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Atlantic Patriotism: The Seven Years' War and the Transformation of American, British, and French Political Culture 大西洋爱国主义：七年战争与美国、英国和法国政治文化的变革
Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2024.a920457
Edmond Dziembowski
{"title":"Atlantic Patriotism: The Seven Years' War and the Transformation of American, British, and French Political Culture","authors":"Edmond Dziembowski","doi":"10.1353/eam.2024.a920457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2024.a920457","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The Seven Years' War worked as a catalyst of mutations already present before the hostilities. The case is particularly palpable when we consider the transformation of American, British, and French political culture between 1756 and 1763. In America, William Pitt's colonial policy based on partnership led after the peace to a huge disappointment in America and a growing tension with London. Eventually, it paved the way for the revolt of the Sons of Liberty. In Great Britain, the ideological and political consequences of the war were no less dramatic. Pitt's patriot policy, which was in many respects a mirror of the colonists' political culture based on the same republican principles, brought a decisive contribution to the birth of radicalism after the peace. Last but not least, French political culture was deeply affected by the conflict. A new conception of the political role of the French people emerged during the war, leading to the transformation of the subjects of Louis XV into self-proclaimed citizens willing to offer spontaneously their services for the common weal.","PeriodicalId":513260,"journal":{"name":"Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140520810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
"I Told Him That the French Army Being Auxiliary in This Continent, It Was Up to the American General to Give His Orders": The Paradoxes of French Military Operations in America, 1778–1783 "我告诉他，法国军队在这片大陆上是辅助部队，美国将军才能下达命令"：1778-1783 年法国在美洲军事行动的悖论
Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2024.a920459
Olivier Chaline
{"title":"\"I Told Him That the French Army Being Auxiliary in This Continent, It Was Up to the American General to Give His Orders\": The Paradoxes of French Military Operations in America, 1778–1783","authors":"Olivier Chaline","doi":"10.1353/eam.2024.a920459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2024.a920459","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: On 19 October 1781, at the surrender of Yorktown, the Comte de Rochambeau replied to the British general Charles O'Hara, who wanted to give his sword to Rochambeau rather than George Washington, that the French army was only auxiliary on this continent. This reply corresponded exactly to the mission defined at Versailles the previous year. But it is surprising: how can a great military power take orders from a smaller one? The answer lies in the evolution of the practical arrangements for Franco-American military cooperation between 1778 and 1781. France sent large naval and land forces across the Atlantic. But for success to be possible, the French and Americans had to be able to act together, and French sailors and soldiers had to be able to master combined operations.","PeriodicalId":513260,"journal":{"name":"Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140526345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Impact of the American Revolution on French Anticolonial and Antislavery Views in the 1780s 美国革命对 1780 年代法国反殖民主义和反奴隶制观点的影响
Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2024.a920462
Carine Lounissi
{"title":"The Impact of the American Revolution on French Anticolonial and Antislavery Views in the 1780s","authors":"Carine Lounissi","doi":"10.1353/eam.2024.a920462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2024.a920462","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The American Revolution happened as Raynal and Diderot were working on the third edition of their monumental Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies . Beyond this bestseller of the 1770s and 1780s, many lesser-known authors started to consider the impact of the American Revolution on the issue of colonies and empires. Among them were journalists and essayists who lived in the French colony of Saint-Domingue. The American Revolution appeared to them, as well as to other French cosmopolitan writers of the same generation and profile, as the starting point of a liberation of the whole American continent from European imperial rule and potentially from the slave trade and slavery. The gradual abolition of slavery in Northern American States was seen as a logical consequence of the American Revolution. However, the writers who thought about the consequences of the American Revolution in terms of decolonization were not the same as those who engaged in a thorough reflection on slavery, a debate in which more well-known figures, like Condorcet and Brissot, played a key role.","PeriodicalId":513260,"journal":{"name":"Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140522423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Friends of the McNeil Center for Early American Studies 1 July 2022–30 June 2023 麦克尼尔早期美国研究中心之友 2022 年 7 月 1 日至 2023 年 6 月 30 日
Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2024.a920466
