International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced UPFC Design for Voltage Stabilisation in Power Transmission System","authors":"Robert Agyare Ofosu,&nbsp;John Kojo Annan,&nbsp;Philip Blewushie,&nbsp;Prince Asiedu","doi":"10.1155/etep/5381302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/5381302","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Voltage instability poses a major threat to the availability and efficacy of modern power transmission networks. Traditional voltage regulation techniques such as capacitor banks and proportional integral (PI) controllers often lack the adaptability and dynamic response required to handle rapid load variations and nonlinear grid conditions. This study investigates a particle swarm optimisation-adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (PSO-ANFIS) controller for the voltage-regulation loop of a unified power flow controller (UPFC) installed in a 500 kV transmission system. The UPFC model consists of two 100 MVA, 48-pulse converters connected through a common DC link. The ANFIS controller was developed using input-output data obtained from the shunt-converter voltage regulator, while PSO was applied to optimise the Gaussian membership function parameters. The proposed controller was compared with conventional PI and standalone ANFIS controllers under identical step changes in active and reactive power references. The PSO-ANFIS controller achieved a settling time of 0.3676 s, an overshoot of 0.27% and a mean squared error of 0.002883. Relative to the PI controller, these results represent reductions of approximately 34.66% in settling time, 88.11% in overshoot and 98.73% in mean squared error. The results indicate that PSO tuning mainly improves tracking accuracy and transient damping. The study demonstrates the potential of PSO-ANFIS-based UPFC control for improving voltage regulation in transmission systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/5381302","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Fault Diagnosis and Classification of High-Voltage Transmission Lines Based on an Improved CNN Model","authors":"Qiugen Pei,&nbsp;Haiyan Li,&nbsp;Jiaxin Lin,&nbsp;Weicong Ruan,&nbsp;Qiang Yan,&nbsp;Guanshou Chen","doi":"10.1155/etep/5789281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/5789281","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To address the limitations of traditional convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in high-voltage transmission-line fault diagnosis, where fixed local receptive fields are difficult to represent broadband transient multiscale features and purely data-driven paradigms lack physical consistency, a physics-guided Fourier operator convolutional network (PG-FCNN) is proposed. First, a frequency-domain convolution module based on a Fourier neural operator is designed to extract multiscale transient features within the effective frequency band using a global receptive field. Second, a physics decoder based on the telegrapher’s equations is incorporated in parallel, with the residual of the distributed-parameter transmission-line model used as a physics-based regularization constraint. A dataset containing 127,450 samples is constructed using real fault-recording data from 87,500 kV and 220 kV transmission lines in a regional power grid in China from 2015 to 2025. Experimental results show that PG-FCNN achieves a diagnostic accuracy of 98.82%, with macroaveraged precision, recall, and F1 score of 96.94%, 97.61%, and 97.26%, respectively. In the ablation experiment, the macroaveraged F1 scores of the baseline CNN, CNN + physics, F-CNN, and PG-FCNN are approximately 94.3%, 95.7%, 96.5%, and 97.2%, respectively. Compared with F-CNN, PG-FCNN further improves macroaveraged precision, recall, and F1 score by approximately 0.8, 0.8, and 0.7 percentage points, respectively. Across five independent runs, the accuracy and macroaveraged F1 score of PG-FCNN are 98.82% ± 0.02% and 97.26% ± 0.03%, respectively. After removing the physics decoder during inference, the computational cost is only 0.33 GFLOPs. Compared with CNN-LSTM, ResNet-18, and transformer, PG-FCNN achieves the highest accuracy and macroaveraged F1 score and maintains diagnostic accuracies of 93.61%–95.33% under nonideal operating conditions, including noise, CT saturation, high-resistance grounding, and channel loss. The results can provide technical support for high-voltage transmission-line fault diagnosis under complex operating conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/5789281","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergency Support Method of Industrial Distribution Network Considering Active Participation of Public Sector Electric Vehicles","authors":"Mingyi Li,&nbsp;Jian Wang,&nbsp;Dong Yin,&nbsp;Junhui Shi,&nbsp;Jinxin Ouyang,&nbsp;Xiaofu Xiong","doi":"10.1155/etep/1106843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/1106843","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To mitigate the impact of extreme load scenarios and equipment faults caused by extreme weather on the industrial distribution network, this paper proposes an optimization method to integrate electric vehicles (EVs) in the public sector into the active participation in load support