Avian Research最新文献

{"title":"eDNA enhances detection efficiency but reveals lower waterbird diversity: A comparison with point counting method","authors":"Hongming Shuai ,&nbsp;Xiaoru Liu ,&nbsp;Yigui Zhang,&nbsp;Yuqi Sun,&nbsp;Hao Li,&nbsp;Zhongqiu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental DNA (eDNA) methods have emerged as a promising tool for studying a broad spectrum of biological taxa. However, metabarcoding studies of avian biodiversity using eDNA have received little attention. In this study, we compared waterbird biodiversity derived from eDNA metabarcoding with that obtained from traditional point counting surveys at 23 sites in Tai Lake of eastern China and evaluated the accuracy of eDNA metabarcoding for waterbird community studies. The point counting method recorded a higher total number of waterbird species (22) compared to the eDNA technique (16). While eDNA achieved a 74.5% detection rate for waterbird species and was able to identify a significantly greater number of species (12.48 ± 1.97) at each sampling site than point counting method (6.13 ± 2.69), particularly highlighting several rare and elusive species, it failed to detect some species commonly observed by the point counting method. The alpha diversity analysis revealed no significant differences in waterbird diversity between the eDNA method and the point counting method, except that the eDNA method exhibited lower Pielou evenness. Waterbird eDNA sequencing abundance correlated significantly with species occurrence, whereas Spearman's analysis indicated no significant difference between eDNA sequence abundance and species abundance from the point counting method. eDNA method detected no significant difference in waterbird composition between sampling sites, while the point counting method revealed significant differences. Consequently, eDNA is an effective complementary tool for assessing the diversity of wintering waterbirds in lakes, though it is unable to capture the full diversity of waterbird communities. It is crucial to develop sampling strategies that comprehensively monitor species composition and integrate eDNA with traditional survey methods for accurate evaluation of community structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"16 2","pages":"Article 100236"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143687508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of eDNA technology in avian monitoring: Current status, challenges and future perspectives","authors":"Ying Ke ,&nbsp;Tong Liu ,&nbsp;Chenglong Han ,&nbsp;Xue Yu ,&nbsp;Jinmei Wang ,&nbsp;Laixing Ding ,&nbsp;Hongliang Pan ,&nbsp;Xunqiang Mo ,&nbsp;Xueqiang Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100235","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100235","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, environmental DNA (eDNA) has garnered significant attention as a novel tool in biodiversity monitoring, recognized for its efficiency, convenience, and non-invasiveness. Despite its extensive application in various ecological studies, such as conservation, invasion biology, biomonitoring and biodiversity survey assessment, its use in avian monitoring remains in its infancy. This review critically examines the potential and limitations of eDNA technology for avian monitoring, focusing on current advancements and ongoing challenges in this emerging field. Water and air are the primary environmental media for collecting avian eDNA, although other sources like spider webs and plant flowers have been explored as well. Notably, airborne eDNA has been reported to capture the highest diversity of avian species. While avian eDNA technology has shown promise for monitoring rare and endangered species and assessing avian diversity, significant challenges remain, particularly in sampling strategies, DNA extraction methodology, primer selection, and ascertain abundance. Additionally, we discussed the factors influencing the production, transportation, and degradation of avian eDNA in the environment. Finally, we suggested future research directions, including optimizing sampling strategies, developing avian-specific universal primers, expanding avian DNA barcode databases, enhancing eDNA detectability, and integrating environmental RNA (eRNA) and eDNA approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"16 2","pages":"Article 100235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shallow water habitats provide high-quality foraging environments for the Spoon-billed Sandpiper at a critical staging site","authors":"Lili Sun ,&nbsp;Hongyan Yang ,&nbsp;Xiuyuan Lu ,&nbsp;Ting Fu ,&nbsp;Jia Guo ,&nbsp;Sicheng Ren ,&nbsp;Waner Liang ,&nbsp;Qing Chen ,&nbsp;Dongming Li ,&nbsp;Theunis Piersma ,&nbsp;Nicola Crockford ,&nbsp;Yifei Jia ,&nbsp;Guangchun Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Abundant food supply is crucial for the survival of long-distance migratory birds. The continued population decline of the Spoon-billed Sandpiper (<em>Calidris pygmeae</em>), a critically endangered shorebird, is primarily attributed to habitat loss and degradation. However, significant gaps remain in research on their diet and foraging habitat selection, limiting effective conservation and restoration efforts. In this study, we investigated the composition of macrobenthic communities, analyzing habitat and prey selection at the main foraging area of SBS in Tiaozini, Jiangsu Province of eastern China—their most critical staging site during southward