Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association最新文献

{"title":"Fifteen risk factors associated with sudden death in Thoroughbred racehorses in North America (2009-2021).","authors":"Euan D Bennet,&nbsp;Tim D H Parkin","doi":"10.2460/javma.22.08.0358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.22.08.0358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify risk factors associated with race-related sudden death in Thoroughbred racehorses in the US and Canada.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>4,198,073 race starts made by 284,387 Thoroughbred horses at 144 racetracks in the US and Canada between 2009 and 2021.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Study data were extracted from the Equine Injury Database, which contains detailed records of 92.2% of all official race starts made in the US and Canada during the study period. Forty-nine potential risk factors were analyzed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Cases were defined as race starts that resulted in fatality within 3 days of racing, in which at least 1 of 5 codes relating to sudden death was recorded. Fatalities due to catastrophic musculoskeletal injury were omitted from the study cohort.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>536 race starts resulted in sudden death, an incidence rate of 0.13/1,000 starts. Fifteen risk factors were significantly associated with sudden death, including horse age and sex, season and purse of race, race distance, and horses' recent history of injury and lay-up. Horses racing while on furosemide medication were at 62% increased odds of sudden death.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Associations found between previous injury and sudden death suggests preexisting pathology could contribute in some cases. The association between furosemide and sudden death prompts further study to understand which biological processes could contribute to this result.</p>","PeriodicalId":514111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1956-1962"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40558229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theriogenology Question of the Month.","authors":"Justin W McNaughten,&nbsp;Kendra J Fake,&nbsp;Gustavo A Abuja","doi":"10.2460/javma.22.04.0163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.22.04.0163","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":514111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1925-1927"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33503698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors that impact recruitment and retention of veterinarians in emergency practice.","authors":"Lori R Kogan,&nbsp;Matthew Booth,&nbsp;Mark Rishniw","doi":"10.2460/javma.22.07.0306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.22.07.0306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine factors that impact emergency veterinarians' decisions in selecting a place of employment and their perceptions of factors important in fostering a work environment conducive to long-term employment.</p><p><strong>Sample: </strong>433 Veterinary Information Network members who reported practicing emergency medicine in the US and were not diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>An electronic survey distributed via the Veterinary Information Network data collection portal, made available from May 25, 2022, through June 15, 2022.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Factors rated as most important in selecting a place of employment included working with a highly trained support staff and collegiality of coworkers. Factor analysis was used to extract factors that can influence emergency medicine practitioners' views of a work environment conducive to long-term employment. The factor found to be most important was leadership. All factors, except for professional growth, were rated as more important by female practitioners when compared to male practitioners.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Aspects promoted in emergency medicine veterinarian recruitment efforts should include, in addition to the innate nature of the position, the elements identified as most attractive to current practitioners. By better understanding the impact of gender, children status, and years practicing emergency medicine on the relative importance in creating workplace environments conducive to long term employment, hospitals can be better equipped to meet the needs of both their current employees as well as potential new hires.</p>","PeriodicalId":514111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1986-1992"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33503697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Veterinary technicians contribute to shared decision-making during companion animal veterinary appointments.","authors":"Natasha Janke,&nbsp;Jane R Shaw,&nbsp;Jason B Coe","doi":"10.2460/javma.22.08.0380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.22.08.0380","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe and compare veterinary professionals' use of shared decision-making during companion animal appointments.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Multi-practice cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Sample: </strong>A purposive sample of 4 companion animal veterinary clinics in a group practice in Texas.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>A convenience sample of veterinary appointments were recorded January to March 2018 and audio-recordings were analyzed using the Observer OPTION5 instrument to assess shared decision-making. Each decision was categorized by veterinary professional involvement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 76/85 (89%) appointments included at least 1 decision between the client and veterinary professional(s), with a total of 129 shared decisions. Decisions that involved both a veterinary technician and veterinarian scored significantly higher for elements of shared decision-making (OPTION5 = 29.5 ± 8.4; n = 46), than veterinarian-only decisions (OPTION5 = 25.4 ± 11.50; P = .040; n = 63), and veterinary technician-only decisions (OPTION5 = 22.5 ± 7.15; P = .001; n = 20). Specific elements of shared decision-making that differed significantly based on veterinary professional involvement included educating the client about options (OPTION5 Item 3; P = .0041) and integrating the client's preference (OPTION5 Item 5; P = .0010).