{"title":"Friends of the McNeil Center for Early American Studies 1 July 2022–30 June 2023","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/eam.2024.a920466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2024.a920466","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":513260,"journal":{"name":"Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140522750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Finding the American Revolution in France: François-Jean de Chastellux's Private Papers and Beyond 在法国寻找美国革命：弗朗索瓦-让-德-夏斯泰卢的私人文件及其他
Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2024.a920463
Iris de Rode
{"title":"Finding the American Revolution in France: François-Jean de Chastellux's Private Papers and Beyond","authors":"Iris de Rode","doi":"10.1353/eam.2024.a920463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2024.a920463","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: With the exception of the renowned Marquis de Lafayette and, to a lesser extent, General Rochambeau and Admiral de Grasse, French soldiers and officers have historically received little attention in the literary of the American War for Independence. This is due to a number of factors, including restricted or closed access to private archival collections in France. This essay will demonstrate that it is possible, under certain conditions, to study personal, unpublished source material of \"forgotten\" French officers who participated in the American Revolutionary War, thereby providing new opportunities for research into early American history. To demonstrate the historical significance of such materials, this paper will concentrate on the (mainly) unpublished papers of François-Jean de Chastellux (1734-1788), an influential major general who served directly under Rochambeau. The Chastellux family has preserved his private papers for more than 240 years in their Château de Chastellux. This article details the contents of this private archive as well as the history of its creation and preservation. Additionally, the existence of Chastellux's archive raises questions about the possible existence of similar unpublished French archival collections, which may also offer new perspectives on the American Revolutionary War. Furthermore, in the contemporary digital era, families that choose to preserve their records in private archives may now make them digitally accessible to the academic community. This introduces new circumstances and opportunities for the access and translation of previously inaccessible information.","PeriodicalId":513260,"journal":{"name":"Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"22 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140526561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Montesquieu and The Federalist : A Contested Legacy at the American Founding 孟德斯鸠与《联邦党人》 ：美国建国时期有争议的遗产
Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2024.a920460
Hugo Toudic, Céline Spector
{"title":"Montesquieu and The Federalist : A Contested Legacy at the American Founding","authors":"Hugo Toudic, Céline Spector","doi":"10.1353/eam.2024.a920460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2024.a920460","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: During the contentious political debate of 1787, Montesquieu enjoyed exceptional prestige in the United States. In their struggle against the Constitution adopted in Philadelphia, Anti-Federalists appealed to The Spirit of the Laws as their leading authority. In response, those defending the proposed Constitution had to go back to Montesquieu's founding theories to counter the arguments of their opponents. Building upon previous scholarship, this article will explore three aspects of The Federalist 's political doctrine where Madison and Hamilton analyzed and subverted Montesquieu's ideas: first, the dogma that republics cannot survive when surrounded by empires if they do not unite their forces in a confederation; second, that in a federative state as in any kind of state, power should limit power; third, that in this constitutional arrangement, an independent judiciary should play a special role. Thus, the core of American federal ideology was borrowed from Montesquieu: that multiple layers of government could legitimately exist within a single polity, and that such an arrangement is not a defect to be lamented but a virtue to be celebrated if the balance of powers is properly respected. Yet it is only by confronting the Anti-Federalists' intellectual allegiance to axioms of The Spirit of the Laws that Madison and Hamilton were able to provide the first political treatise – however unfinished it might be – on the viability of modern democracies.","PeriodicalId":513260,"journal":{"name":"Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"33 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140520771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gouverneur Morris, France, and Republicanism in the Atlantic Space 古弗努尔-莫里斯、法国和大西洋空间的共和主义
Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2024.a920461
Emilie Mitran