migration. Our findings revealed 25 species of macrobenthos in foraging areas, with mobile epibenthos comprising the largest group by biomass, accounting for 73%, and having higher density and biomass nearshore. Observations of foraging Spoon-billed Sandpiper individuals indicated that shallow water habitats were their preferred foraging environments, where mobile epibenthos, which thrive in these habitats after the tide recedes, made up 81% of their biomass intake. We propose that shallow water habitats in intertidal mudflats serve as essential refuges for mobile epibenthos after tidal retreat, thereby providing Spoon-billed Sandpipers with access to high-quality food resources. Habitat protection efforts should prioritize habitats harboring extensive microhabitats with shallow water, especially the nearshore area, and further research is needed to explore the mechanisms underlying the formation of these microhabitats, with the ultimate goal of restoring more high-quality habitats for the Spoon-billed Sandpiper.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"16 2","pages":"Article 100233"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DFEFM: Fusing frequency correlation and mel features for robust edge bird audio detection","authors":"Yingqi Wang ,&nbsp;Luyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiangjian Xie ,&nbsp;Junguo Zhang ,&nbsp;Rui Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) technology is increasingly becoming one of the mainstream methods for bird monitoring. However, detecting bird audio within complex natural acoustic environments using PAM devices remains a significant challenge. To enhance the accuracy (ACC) of bird audio detection (BAD) and reduce both false negatives and false positives, this study proposes a BAD method based on a Dual-Feature Enhancement Fusion Model (DFEFM). This method incorporates per-channel energy normalization (PCEN) to suppress noise in the input audio and utilizes mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) and frequency correlation matrices (FCM) as input features. It achieves deep feature-level fusion of MFCC and FCM on the channel dimension through two independent multi-layer convolutional network branches, and further integrates Spatial and Channel Synergistic Attention (SCSA) and Multi-Head Attention (MHA) modules to enhance the fusion effect of the aforementioned two deep features. Experimental results on the DCASE2018 BAD dataset show that our proposed method achieved an ACC of 91.4% and an AUC value of 0.963, with false negative and false positive rates of 11.36% and 7.40%, respectively, surpassing existing methods. The method also demonstrated detection ACC above 92% and AUC values above 0.987 on datasets from three sites of different natural scenes in Beijing. Testing on the NVIDIA Jetson Nano indicated that the method achieved an ACC of 89.48% when processing an average of 10 s of audio, with a response time of only 0.557 s, showing excellent processing efficiency. This study provides an effective method for filtering non-bird vocalization audio in bird vocalization monitoring devices, which helps to save edge storage and information transmission costs, and has significant application value for wild bird monitoring and ecological research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"16 2","pages":"Article 100232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chinese Blackbirds (Turdus mandarinus) mimic electric moped sounds with lower consistency and frequencies","authors":"Changjian Fu ,&nbsp;Vishal Kumar Prasad ,&nbsp;Xiaochun Wang ,&nbsp;Zhongqiu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Passerine mimics often imitate various vocalizations from other bird species and incorporate these sounds into their song repertoires. While a few anecdotes reported that wild songbirds imitated human-associated sounds, besides captive parrots and songbirds, systemic and quantitative studies on human-made sound mimicry in wild birds remain scarce. In this study, we investigated the mimetic accuracy and consistency of electric moped sounds imitated by an urban bird, the Chinese Blackbird (<em>Turdus mandarinus</em>). We found that: (1) Only one type of electric moped sound was imitated, i.e., 13 of 26 males mimicked the first part of the antitheft alarm, a phrase containing a series of identical notes. (2) The mimicry produced by male Chinese Blackbirds had fewer notes and lower consistency within phrases compared to the model alarms. (3) The mimicry of male Chinese Blackbirds was imperfect, i.e., most of the acoustic parameters differed from the model alarms. Additionally, mimetic notes were lower in frequency than the models. Mimetic notes from two areas were also different in acoustic structures, suggesting Chinese Blackbirds might learn mimicry mainly from conspecific neighbors within each area respectively rather than electric mopeds, namely the secondary mimicry. Imperfect mimicry of human-made sounds could result from cost and physical constraints, associated with high consistency, frequency, and repetitions. Consequently, Chinese Blackbirds copied a simplified version of electric moped alarms. We recommend further attention to mimic species inhabiting urban ecosystems to better understand vocal mimicry's adaptation to ongoing urbanization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"16 2","pages":"Article 100231"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing for assortative mating based on migratory phenotypes