</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Findings suggest that clients are more involved in decision making related to their pet's health care when both the veterinary technician and veterinarian communicate with the client. Veterinary technicians' communication significantly enhanced client engagement in decision-making when working collaboratively with the veterinarian.</p>","PeriodicalId":514111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1993-2000"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33503699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathology in Practice.","authors":"Anna M Hauck,&nbsp;Wesley C Sheley","doi":"10.2460/javma.22.09.0390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.22.09.0390","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":514111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1923-1924"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33497123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Key nutrients important in the management of canine myxomatous mitral valve disease and heart failure.","authors":"Dorothy P Laflamme","doi":"10.2460/javma.22.07.0319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.22.07.0319","url":null,"abstract":"The most common cause of heart failure in dogs is myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), which accounts for approximately 75% of canine heart disease cases and is especially common in smaller dogs. Although low-sodium diets have been recommended for humans with heart diseases for decades, there is little evidence to support this practice in dogs. In recent years, however, it has become clear that other nutrients are important to heart health. Dogs with heart disease secondary to MMVD experience patterns of metabolic changes that include decreased mitochondrial energy metabolism and ATP availability, with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. These changes occur early in disease and progress with worsening heart disease. Key nutrients that may support normal function and address these changes include omega-3 fatty acids, medium-chain triglycerides, magnesium, antioxidants including vitamin E and taurine, and the amino acids methionine and lysine. The long-chain omega-3 fatty acids provide anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and other benefits. Medium-chain fatty acids and ketones derived from medium-chain triglycerides provide an alternative energy source for cardiac mitochondria and help reduce free radical production. Magnesium supports mitochondrial function, normal cardiac rhythm, and provides other benefits. Both vitamin E and taurine counter oxidative stress, and taurine also has direct cardiac benefits. Dogs with MMVD have reduced plasma methionine. Methionine and lysine are important for carnitine production as well as other functions. This article reviews the evidence supporting the functions and benefits of these and other nutrients in MMVD and other cardiac conditions.","PeriodicalId":514111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"S61-S70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40394707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A starch-rich treat affects enteroinsular responses in ponies.","authors":"Poppy E M Sibthorpe,&nbsp;Danielle M Fitzgerald,&nbsp;Lan Chen,&nbsp;Martin N Sillence,&nbsp;Melody A de Laat","doi":"10.2460/javma.22.06.0272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.22.06.0272","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the effect of a starch-rich treat, added to the daily diet of ponies for 10 days, on enteroinsular responses to meal consumption.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>10 mixed-breed adult ponies owned by Queensland University of Technology were used in the study. Six ponies were metabolically healthy, and 4 were insulin dysregulated at the start of the study, according to the results of an in-feed oral glucose test.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>A bread-based treat was offered twice daily for 10 days, adding 0.36 ± 0.04 g/kg body weight (BW) carbohydrates to the daily diet. Before and after treatment, the intestinal capacity for simple carbohydrate absorption was approximated with a modified D-xylose absorption test. Plasma glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), blood glucose, and serum insulin responses to eating were also measured before and after treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The absorption of D-xylose (area under the curve [AUC]) increased 1.6-fold (P < .001) after 10 days of eating the treat. In addition, while basal (fasted) GLP-2 concentrations were not affected, GLP-2 AUC increased 1.4-fold in response to eating (P = .005). The treat did not change blood glucose or serum insulin concentrations, before, during, or after eating.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>A small amount of additional carbohydrate each day in the form of a treat can cause a measurable change in the enteroinsular responses to eating.</p>","PeriodicalId":514111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"S94-S101"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40393716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Randomized controlled trial demonstrates nutritional management is superior to metronidazole for treatment of acute colitis in dogs.","authors":"Adam J Rudinsky,&nbsp;Valerie J Parker,&nbsp;Jenessa Winston,&nbsp;Edward Cooper,&nbsp;Tamra Mathie,&nbsp;James P Howard,&nbsp;C A Bremer,&nbsp;Page Yaxley,&nbsp;Antionette Marsh,&nbsp;Jeremy Laxalde,&nbsp;Jan Suchodolski,&nbsp;Sally Perea","doi":"10.2460/javma.22.08.0349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.22.08.0349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the outcome of dietary management of canine noninfectious acute colitis with or without concurrent oral administration of metronidazole using a randomized controlled clinical trial.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>59 client-owned dogs with noninfectious acute colitis.