Conservation Science and Practice最新文献

{"title":"Conservation Science and Practice in the Pantanal: From crisis to hope","authors":"Rafael Morais Chiaravalloti, Walfrido Morais Tomas, Peter Leimgruber, Tom Akre, Anthony J. Giordano","doi":"10.1111/csp2.70107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.70107","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Pantanal is the largest continuous freshwater wetland in the world (Junk et al., <span>2011</span>). Located in central South America and encompassing 179,300 km<sup>2</sup>, it includes parts of Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia. The Paraguay River—for which the Pantanal serves as a floodplain—stretches for 2695 km, connecting Brazil with Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina (Girard et al., <span>2025</span>). The scale and magnitude of the Pantanal influence large parts of South America's hydrology, biodiversity, history, and culture (Wantzen et al., <span>2023</span>). The Pantanal has also always been a refuge for endangered and threatened species and for low-intensive use of natural resources (Tomas et al., <span>2019</span>). Recently, however, wildfires, deforestation, and infrastructure projects have increased conservation concerns (Tortato et al., <span>2022</span>) (Figure 1). But with government, NGOs - Non-Governmental Organizations, local people, and scientists' support, the Pantanal can still be a place of conservation hope.</p><p>Permanent human occupation in the Pantanal dates back more than 8000 years (Bespalez, <span>2015</span>), with the first signs of settlements in the northern Pantanal occurring approximately 27,000 years ago (Vialou et al., <span>2017</span>). Although the first European colonizers arrived there in the early 16th century, it was not until the late 18th century that the Portuguese began to establish a structured colonizing agenda in the region (de Fátima Costa, <span>1999</span>). During this time, most indigenous groups were replaced with (Peixoto, <span>2017</span>), cattle ranches (de Abreu et al., <span>2010</span>) and riverine fishing communities (Chiaravalloti, <span>2019</span>). Today, cattle ranches occupy over 90% of the Pantanal (Chiaravalloti et al., <span>2025</span>), with cattle stocks totaling approximately 3.8 million heads (Tomas et al., <span>2019</span>). There are also around 8000 people registered as professional fishers in the region (Fernando, Lopes, et al., <span>2024</span>), generating an estimated US$84 million per year (Girard et al., <span>2025</span>), and probably 10 times that number are unreported “sporadic” fishermen (Fernando, Lopes, et al., <span>2024</span>).</p><p>Despite long-standing, widespread human occupation and a violent history of colonization, the Pantanal continues to be well conserved, with >80% of its native vegetation standing (Mapbiomas, <span>2022</span>). In addition, poaching represents a very low threat to native wildlife (Desbiez et al., <span>2011</span>). As such, the Pantanal is a refuge for many threatened species, such as jaguar (<i>Panthera onca</i>), giant otter (<i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>), marsh deer (<i>Blastocerus dichotomus</i>), and hyacinth macaw (<i>Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus</i>) (Tomas et al., <span>2019</span>). There are also no indications of overfishing (Fernando, Lopes, et al., <span>2024</span>), as even areas of intensiv","PeriodicalId":51337,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Science and Practice","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/csp2.70107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144646924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An interoperable and standardized protocol for reporting systematic conservation planning projects","authors":"Martin Jung,&nbsp;Vanessa M. Adams,&nbsp;Diogo Alagador,&nbsp;Jorge G. Álvarez-Romero,&nbsp;Miguel B. Araujo,&nbsp;Anni Arponen,&nbsp;Maria Beger,&nbsp;Jutta Beher,&nbsp;Silvia B. Carvalho,&nbsp;Sylvaine Giakoumi,&nbsp;Jeffrey O. Hanson,&nbsp;Virgilio Hermoso,&nbsp;Kerstin Jantke,&nbsp;Heini Kujala,&nbsp;Jennifer McGowan,&nbsp;Anna Metaxas,&nbsp;Louise O'Connor,&nbsp;Jose Salgado-Rojas,&nbsp;Richard Schuster,&nbsp;Bob Smith,&nbsp;Piero Visconti","doi":"10.1111/csp2.70097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.70097","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Systematic conservation planning (SCP) is an operational and scientific framework that assists in deciding where, how, and when to implement conservation intervention. Studies using SCP approaches have proliferated due to their immediate relevance for applied conservation. For example, they can help identify cost-effective opportunities for expanding areas under conservation management to achieve high-level policy goals such as those of the Global Biodiversity Framework. Yet SCP can be conducted in various ways, and results can vary depending on problem formulation, parameterizations, contexts, and prioritization approaches. There is a need to facilitate comparison of SCP studies to understand key criteria and assumptions made in the planning process. Here, we propose a standardized reporting protocol for SCP that is readily applicable across study aims, realms, and spatial scales. The new Overview and Design Protocol for Systematic Conservation Planning (ODPSCP) describes the key steps from the design to the computational stages of SCP. It enables researchers, scientific editors, and decision- and policymakers to assess the scope and comprehensiveness of SCP exercises. To facilitate uptake and ease of reporting, the protocol is openly available through an interactive web interface and which can be further enhanced following methodological advancements in conservation planning. We encourage the conservation community to adopt the reporting protocol to promote transparency and reproducibility, standardized reporting as well as facilitate peer review and independent evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":51337,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Science