in the Common Tern (Sterna hirundo)","authors":"Simon Piro,&nbsp;Angela Schmitz Ornés","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tracking and mating data of Common Terns (<em>Sterna hirundo</em>) breeding in a single colony in north-eastern Germany were used to test for assortative mating in regards to migratory phenotypes. These birds use the eastern and western African migration routes and three different wintering areas along the African coast. However, no assortative mating was found for either migratory route or wintering area, as birds using both flyways and all three wintering areas paired randomly, which might be explained by a lack of difference in the arrival date at the colony between the groups. These results might indicate a low degree of genetic fixation of migratory route and wintering area in the Common Tern, which might hint that migratory direction and wintering sites could be passed to young terns via social learning, either by joining the parents or migratory flocks of conspecifics. If migratory phenotypes are passed on by a parent, it seems more likely that it is passed from father to young, as female Common Terns tend to leave the colony earlier and males provide the majority of post-fledging care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"16 2","pages":"Article 100230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond amplitude: Phase integration in bird vocalization recognition with MHAResNet","authors":"Jiangjian Xie ,&nbsp;Zhulin Hao ,&nbsp;Chunhe Hu ,&nbsp;Changchun Zhang ,&nbsp;Junguo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bird vocalizations are pivotal for ecological monitoring, providing insights into biodiversity and ecosystem health. Traditional recognition methods often neglect phase information, resulting in incomplete feature representation. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to bird vocalization recognition (BVR) that integrates both amplitude and phase information, leading to enhanced species identification. We propose MHAResNet, a deep learning (DL) model that employs residual blocks and a multi-head attention mechanism to capture salient features from logarithmic power (POW), Instantaneous Frequency (IF), and Group Delay (GD) extracted from bird vocalizations. Experiments on three bird vocalization datasets demonstrate our method's superior performance, achieving accuracy rates of 94%, 98.9%, and 87.1% respectively. These results indicate that our approach provides a more effective representation of bird vocalizations, outperforming existing methods. This integration of phase information in BVR is innovative and significantly advances the field of automatic bird monitoring technology, offering valuable tools for ecological research and conservation efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"Article 100229"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disentangling the relative effects of semi-natural habitats within different landscape agricultural intensities on bird communities","authors":"Wenyu Xu ,&nbsp;Yongshan Xu ,&nbsp;Zheng Han ,&nbsp;Jiyuan Yao ,&nbsp;Piotr Tryjanowski ,&nbsp;Haitao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The process of agricultural intensification has led to significant reductions in biodiversity globally. Previous studies examined the role of semi-natural habitats within agroecosystems in supporting bird communities, but few have considered the effects of landscape agricultural intensity on avian conservation potential of semi-natural habitats. Here, we disentangle the relative effects of semi-natural habitats within different landscape agricultural intensities on bird community composition in central and eastern Jilin Province, China. We established 322 sampling sites distributed across low, middle, and high landscape agricultural intensities, with 103, 118, and 101 sites respectively. Each sampling site was visited two times in May and June 2023 to test the dissimilarities in bird composition between different landscape agricultural intensities. We found that middle-intensity agriculture supported the highest bird diversity in most cases, but low-intensity plays an important role in maintaining insectivorous birds. We used generalized linear models and model selection to assess the relative impacts of semi-natural habitats on bird community along agricultural intensity respectively. Our results showed that the effects of agriculture on bird communities were predominantly influenced by the amount of semi-natural habitats, with effects that differ in accordance with the level of landscape agricultural intensity. Priority should be given to preserve or/and plant these semi-natural habitats in middle-intensity agriculture due to the stronger effect sizes on bird diversity. Specifically, we suggested preserving and promoting woodlands and shrubs in high-intensity agriculture, and simultaneously increasing crop diversity to protect bird diversity in agriculture landscapes in the context of increasing crop intensification globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"Article 100228"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143429655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does wetland degradation impact bird diversity differently across seasons? A case study of Zoige Alpine Wetland ecosystem","authors":"Chen Yang ,&nbsp;Siheng Chen ,&nbsp;Tianpei Guan","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wetland degradation is an escalating global challenge