Avian Research最新文献

{"title":"Local song evolution after three decades in a complex songster, the Thrush Nightingale","authors":"Abel Souriau ,&nbsp;Jorma Sorjonen ,&nbsp;Adam Petrusek ,&nbsp;Tereza Petrusková","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Birdsong is an important secondary sexual trait which may vary between but also within species. Intraspecific variation is generally studied either on the geographical or on the temporal scale; most of the studies exploring the variation of song over time, however, focused on species with rather simple songs. In this study, we explored the temporal changes in song of a complex songster, the Thrush Nightingale (<em>Luscinia luscinia</em>), recorded after 33 years (in 1986 and 2019) at the same locality in south-eastern Finland. Our analysis revealed a complete turnover of song types over the study period, with no song type shared between the two recording years. In contrast, 40% of the originally recorded syllable types were still found in the repertoires of recently recorded males. Their song type repertoires were significantly smaller but the songs themselves were on average longer compared to the 1986 recordings. Repertoires of both syllables and song types were more shared between males recorded in 1986 than between those from 2019. We discuss the processes that may have contributed to these temporal changes in song and call for more detailed studies of song evolution in wild populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"Article 100224"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter- and intraspecific variation in flight muscle fibers is associated with migratory timing","authors":"Shangmingyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Shane DuBay ,&nbsp;Yuwen Cheng ,&nbsp;Zhehan Dong ,&nbsp;Zhengwei Liu ,&nbsp;Yongjie Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100223","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The life-history strategies of organisms are shaped by trade-offs among traits that influence survival, development, reproduction, and ultimately fitness. However, the specific physiological and environmental mechanisms driving population-level variation in phenotypic traits, particularly in relation to migratory adaptations, remain poorly understood. Elevational migration represents an adaptive behavior for mountain birds that offers a unique model to investigate adaptive phenotypes because of the diverse migratory strategies that have been observed within and between species. Flight muscles, as multifunctional organs, exhibit phenotypic variation that aligns with locomotor and thermoregulatory demands. Linking flight muscle phenotypes to migratory strategies can provide insights into inter- and intraspecific variation in migratory adaptations. In this study, we examined spring arrival dates at high-altitude breeding sites for three closely related high-altitude breeding birds in the mountains of Asia: Blue-fronted Redstart (<em>Phoenicurus frontalis</em>), Himalayan Bluetail (<em>Tarsiger rufilatus</em>), and Rufous-gorgeted Flycatcher (<em>Ficedula strophiata</em>). We analyzed relationships between arrival dates and phenotypic traits, including flight muscle physiology, morphology, and internal organ mass, alongside environmental effects on these traits. Our findings indicate that species arriving earlier encountered lower temperatures and exhibited reduced fiber cross-sectional areas coupled with higher fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) fibers densities. Males displayed pronounced protandry and higher fast glycolytic (FG) fibers densities. Ambient temperature significantly influenced flight muscle phenotypes, highlighting intraspecific variation and the potential plasticity of flight muscle fibers as crucial mechanisms for adapting to migration strategies and environmental conditions. Additionally, this study underscores the potential role of sexual selection in shaping functional phenotypic variation, further advancing our understanding of adaptive strategies in high-altitude migratory birds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"Article 100223"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution pattern and niche overlap of sympatric breeding birds along human-modified habitat gradients in Inner Mongolia, China","authors":"Xi Yang ,&nbsp;Lishi Zhang ,&nbsp;Piotr Tryjanowski ,&nbsp;Frédéric Jiguet ,&nbsp;Zheng Han ,&nbsp;Haitao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transformation of natural habitats into human-modified landscapes has far-reaching consequences for species distribution and abundance. As species adapt to these changing environments, shifts in distribution patterns, niche dynamics, and interspecies interactions may occur, impacting biodiversity at multiple levels and potentially leading to ecosystem imbalances. This study aims to assess the impact of variations in vegetation composition and human disturbance on the distribution of sympatric breeding birds and to determine the extent of niche overlap or differentiation among these species. We conducted field surveys and collected data on bird distribution, vegetation composition, and level of human disturbance in eastern Inner Mongolian grasslands. We focused on the six most frequently co-occurring breeding birds, representing a mix of sparrows, larks, and corvids. Generalized Additive Models revealed varying responses of species occurrence along habitat gradients. Species like the Eurasian Skylark (<em>Alauda arvensis</em>), Mongolian Lark (<em>Melanocorypha mongolica</em>), and Asian Short-toed Lark (<em>Calandrella cheleensis</em>), increased in larger and more connected habitats, while others, like the Tree Sparrow (<em>Passer montanus</em>), Eurasian Magpie (<em>Pica pica</em>), and Barn Swallow (<em>Hirundo rustica</em>), adapted to more fragmented habitats. Niche analysis indicated habitat generalists tended to occupy larger niches than grassland specialists. Substantial niche overlap was also found among the six co-occurring bird species. Conservation efforts should consider the specific needs of specialist species and strive to maintain or restore critical grassland habitats. Additionally, promoting sustainable agricultural practices that balance the needs of birds and human activities can contribute to the coexistence of generalist and specialist bird species in modified landscapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"Article 100222"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the vulnerability of wintering habitats for the red-listed Asian Houbara (Chlamydotis macqueenii) using climate models and human impact assessments","authors":"Gulzaman William ,&nbsp;Zafeer Saqib ,&nbsp;Abdul Qadir ,&nbsp;Nisha Naeem ,&nbsp;Mehrban Ali Brohi ,&nbsp;Asim Kamran ,&nbsp;Afia Rafique","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Asian Houbara (<em>Chlamydotis macqueenii</em>), a vulnerable species, is under significant threat from habitat degradation and anthropogenic pressures in Pakistan's arid landscapes. This study addresses the urgent need for conservation by identifying critical habitats, analyzing the influence of environmental and human factors on species distribution, and projecting future habitat shifts under climate change scenarios. Using the MaxEnt model, which achieves a robust predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.854), we mapped current and future habitat suitability under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP126, SSP370, SSP585) for the years 2040 and 2070. Presently, the suitable habitat extends over 217,082 km², with 52,751 km² classified as highly suitable. Key environmental drivers, identified via the Jackknife test, revealed that annual mean temperature (Bio1) and slope play a dominant role in determining habitat suitability. Projections show significant habitat degradation; however, under SSP585, highly suitable areas are expected to expand by up to 24.92% by 2070. Despite this increase, vast areas remain unsuitable, posing serious risks to population sustainability. Moreover, only 2115 km² of highly suitable habitat currently falls within protected zones, highlighting a critical conservation shortfall. These findings highlight the imperative for immediate, targeted conservation efforts to secure the species' future in Pakistan's desert ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"Article 100221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decreased basal thermogenesis is associated with the downregulation of cellular metabolic activity of organs and serum thyroid hormones in fasting Eurasian Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus)","authors":"Hong Jin ,&nbsp;Qi Xia ,&nbsp;Ziqing Gao ,&nbsp;Yujie XuanYuan ,&nbsp;Beibei Dong ,&nbsp;Ming Li ,&nbsp;Qingjian Liang ,&nbsp;Jinsong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food is a critical environmental factor that influences animal survival, especially for small passerines due to their high mass-specific metabolic rates. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) reflects the energy expended by endothermic animals for basic physiological processes and constitutes a major part of their daily energy budget. Some birds have been shown to employ compensatory mechanisms during food shortages, temporarily reducing these self-maintenance expenditures without using hypothermia. However, the mechanisms of BMR adjustment remain unexplored. In the present study, we assessed the phenotypic variation in basal thermogenesis of Eurasian Tree Sparrows (<em>Passer montanus</em>) by comparing a control group to groups fasted for 6, 12, 18, and 24 h. We focused on the correlation between a reduction in energy metabolism and the alterations of cellular metabolic activities, mitochondrial substrate supply, and changes in serum thyroid hormones during fasting. Our data indicated that fasting groups had significantly lower body mass, BMR, body temperature, and body fat content. Furthermore, fasting groups had significantly lower glycogen levels, mitochondrial state 4 respiration and cytochrome <em>c</em> oxidase (CCO) activity in the liver, and CCO activity in pectoral muscle. The levels of avian uncoupling protein (<em>av-UCP</em>) mRNA were significantly reduced, while the levels of myostatin protein in pectoral muscle were significantly increased in the fasting groups. Furthermore, the groups subjected to fasting exhibited significantly lower levels of serum glucose, triglyceride, thyroxine (T₄), and triiodothyronine (T₃). Positive correlations were observed between the following pairs of variables: log BMR and log body mass, log body mass and log body fat, log BMR and log state 4 respiration in the liver, log BMR and log CCO activity in the liver and muscle, log BMR and log <em>av-UCP</em> mRNA expression, whereas a negative correlation was observed between log BMR and log myostatin level. In addition, a positive correlation was also detected between log T₃ and each