and Practice","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/csp2.70097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144647828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protected area targets: Spatially evaluating progress and prioritizing areas to reach 30 × 30 in Canada","authors":"Jessica Currie,&nbsp;Chris Liang,&nbsp;James Snider","doi":"10.1111/csp2.70087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Protected and conserved areas (PCAs) continue to be a cornerstone of nature conservation, with several international agreements and frameworks setting targets to increase their global coverage. However, the focus on area-based expansion has resulted in drawbacks related to the quality of PCAs, including widespread gaps in species protection and connectivity. Here, we temporally evaluate progress in terrestrial and freshwater PCA coverage in Canada and associated biophysical component indicators (i.e., ProtConn, Species Protection Index, Key Biodiversity Area [KBA] coverage) under Target 3 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF). Our analysis reveals progress made from 2010 to 2022, while outlining gaps where accelerated action is needed to deliver upon both the quantity and quality of PCAs. Large gaps in PCA coverage and associated Target 3 component indicators were prevalent in the Northern Arctic, Prairie and Mixedwood Plains ecozones. Further, we systematically prioritize areas for protection that could maximize targets for headline and component indicators under Target 3 of the GBF. Our findings build upon a history of spatial conservation efforts in Canada and offers a novel lens—contextualized within the commitments of the GBF—to advance conservation planning and implementation for achieving 30% protection by 2030 nationally.</p>","PeriodicalId":51337,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Science and Practice","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/csp2.70087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144647740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘Planning over programs’: Challenges and opportunities affecting the participation of underserved producers in the conservation reserve program across the southeastern United States","authors":"Parag Kadam,&nbsp;Alejandro Bolques,&nbsp;Alex Harvey,&nbsp;Alton Perry,&nbsp;Sherwynn Best,&nbsp;Danielle Atkins,&nbsp;Felicia Burke,&nbsp;Lincoln Larson,&nbsp;Erica Rieder,&nbsp;Kayla Stukes,&nbsp;Sam Cook,&nbsp;Ben Graham,&nbsp;Troy Bowman,&nbsp;Wayde Morse,&nbsp;Ben Garber,&nbsp;Sarah Hitchner,&nbsp;Puneet Dwivedi","doi":"10.1111/csp2.70083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.70083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Black and female agricultural producers (farmland owners and operators) have traditionally been proportionally underrepresented and underserved in federal conservation programs. The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), one of the largest conservation programs for private producers, had only 3.5% of participants from underserved populations in 2022. Increasing their participation is not only crucial for addressing historical inequalities but also essential in meeting nationwide conservation goals, especially when the participation of underserved stakeholder groups has been linked to more effective biodiversity restoration and land stewardship across numerous studies. This study employed mixed method analysis and demographic assessments to gain insights into the factors influencing the participation of underserved producers in CRP across six southeastern United States (US). Lack of knowledge about CRP emerged as the most significant challenge, followed by limited resources, lack of trust in the government, onerous program requirements, and other factors such as family or personal issues, or other priorities and motivations not centered on conservation. The study also identified several categories of solutions to increase the participation of underserved producers in CRP, including improving knowledge about the program, enhancing communication, increasing community involvement, and simplifying program requirements. Results indicate that, despite historical disparities in enrollment, Black producers may exhibit a higher likelihood of participation in CRP than White producers once they are aware of and engaged with the program; this is also likely for farm- and pastureland owners and potential operators who do not own land. Finally, the results of the two-sample t-test showed that the familiarity of females was lower than that of males. Our findings emphasize the importance of addressing historical knowledge gaps, overcoming resource challenges, building trust, simplifying program requirements, promoting empowerment through community involvement, and fostering conservation motivations to diversify program engagement. To that end, prioritizing proactive and needs-based planning would help to ensure that CRP aligns with community needs and preferences. Strengthening the participation of Black and female producers in CRP simultaneously contributes to the twin goals of conserving environmentally sensitive lands and promoting program access.