democratic stronghold, the results suggest that local views about police—even when disaggregated by race—may not align with national perspectives or events as expected, which, in turn, may impact support for police reforms at the local and national levels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51509,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"50 1","pages":"35 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12103-024-09777-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Law Enforcement Agency Practices and Policies for the Investigation of Child Sex Trafficking: Are Agencies Using Victim-Centered Approaches?","authors":"Kimberly J. Mitchell,&nbsp;Jennifer E. O’Brien,&nbsp;Lisa M. Jones,&nbsp;Alli Puchlopek-Adams","doi":"10.1007/s12103-024-09776-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12103-024-09776-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over the past decade, efforts have been made to reform the way in which law enforcement responds to child sex trafficking (CST). Law enforcement agencies are being urged or required to use victim-centered approaches that provide exploited youth with support and services. However, researchers have yet to empirically examine law enforcement’s recognition of CST at the agency-level, their arrest practices, or the services that are being offered to CST victims. We have little information about the utilization and effectiveness of various law enforcement agency policies, practices and training programs related to CST. The National Law Enforcement Agency Child Sex Trafficking (LEA-CST) Study aimed to address these gaps through a national survey of law enforcement agencies around the U.S. The current study reports on mail survey data collected from a sample of 1,306 agencies that provided feedback on the use of up to nine victim-centered approaches to CST at their agency. Data were analyzed along with information about whether their agency investigated at least one case of CST in the year 2021. Almost all agencies (97.5%) said they used or had access to at least one victim-centered approach to CST investigations, with larger agencies reporting a greater number of approaches. Two policies were significantly related to a greater likelihood of investigating at least one case of CST in 2021: Access to a CST-specific task force and access to a CST-specific victim service agency. Findings document a growing orientation to these cases by law enforcement that recognizes youth victimization, with innovative approaches to identification and support. Community collaboration appears to be critical to helping to identify, support and provide justice to CST victims.</p><p>\u0000 <b>Research Summary</b> This study examined law enforcement’s recognition of CST at the agency-level, their arrest practices, and the services that are being offered to CST victims. Among 1,306 agencies across the United States, almost all (97.5%) said they used or had access to at least one victim-centered approach to CST investigations, with larger agencies reporting a greater number of approaches. Two policies were significantly related to a greater likelihood of investigating at least one CST case in 2021: Access to a CST-specific task force and access to a CST-specific victim service agency.</p><p>\u0000 <b>Policy Implications</b> Findings from the current study underscore the importance of victim-centered approaches to CST that feature connections and collaborations across communities. These collaborations champion the wellness of youth who have experienced this unique and egregious form of sexual victimization while simultaneously allowing for criminal investigations to proceed, ideally with minimal re-traumatization of the victim.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51509,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"50 1","pages":"75 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12103-024-09776-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing Police Presence: Examining Race, Ethnicity, and Perceived Neighborhood Disadvantage as Correlates of Support","authors":"Christi Metcalfe,&nbsp;Qassim Bolaji","doi":"10.1007/s12103-024-09775-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12103-024-09775-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Given its empirical and public support, increasing police presence seems to be a viable preventive policy option for police agencies. However, the theoretical and empirical literature is not clear on whether this support would vary along race/ethnicity and perceived neighborhood disadvantage, which is relevant given that policies of this kind would likely have a greater impact on disadvantaged communities of color. Using survey data from a national sample, we found that racial and ethnic identity were unrelated to support for increased police presence, while perceived neighborhood disorder was related to greater support for police presence. We also found that neighborhood disorder, social cohesion, and informal social control were indirectly related to support for increased police presence through perceptions of police legitimacy and fear of crime, demonstrating some evidence of the overpolicing-underpolicing paradox in disadvantaged communities. Policy implications of these findings are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51509,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"49 6","pages":"867 - 887"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12103-024-09775-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Federal Drug Sentencing and the Overdose Epidemic","authors":"Ben Feldmeyer,&nbsp;Bryan Holmes,&nbsp;Diana