and fault recovery in the industrial distribution network. First, the operation mode and charging/discharging patterns of electric buses, electric logistics trucks, and electric sanitation vehicles are analyzed. Second, based on their original work schedules, the adjustable power of public sector EVs in each time period is derived, and a real-time adjustable power calculation model is constructed. Then, considering the operation and economic factors of the distribution network, an optimization model for emergency support is proposed. The model aims to maximize weighted load equivalent recovery rate and minimize the total number of switch actions, with the active participation of a photovoltaic-storage-charging integrated station (PSCIS) containing multiple EVs. Finally, the effectiveness of public sector EVs participation in improving operational safety and postdisaster recovery in industrial distribution networks is validated. The results demonstrate that the proposed method leverages the advantages of various types of public sector EVs resources and improves the resilience of the industrial distribution network after weather disasters.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/1106843","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coordinated Control Strategy for Power Quality in Microgrids With Multiple Parallel Inverters","authors":"Peng Wang","doi":"10.1155/etep/1978199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/1978199","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To address the lack of coordination among frequency restoration, voltage restoration, reactive power sharing, and voltage unbalance compensation in islanded microgrids with multiple distributed generators (DGs) under unbalanced load conditions, this paper proposes a coordinated control strategy for DGs and a static var generator (SVG) based on a networked hierarchical control architecture. The proposed control framework consists of a local control layer and a distributed secondary control layer. In the local control layer, droop control, dual-loop voltage/current control, and selective virtual impedance are employed to ensure stable system operation and proper reactive power sharing. In the distributed secondary control layer, an event-triggered consensus-based control strategy is developed to achieve frequency restoration, voltage restoration, and coordinated reactive power regulation while reducing communication burden without compromising control performance. Furthermore, a coordinated DG–SVG compensation mechanism is proposed to dynamically allocate voltage unbalance and reactive power compensation according to the compensation capability of the DGs. When the compensation capability of the DGs becomes insufficient, the SVG is activated to provide supporting compensation, thereby avoiding excessive reliance on a single compensation device and improving the overall voltage quality and compensation capability of the microgrid. The simulation results show that the proposed control strategy can achieve the rapid recovery of frequency and voltage, and the effective suppression of voltage unbalance. Compared to the time-triggered control strategy, the communication times can be reduced by 77%, and the response speed in reactive power sharing can be reduced by 1.3 s. It can still maintain good performance in a nonideal communication environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/1978199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“High-Accuracy Fault Detection and Compensation in Boost Converters: An Observer-Based Approach With 3-Sigma Threshold”","authors":"Khennane Kheira Asmaa,&nbsp;Guentri Hocine,&nbsp;Dahbi Abdeldjalil","doi":"10.1155/etep/1308103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/1308103","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The main benefit of fault detection in static converters is to increase operational safety, reliability, and system lifespan while reducing downtime, costs, and material or human risks. The general problem is to ensure the safe, continuous, and efficient operation of static converters despite the presence of faults by detecting them in time and compensating for them without excessively degrading the system. This paper presents a fault detection and active sensor fault-tolerant control (FTC) strategy for a DC–DC Boost converter integrated in DC power conversion applications. The Boost converter is modeled using its average state-space representation. A sensor fault is injected as a sudden 50% gain increase between 80 and 120 ms. A Luenberger observer is designed to estimate the inductor current and generate a residual signal for fault detection. A fixed threshold based on the 3-sigma method is used to trigger the fault flag. Once the fault is detected, an FTC mechanism replaces the faulty measurement with the observer’s estimate to ensure system stability. Simulation results in MATLAB validate the proposed approach. The statistical threshold ensures instantaneous fault detection (0.00 ms delay), while the active sensor FTC reconfiguration is completed within 2.0 ms. The strategy successfully limits transient switching overshoots to minimal values (0.0511 A for current, 0.1044 V for voltage). During the postfault period, the