</p>","PeriodicalId":51337,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Science and Practice","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/csp2.70083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144647178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building the neighborhood for the trees: Illuminating win–wins for housing densification and nature","authors":"Max R. Lambert,&nbsp;Simone Des Roches,&nbsp;Daniel A. Auerbach,&nbsp;Braeden Van Deynze,&nbsp;Syler Behrens,&nbsp;Robin Hale,&nbsp;Kenneth B. Pierce","doi":"10.1111/csp2.70085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.70085","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Housing deficits are pervasive because of multiple factors including insufficient new construction, rising costs, restrictive zoning, and income inequality. Policies to address housing deficits—both through housing densification or sprawl—have varied implications for ecosystem processes, biodiversity, and human well-being. Communities that achieve a given housing density while minimizing ecosystem degradation have been termed “brightspots.” Building on the brightspot concept, we use tree and housing data for western Washington, USA to assess tree:housing “brightening” and “dimming” relationships through time. Our analysis highlights three brightening or dimming pathways: (1) housing density increases with little or no tree cover loss, (2) modest housing density increases with modest or large tree cover losses, and (3) little to no change in housing with tree cover losses. Most neighborhoods show small changes in the tree:housing relationship. While dimming was about three times as common as brightening, most brightening occurred in existing urban areas, emphasizing that housing densification can and does occur while maintaining tree canopy. Our work illustrates policies and pathways to meet housing needs while reducing harm to natural systems and improving human well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":51337,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Science and Practice","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/csp2.70085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144647179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bird-of-prey decals on transparent noise barriers mitigate bird collisions, though not as much as dot-patterned stickers","authors":"Na Young Koh,&nbsp;Soo Hyung Eo","doi":"10.1111/csp2.70067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.70067","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global annual bird mortality resulting from building window collisions is estimated to be billions. This study examined the impact of physical factors, including height, length, area, and the presence and type of mitigation stickers, on the number of bird collisions. The observational study was conducted from May to September 2021 in South Korea, focusing on 29 transparent noise barriers: 12 without mitigation stickers, 13 with bird-of-prey silhouettes, and 4 with dot stickers. Bird collisions were systematically recorded, and differences in collision numbers among different physical components of the barriers were analyzed using GLMs. We found a total of 297 collisions of 27 species. We found that the height of transparent noise barriers and the presence of mitigation stickers affected mortality. Our results highlight that attaching bird-of-prey decals reduces bird collisions, though not as much as dot-patterned stickers.</p>","PeriodicalId":51337,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Science and Practice","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/csp2.70067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144647247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Culvert baffle design to improve fish passage for small-bodied fishes: A rapid evidence synthesis","authors":"Paul A. Franklin,&nbsp;Cindy F. Baker","doi":"10.1111/csp2.70082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.70082","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Culverts are one of the most prevalent barriers to the upstream movement of small-bodied fishes. Installation of baffles, structures designed to modify flows, within culverts is one of the main solutions for overcoming the impact of high water velocities on fish movements. The objective of this rapid evidence synthesis was to review and summarize the evidence on the effectiveness of different culvert baffle designs for improving the abundance and diversity of small-bodied fish successfully migrating upstream through culverts. The overall weight of evidence indicates that the addition of baffles generally increases overall passage success compared with control treatments with no baffles. However, effectiveness cannot be determined based on simple passage efficiency metrics alone. Multiple lines of evidence are emerging to indicate that turbulence within baffle arrays can significantly delay upstream movements. A consensus is emerging that baffles that minimize the generation of large recirculation zones while maximizing the area of low-velocity boundary layers (i.e., spoiler, vertical, and longitudinal baffles) are most suitable for improving the upstream passage of small-bodied fishes. However, there remain significant knowledge gaps and an urgent need for comparative assessments of baffle performance alongside ongoing innovation to refine and optimize baffle designs for small-bodied species.</p>","PeriodicalId":51337,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Science and Practice","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/csp2.70082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144647321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stakeholders' priorities for management of a restored elk (Cervus canadensis) population in northeast Minnesota","authors":"Kyle A. Smith,&nbsp;Adam C. Landon,&nbsp;Eric M. Walberg,&nbsp;David C. Fulton,&nbsp;Michael W. Schrage,&nbsp;Nicholas P. McCann,&nbsp;James D. Forester","doi":"10.1111/csp2.13200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.13200","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wildlife reintroduction projects are an important tool for restoring traditional wildlife heritage, increasing species diversity, providing subsistence and sport hunting and other recreational opportunities, and assisting ecosystem adaption to future climate change. In Minnesota, the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa and some conservationists advocate for the expansion of existing elk range to other parts of the state. For reintroduction projects to be successful, it is helpful if managers understand stakeholders' preferences for management objectives. We used best-worst scaling (BWS) to assess residents' preferences for management objective alternatives. The University of Minnesota, in collaboration with