Sun","doi":"10.1007/s12103-024-09773-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12103-024-09773-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Research examining how federal courts have responded to the 21^st century overdose crisis is limited, and even less is known about how district exposure to overdoses has shaped federal drug sentences. The current study examines how drug sentence lengths are contextualized by district-level overdose death rates across both substance type and race/ethnicity using federal sentencing data, Centers for Disease Control overdose mortality data, and other data on district social and legal characteristics for the 2015-2020 period. Findings reveal that district overdose death rates (especially involving minorities) are associated with slightly shorter drug sentences, net of other factors. In addition, Black-White and Hispanic-White sentence length gaps in drug cases declined in districts with more overdose deaths in part due to higher White sentence lengths, but mostly because minority sentences became shorter as district overdose mortality rates increased. These results suggest that exposure to the overdose crisis has not resulted in greater punitiveness in drug sentence lengths, and if anything, has been tied to leniency especially for minorities. Implications of these results for research on the 21^st century overdose crisis, federal court responses to this crisis (especially across race/ethnicity), and for contextual effects in sentencing are discussed. </p>","PeriodicalId":51509,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"49 6","pages":"814 - 841"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12103-024-09773-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safer or Endangered at Home?: An Examination of Neighborhood Effects on Family Violence Before, During, and After the COVID-19 Safer-at-Home Order","authors":"Michelle N. Harris,&nbsp;Rebecca H. Konkel","doi":"10.1007/s12103-024-09772-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12103-024-09772-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research has begun to document the impact of COVID-19, and corresponding restrictions associated with the pandemic, to several unintended consequences including increased rates of family violence. Given these findings, there have been calls for research to understand predictors of family violence, and how such predictors may shift during differing periods of the pandemic. Rooted in the family stress model and social disorganization theory, this study used call for service data from two police departments located in the Midwest of the United States, to examine whether the relationship between sociostructural indices on the number of family violence incidents varied in the times before, during, and after COVID-19 Safer-at-Home orders. Based on a series of negative binomial regression models, results show that the association between neighborhood (i.e., Census block group) concentrated poverty, the percentage of the population between 15 and 24 years of age, and the percentage of the population that identify as male on family violence was amplified during and/or after the adoption of the Safer-at-Home order. Results also indicated that the Safer-at-Home order eradicated the once significant effect of residential mobility and family violence incidents. Lastly, although neighborhoods located within the more populous and metropolitan city experienced fewer family violence incidents, compared to the mixed rural-suburban city, the gap in the number of incidents per neighborhood decreased in the times following the enactment of the Safer-at-Home order. Based on these findings, proactive and reactive policies regarding resource dissemination and increasing neighboring activities are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51509,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"49 6","pages":"842 - 866"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12103-024-09772-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Prosecutorial Decision-Making in Response to a High-Profile Mass Shooting","authors":"Stewart J. D’Alessio,&nbsp;Lisa Stolzenberg,&nbsp;R. R. Dunlea,&nbsp;Besiki Luka Kutateladze","doi":"10.1007/s12103-024-09774-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12103-024-09774-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>While prior studies find that media attention influences how prosecutors handle a specific case, there is a dearth of research examining the impact of media attention on prosecutors’ decision-making in less publicized criminal cases analogous to the publicized case. Using 10 years of data (January 2011 to December 2020) calibrated in monthly intervals obtained from the Broward County State Attorney’s Office and an interrupted time series research design, we investigate the effect of the Parkland mass shooting on prosecutor discretion in firearm-related cases eligible for mandatory minimum sentencing under Florida’s 10–20-Life law. Results show that while the Parkland mass shooting was not associated with the filing of firearm cases or with negotiated plea deals, it had a noteworthy effect on attenuating nolle prossed cases. Firearm defendants were also less apt to have their arrest to filing charge reduced, their arrest to disposition filing charge reduced, and their filing to dispositional charge lessened. Overall, these findings suggest that prosecutors became more punitive in their handling of firearm cases after the Parkland mass shooting.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51509,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"49 6","pages":"793 - 813"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}