of the following: log BMR, state 4 respiration, and log CCO activity in the liver. Our results suggested that decreased metabolic thermogenesis via down-regulation in cellular aerobic capacity of organs and serum thyroid hormones may be an important survival strategy for fasting Tree Sparrows to reduce energy expenditure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"Article 100220"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are urbanization, biotic and social factors associated with the song frequency and song entropy attributes of three urban syntopic passerines?","authors":"Xhareni Díaz-Lezama ,&nbsp;Alejandro Ariel Ríos-Chelén ,&nbsp;Jorge Castellanos-Albores ,&nbsp;Paula L. Enríquez","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban environments have challenging characteristics for bird acoustic communication. High levels of anthropogenic noise, as well as vegetation structure (e.g., in urban parks), can potentially affect the song frequency characteristics of several bird species. An additional factor such as the abundance of conspecific and heterospecific vocalizing birds may play an important role in determining the structure of bird songs. In this study, we analyzed whether noise levels, vegetation percentage, and abundance of conspecifics and heterospecifics influence the song characteristics of three syntopic songbird species: House Finch (<em>Haemorhous mexicanus</em>), Rufous-collared Sparrow (<em>Zonotrichia capensis</em>), and House Sparrow (<em>Passer domesticus</em>) living in urban sites. We recorded songs of these species and measured the peak frequency and entropy of their songs at 14 sites in the city of San Cristobal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. We found that the song peak frequency of House Finch and House Sparrow's songs was negatively related to the vegetation. The peak frequency of neither of the three species correlated with the average noise level. However, the abundances of conspecific and heterospecific were related to the peak frequency of the three species' songs. The entropy of the House Finch and House Sparrow songs was positively and negatively related, respectively, to noise levels. House Sparrow song entropy was negatively related to the percentage of vegetation. Song entropy of House Finches was negatively associated to conspecific and House Sparrow abundance. Song entropy of Rufous-collared Sparrows was positively related to conspecific abundance. In conclusion, the song peak frequency and song entropy of the three songbird species were differentially related to urban noise, vegetation, and conspecific and heterospecific abundance, suggesting these factors influence bird song characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"Article 100219"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inability of recognizing offspring underlies parental errors in the selection of offspring","authors":"Lifang Gao ,&nbsp;Wen Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenjing Zhu ,&nbsp;Yichen Wu ,&nbsp;Ran Xu ,&nbsp;Ningning Sun ,&nbsp;Yujie Wang ,&nbsp;Biyun Jia ,&nbsp;Bo Du","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inclusive fitness theory posits that altruistic behaviors, which are directed more likely towards relatives, should be favored by natural selection. However, the prevalence of alternative parenting behaviors in offspring selection, including rejecting their own offspring and accepting the offspring of others, remains poorly understood within the context of parental care evolution. In order to investigate the factors that prompt the occurrence of alternative parenting behaviors, we designed a series of experiments in the Azure-winged Magpie (<em>Cyanopica cyanus</em>). By manipulating the nest spatial position or offspring age/number and parent-offspring familiarity, we addressed how parents provided parental care for the manipulated offspring. In the nest resettlement experiment, the probability of parents rejecting their own offspring significantly increased with nest-moving distances while decreased with offspring ages. In the cross-fostering experiments, the probability of parents provisioning unrelated young significantly decreased with the age difference between cross-fostered chicks. In the nest duplication experiments, where parents were given a choice between familiar offspring and unfamiliar unrelated chicks or between unfamiliar offspring and familiar unrelated chicks, the probability of both alternative parenting behaviors was significantly influenced by the time when parental association with their offspring was deprived. We conclude that as offspring phenotypic traits become individualized and fixed at a special developmental stage, parents gradually acquire the capacity for offspring recognition by associating with them. Any factors that disrupt parent–offspring association or introduce unrelated young into the nest prior to this critical timeline can result in the occurrence of alternative parenting behaviors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"Article 100218"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nestlings of two parrotbill species can independently evaluate the presence of predators based on acoustic cues","authors":"Jiaojiao Wang ,&nbsp;Peng Pan ,&nbsp;Haijie Zhang ,&nbsp;Laikun Ma ,&nbsp;Qindong Zhou ,&nbsp;Longwu Wang ,&nbsp;Jianhua Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nest predation is the leading cause of reproductive failure in birds and a major driving