the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa and the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, conducted a mail-back questionnaire of landowners (<i>n</i> = 4500) and the general public (<i>n</i> = 4000) in northeastern Minnesota to determine their attitudes toward elk reintroduction. Results suggest that the most preferred objectives were minimizing negative impacts on existing wildlife populations and reintroducing native species. In contrast, the least important objectives were related to providing elk viewing opportunities or maximizing economic opportunities through elk-related tourism. These findings help inform management objectives related to the reintroduction proposal, provide insight to minimize potential conflict and help develop future communication material related to elk reintroduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":51337,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Science and Practice","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/csp2.13200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144646810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balancing ethics and conservation: Assessing short-term behavioral impacts of biopsy sampling in a recovering whale population","authors":"Leena Riekkola,&nbsp;Simon Childerhouse,&nbsp;Rochelle Constantine,&nbsp;Ros Cole,&nbsp;Robert Harcourt,&nbsp;Dorothea Heimeier,&nbsp;Dave Lundquist,&nbsp;Catherine Meyer,&nbsp;Mike Ogle,&nbsp;Debbie Steel,&nbsp;Esther Stuck,&nbsp;Aimee van der Reis,&nbsp;Emma L. Carroll","doi":"10.1111/csp2.70077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.70077","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Long-term monitoring programs based on individual identification have provided a sound basis for monitoring the status of endangered and recovering species. However, the impact of such research needs to be understood relative to the benefit gained. Here, we present a case study of a population that has been studied using genetic monitoring since 1995, the New Zealand southern right whale (<i>Eubalaena australis;</i> tohorā). Tissue samples for genetic monitoring were collected using a remote biopsy system, an approach used widely in marine mammal research. Under most ethical frameworks, this is considered a minor impact of short duration, but perceived or potential impact limits sampling of some demographic classes (e.g., calves). We used data collected during surveys from 2020 to 2022 to measure short-term behavioral impact of biopsy sample collection, with 748 responses collected over 52 days in the field from 524 individual whales. Biopsy sampling was overwhelmingly of minimal impact: the majority (90%) of biopsy responses were classified as either ‘no response’ (46%, <i>n</i> = 341) or ‘weak response’ (44%, <i>n</i> = 326). This study also supports previous work that calves do not show a greater reaction to biopsy sampling than adults. The behavior of the whales prior to being approached for biopsy sampling significantly affected the response elicited, but there was no measurable cumulative impact of multiple sampling, based on within-year (<i>n</i> = 113) or between-year (<i>n</i> = 21) comparisons. Genetic data from this monitoring project has been used to revise the conservation status of the population, to demonstrate the effectiveness of conservation polices and to understand circumpolar stock structure. Overall, this study confirms that biopsy sampling is a minimally invasive, data-rich collection method that provides a wealth of information for conservation and management of whales. It typically causes only a minor, short-term behavioral disturbance with wounds that, based on other studies, heal quickly and without discernible adverse health effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":51337,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Science and Practice","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/csp2.70077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144646894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The values of ecosystem services inside and outside of protected areas in eastern and southern Africa","authors":"Falko T. Buschke,&nbsp;Claudia Capitani","doi":"10.1111/csp2.70076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.70076","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Conservation policies often take for granted the importance of protected areas for supplying ecosystem services. The first edition of the <i>State of Protected and Conserved Areas in Eastern and Southern Africa</i> report contained limited information on ecosystem services, so for the 2nd edition we statistically compared 561 standardized economic values of various types of ecosystem services inside and outside of protected areas. We found that data from local and sub-national case studies in the Ecosystem Service Valuation Database were biased geographically, highlighting major evidence gaps for most of the region. For well-studied countries (Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda), the value of ecosystem services varied considerably across different types of services but were—on average—three to six times higher outside protected areas. This trend was not universal, however, given that opportunities for recreation and tourism tended to be higher within protected areas. Combined, these findings suggest that conservation authorities across Eastern and Southern Africa (1) prioritize ecosystem service valuation studies; (2) expand the focus of ecosystem service policies to include wider landscapes beyond protected area boundaries; and (3) avoid generic assumptions about ecosystem services by identifying the services that are most compatible with the broader goals of protected areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":51337,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Science and Practice","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/csp2.70076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144646895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}