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Dogs with acute noninfectious colitis were enrolled in a 30-day diet trial after exclusion of parasitic infectious etiologies (fecal centrifugation floatation, Giardia/Cryptosporidium antigen testing) and systemic disease (CBC, biochemistry, urinalysis). Dogs were randomized into 3 placebo-controlled groups: group 1, easily digestible diet + placebo tablet; group 2, easily digestible diet + metronidazole tablet; and group 3, psyllium-enhanced easily digestible diet + placebo tablet. Dogs were evaluated serially using fecal scoring for time to remission, average fecal score, relapse after remission, and dysbiosis index.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Median remission time was significantly different among the 3 groups (P < .01) with median times of 5 days (range, 4 to 10) for group 1, 8.5 days (range, 7 to 12) for group 2, and 5 days (range, 3 to 6) for group 3. Metronidazole addition affected the fecal dysbiosis index negatively at days 7 to 10. No adverse effects or complications were noted throughout the study.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>For canine noninfectious acute colitis, dietary management with an easily digestible diet with or without psyllium enhancement proved a superior management strategy compared to metronidazole. The omission of metronidazole reduced the adverse impact significantly on intestinal microbiota. Longitudinal clinical trials are necessary to compare the long-term response, stability, and complications associated with dietary management alone versus combined dietary and antimicrobial therapy for canine acute colitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":514111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"S23-S32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40394708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum myostatin decreases in exercising and aging Alaskan sled dogs, while growth and differentiation factor 15 remains unaltered.","authors":"Sayaka Shiomitsu,&nbsp;Cristina M Hansen,&nbsp;Margret I Lenfest,&nbsp;Christopher W Frye,&nbsp;Joseph J Wakshlag","doi":"10.2460/javma.22.07.0323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.22.07.0323","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the serum concentrations of myostatin and growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) in Alaskan Husky sled dogs participating in a 350-mile (560-km) race and in an older population, and to examine correlations between changes in serum concentrations and body condition scores (BCSs).</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Dogs were recruited from 3 teams of Alaskan Huskies participating in the Alaskan-Yukon Quest sled-dog race and retirees from a research sled-dog colony.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Serum samples and BCSs were collected prior to racing, midway, and postrace; and in an older cohort (13 to 14 years). Myostatin and GDF-15 concentrations were assessed using commercially available ELISA kits.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median myostatin prerace concentration (9,519 pg/mL) was significantly greater than the mid- and postrace concentrations (7,709 pg/mL and 3,247 pg/mL, respectively). The prerace concentration was also significantly greater than that of the retired sled group dogs at 6,134 pg/mL. GDF-15 median serum concentrations did not change significantly across any racing time point (approx 350 pg/mL) or in the older cohort. No significant correlations were observed between changes in BCS and myostatin or GDF-15 concentrations.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Serum myostatin decreases dramatically, yet no correlations to loss of BCS could be found. Myostatin signaling may be involved in maintaining hypertrophic signaling during intense exercise. Neither racing distance nor geriatric/retirement status appears to have an effect on serum GDF-15 concentration. Myostatin was less in the older, retired sled dogs compared to the younger racing cohort. Such differences highlight the roles that fitness level and age play regarding myostatin levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":514111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"S77-S82"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40381952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A point-of-care dot blot ELISA assay for detection of protective antibody against canine adenovirus, canine parvovirus, and canine distemper virus is diagnostically accurate.","authors":"Azizeh Egerer,&nbsp;Zoie Schaefer,&nbsp;Laurie Larson","doi":"10.2460/javma.22.05.0224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.22.05.0224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine diagnostic accuracy of a point-of-care antibody-screening test by determining sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy when compared to reference standard tests for antibody against core vaccine viruses canine adenovirus (CAV), canine parvovirus (CPV), and canine distemper virus (CDV). A further aim was to provide the practitioner with information to guide selection of vaccinal antibody testing methods.</p><p><strong>Samples: </strong>Canine sera from across North America were submitted to a fee-for-service titer-testing laboratory. Samples came from healthy pet dogs with known core vaccination history (n = 431) as well as unvaccinated dogs held in isolation (132). This study examined a total of 563 samples for CDV/CPV and 183 for CAV.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Serum virus neutralization assays determined antibody titers for CDV and CAV. Hemagglutination inhibition assay determined antibody titers against CPV. All sera were also tested by point-of-care dot blot ELISA (index test).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For all 3 viral antigens, the index test provided sensitivity ranging from 96.03% to 96.75% and specificity ranging from 87.50% to 94.33%. Overall accuracy ranged from 93.43% to 95.91%.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The index test correlates well with reference standard tests and is a reliable, rapid screening test for detection of protective vaccinal antibody against CAV, CDV, and CPV in healthy dogs over 20 weeks of age. An accurate assessment of immunity allows clinicians to administer core vaccines appropriately as needed, avoiding unnecessary risk of adverse vaccine events.</p>","PeriodicalId":514111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","volume":" ","pages":"1928-1933"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33488763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}