force in the evolution of anti-predation strategies. Current studies on the anti-predation strategies of birds driven by predation pressure have mainly focused on adults. However, the detection and behavioral responses of nestlings toward predation risk require further investigation. In this study, we examined nestling responses to predator sounds. Two species of nestlings, the Reed Parrotbill (<em>Paradoxornis heudei</em>) and Vinous-throated Parrotbill (<em>Sinosuthora webbiana</em>), were exposed to the Sparrowhawk (<em>Accipiter nisus</em>, less common) and Oriental Magpie (<em>Pica serica</em>, more common), which are predator species, the Oriental Turtle Dove (<em>Streptopelia orientalis</em>), which is a commonly found harmless species, and background noise. Our findings revealed that compared to pre-playback of natural begging and playback of background noise and Oriental Turtle Dove sounds, playback of the two predator types decreased the total begging time and total number of calls of the two nestlings species, with the calls of the Sparrowhawk leading to greater suppression of nestling begging behavior than those of the Oriental Magpie. Therefore, our results indicated that these nestlings were able to distinguish predators from harmless species based on auditory cues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"Article 100217"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No evidence of predator odor avoidance in a North American bird community","authors":"Austin Dotta,&nbsp;Batur Yaman,&nbsp;Alex Van Huynh","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent advances in our understanding of avian chemical communication have highlighted the importance of olfaction in many aspects of avian life. Prior studies investigating predator avoidance behaviors in response to predator odor cues have produced mixed results across species and contexts. Here we assess if a community of birds in eastern Pennsylvania displays avoidance behaviors towards predator odor cues in a natural foraging setting. We use clay caterpillars to measure foraging activity by birds in the presence of predator (bobcat) urine, non-predator (rabbit) urine, and water controls in two different environmental contexts (field vs. forest). Although we detected a weak trend for birds to forage less at predator urine-treated sites, we found no significant difference in avian foraging between the site types. We did find that foraging rates between environmental contexts changed significantly over the course of the experiment, with forest sites showing decreasing foraging rates and field sites showing increasing foraging rates. Our results reinforce the published literature that avoidance of predator odors by birds may not be ubiquitous across contexts and species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100155"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2053716623000816/pdfft?md5=c2b46d03288600cadeb669ee9ee4b7fb&pid=1-s2.0-S2053716623000816-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139064053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habitat preferences and nest site selection by sympatric populations of Middle Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocoptes medius) and Syrian Woodpecker (Dendrocopos syriacus) in natural mountain forests of Southwest Iran","authors":"Arya Shafaeipour ,&nbsp;Jerzy Michalczuk ,&nbsp;Behzad Fathinia","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We examined habitat preferences and nesting requirements of sympatric populations of Middle Spotted Woodpecker (<em>Dendrocoptes medius</em>) and Syrian Woodpecker (<em>Dendrocopos syriacus</em>). We carried out our study in 2015–2018 in natural mountain forests of Southwest Iran. We compared selected features of nesting, territory, and outside territory tree stands of the studied woodpeckers. The Middle Spotted Woodpecker occupied only oak forests, but the Syrian Woodpecker inhabited heterogenic forests that included the preferred tree of this species, the Mount Atlas Mastic. We recorded that in the breeding territories of the Middle Spotted Woodpecker, a greater area covered by tree crowns, as well as a larger number of trees, and a larger trunk basal area were observed in comparison to the territories occupied by the more plastic Syrian Woodpecker. Different habitat preferences demonstrated by both species could be a result of the selection of tree stands that provide the necessary food resources for each woodpecker species. Adaptation of Syrian Woodpecker to use heterogenic forest stands including tree species that produce fruits and as Mount Atlas Mastic trees, which likely allowed this species to colonise in Asia and Europe non-forest tree stands as orchards or gardens. Our results showed that poor tree condition and large tree trunk dimensions had a positive impact on the selection of nesting sites by both species. The presence of trees with large trunk dimensions was associated with multiple years of use of woodpecker breeding sites in the studied forests. Maintaining habitats in suitable condition for both studied woodpeckers can be achieved by preserving natural forests in the mountain regions of Iran.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100167"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2053716624000100/pdfft?md5=46fe83dc592f3b4c6143aac835e9d073&pid=1-s2.0-S2053716624000100-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140004741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}