with profound impacts on animal diversity, particularly during successional processes. Birds, as highly mobile and environmentally sensitive organisms, serve as effective indicators of ecological change. While previous studies have primarily focused on local community structures and species diversity during a specific season, there is a need to extend the research timeframe and explore broader spatial variations. Additionally, expanding from simple species diversity indices to more multidimensional diversity indices would provide a more comprehensive understanding of wetland health and resilience. To address these gaps, we investigated the effects of wetland degradation on bird diversity across taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional dimensions in the Zoige Wetland, a plateau meadow wetland biodiversity hotspot. Surveys were conducted during both breeding (summer) and overwintering (winter) seasons across 20 transects in 5 sampling areas, representing 4 degradation levels (pristine, low, medium, and high). Our study recorded a total of 106 bird species from 32 families and 14 orders, revealing distinct seasonal patterns in bird community composition and diversity. Biodiversity indices were significantly higher in pristine and low-degraded wetlands, particularly benefiting waterfowl (Anseriformes, Ciconiiformes) and wading birds (Charadriiformes) in winter, when these areas provided superior food resources and habitat conditions. In contrast, medium and highly degraded wetlands supported increased numbers of terrestrial birds (Passeriformes) and raptors (Accipitriformes, Falconiformes). Seasonal differences in taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity indices highlighted the contrasting ecological roles of wetlands during breeding and overwintering periods. Furthermore, indicator species analysis revealed key species associated with specific degradation levels and seasons, providing valuable insights into wetland health. This study underscores the importance of spatiotemporal dynamics in understanding avian responses to wetland degradation. By linking seasonal patterns of bird diversity to habitat conditions, our findings contribute to conservation efforts and provide a framework for assessing wetland degradation and its ecological impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"Article 100227"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143471420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three subspecies of Black-tailed Godwit share non-breeding sites in the world's largest river delta","authors":"Delip K. Das ,&nbsp;Wouter M.G. Vansteelant ,&nbsp;Bingrun Zhu ,&nbsp;Shariful Islam ,&nbsp;Naim Khandakar ,&nbsp;Marco van der Velde ,&nbsp;Chris J. Hassell ,&nbsp;Jesse R. Conklin ,&nbsp;Pierrick Bocher ,&nbsp;Jos C.E.W. Hooijmeijer ,&nbsp;Yvonne I. Verkuil ,&nbsp;Theunis Piersma","doi":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the non-breeding season (September–April), Black-tailed Godwits (<em>Limosa limosa</em>) are commonly seen in coastal and inland wetlands of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta in Bangladesh. We hypothesize that the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta, at the overlap between the Central Asian and East Asian–Australasian flyways, may host three subspecies that breed in disjunct areas of temperate and northern Asia: <em>L. l. limosa</em>, <em>L. l. melanuroides</em>, and <em>L. l. bohaii</em>. We used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype network and biometric analysis to determine subspecies in captured individuals, and deployed GPS–GSM transmitters to verify breeding areas of individuals with subspecies assignments. To test for differential habitat preferences, we sampled birds at two ecologically distinct habitats known to host the largest concentrations of non-breeding Black-tailed Godwits in Bangladesh: Nijhum Dweep National Park, a tidal coastal habitat with brackish water on the south-central coast, and Tanguar Haor (‘backmarsh’), a seasonal freshwater floodplain in the north. During the non-breeding seasons of 2021–2022 and 2022–2023, we sampled and measured 93 Black-tailed Godwits, 54 of which were equipped with GPS–GSM transmitters. Our mtDNA haplotype network analysis confirmed the presence of <em>limosa</em>, <em>melanuroides</em>, and <em>bohaii</em> subspecies at the study sites. Thus, indeed, Black-tailed Godwits subspecies, despite having distinct breeding ranges, exhibit (partially) overlapping non-breeding ranges in Asia. The subspecies composition differed significantly between sites, with <em>limosa</em> and <em>bohaii</em> dominating in Tanguar Haor and <em>melanuroides</em> in Nijhum Dweep. Of the 21 individuals that were tracked to their breeding grounds, 18 migrated to the expected breeding range of their respective subspecies. However, one bird with a <em>limosa</em> haplotype migrated to a known breeding area of <em>bohaii</em>, whereas two birds with <em>melanuroides</em> haplotypes migrated to the supposed breeding range of <em>limosa</em>. Therefore, while ecological factors at both ends of the flyways may shape the morphological and behavioural differences between Black-tailed Godwit subspecies, their delineations and possible gene flow require further studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51311,"journal":{"name":"Avian Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"Article 100226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}