{"title":"Gouverneur Morris, France, and Republicanism in the Atlantic Space","authors":"Emilie Mitran","doi":"10.1353/eam.2024.a920461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2024.a920461","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Exemplifying par excellence the American and exotic figure Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson had epitomized before him, Gouverneur Morris worked in France as the herald of enlightened republican principles. In 1789, when he arrived in Paris, Morris was thrilled to see that the French had begun their own revolution in the name of liberty. Moreover, as he lived among the nobility, the New Yorker criticized what represented to him the decaying monarchy's corrupt values and frivolity, which he contrasted with the morals and the aesthetics of simplicity of the United States. He thus appeared as the standard-bearer of an idyllic and idealized American identity and tried to translate these virtuous republican principles to the French. However, Morris is now remembered as an enemy of the French Revolution, a traitor to the republican cause, and an ally of the French monarchy. Unraveling why this former Patriot became the foe of the Revolution that claimed to be the heir of the American War for Independence could help us to see the variety of republican sentiments making the revolutionary Atlantic world.","PeriodicalId":513260,"journal":{"name":"Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"157 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140523249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Documenting a Proposed 1781 French-American Attack on New York: The Chastellux Archive and the Epic Finale That Never Was 记录 1781 年法裔美国人进攻纽约的提议：查斯特鲁档案和从未实现的史诗结局
Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2024.a920464
Joseph F. Stoltz
{"title":"Documenting a Proposed 1781 French-American Attack on New York: The Chastellux Archive and the Epic Finale That Never Was","authors":"Joseph F. Stoltz","doi":"10.1353/eam.2024.a920464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2024.a920464","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In the summer of 1781, a Franco-American army under the command of George Washington contemplated an elaborate attack on New York City that, it hoped, would bring the American War for Independence to a close. The details of that plan were lost to history, until a few years ago. Discovered in the papers of Francois-Jean de Chastellux in the private Chastellux family archives in Burgundy, France, the battleplan is now in the George Washington Presidential Library in Mount Vernon, Virginia. Historians of the American War of Independence have traditionally depicted the summer of 1781 as a period of rest for the Continental and French armies. The Chastellux battleplan showcases the extent to which Washington considered an attack on New York and highlights a complex preparatory operation conducted in its suburbs that gave both armies the chance to work together long before they went into action in Yorktown.","PeriodicalId":513260,"journal":{"name":"Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140522192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
French Volunteers in Benjamin Franklin's Correspondence: The American Revolution as Mirror of a Military Crisis 本杰明-富兰克林通信中的法国志愿军：美国革命是军事危机的一面镜子
Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2024.a920458
Leïla Tnaïnchi
{"title":"French Volunteers in Benjamin Franklin's Correspondence: The American Revolution as Mirror of a Military Crisis","authors":"Leïla Tnaïnchi","doi":"10.1353/eam.2024.a920458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2024.a920458","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The French who took part in the American War for Independence have been the subject of many historical studies. However, the correspondence of Benjamin Franklin offers new elements about these numerous volunteers coming from multiple geographical and social backgrounds. In their letters to the American commissioner, military men, nobles, ecclesiastics, surgeons, lawyers, engineers, peasants, and even convicts—most of whom never left the France—explained their motives for crossing the Atlantic Ocean to fight the British army on the side of the Patriots. From that epistolary source emerges also the perception those subjects of Louis XVI had of the Americans and the United States. All this information reveals a French society imbued with many contradictions, such as the public attraction for enemies fought during the Seven Years' War and the glorification of ancestral nobiliary values through a war for the benefit of a young republic.","PeriodicalId":513260,"journal":{"name":"Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"264 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140521214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Connecting the Histories of France and the United States, circa 1750–1800 连接法国和美国的历史，约 1750-1800 年
Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2024.a920465
François Furstenberg
{"title":"Connecting the Histories of France and the United States, circa 1750–1800","authors":"François Furstenberg","doi":"10.1353/eam.2024.a920465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2024.a920465","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This is the concluding essay of a special issue of Early American Studies guest-edited by Kevin Butterfield and Bertrand Van Ruymbeke based on the proceedings of a conference hosted by George Washington's Mount Vernon in Paris, France, in 2019 exploring the diverse approaches of present-day French scholars to the history of the American War for Independence.","PeriodicalId":513260,"journal":{"name":"Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140526746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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