system maintains stable operation with a negligible steady-state voltage deviation of 0.298 V. It is clarified that the inherent steady-state errors (1.20% for voltage, 4.41% for current) originate from the numerical integration of the nominal model (yielding a simulation baseline of 2.00 A versus the 1.92 A theoretical value), rather than the FTC mechanism itself. The proposed method is simple, effective, and shows strong potential for DC microgrid applications., subject to practical hardware validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/1308103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Market Expansion for Prosumers Through Inter-Microgrid P2P Energy Trading: A Two-Level Structure","authors":"Ali Izanlo,&nbsp;Mohammad Tolue Khayami,&nbsp;Ehsan Farrokhi,&nbsp;Najib Hasani","doi":"10.1155/etep/3909534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/3909534","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Renewable energy sources have enabled consumers to not only consume but also produce electricity, becoming prosumers. This allows them to participate in peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading markets. Under such conditions, using market settlement mechanisms proposed in various studies, they can buy and sell energy. However, various factors, such as decision-making processes, cooperation or competition among market participants, uncertainty in renewable generation and demand, low purchase prices, or high selling prices, can influence settlement parameters and lead to a reduction in the volume of energy exchanged. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive P2P energy trading mechanism in which prosumers can trade not only within their microgrid but also with other microgrids. This expands the energy market and broadens the range of offers and requests. Game theory is used to model the behavior of participants in the trading process. In the proposed model, each microgrid has an operator who, on behalf of the prosumers, interacts with other operators. Each operator, based on the microgrid’s objective function, sets a rate (price/tariff) for managing the energy of prosumers in other microgrids. Given the set rates, prosumers decide how much energy to produce, i.e., they can sell part of their production inside the microgrid and part outside it. To achieve the best outcome and match buyers and sellers, a MILP optimization approach is used. Simulation results show that the proposed approach is much more effective than other existing approaches and increases prosumers’ incentives to maximize energy production.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/3909534","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Techno–Economic and Reliability Analysis of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Sustainable Mangrove Ecotourism","authors":"Md. Abu Rayhan,&nbsp;Hadiuzzaman Hadiuzzaman,&nbsp;Md. Moinul Alom Shovon,&nbsp;Sk. A. Shezan,&nbsp;Md. Fatin Ishraque,&nbsp;Ahmed Fhad Alrwaili,&nbsp;Nowshad Amin,&nbsp;Rayan Hamza Alsisi","doi":"10.1155/etep/1389745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/1389745","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The remote and ecologically sensitive nature of mangrove forests presents a significant challenge for sustainable electrification, often forcing ecotourism facilities to rely on expensive and polluting diesel generators. This study addresses this critical issue by developing and analyzing optimized hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) for three distinct mangrove ecotourism sites: The Sundarbans (Bangladesh), Can Gio (Vietnam), and Guaratiba (Brazil). An integrated methodology combining techno–economic optimization in HOMER Pro with dynamic stability validation in DIgSILENT PowerFactory was employed. The results demonstrate that optimally sized hybrid systems (comprising solar PV, wind, biomass, and battery storage) can achieve a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) between $0.112 and $0.215 per kWh, representing a 22%–35% reduction compared to diesel-only systems. Furthermore, these configurations enable a high renewable energy penetration of 80%–85%, resulting in a reduction of approximately 70% in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Crucially, the reliability analysis confirmed robust technical performance, with voltage deviations maintained within ±5% and fault recovery times of less than 2.0 s under dynamic grid disturbances. This research offers a comprehensive and replicable framework for achieving affordable, reliable, and low-carbon electrification in vulnerable ecosystems, thereby directly contributing to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7, 13, and 15.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/1389745","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Congestion Zoning in DSO Flexibility Markets Using Sensitivity Factors","authors":"Bence Bereczki,&nbsp;József Kiss,&nbsp;Péter M. Sőrés,&nbsp;Bálint Hartmann","doi":"10.1155/etep/4705617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/4705617","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rapid spread of intermittent renewable energy sources has created urgent technical challenges in distribution networks. Voltage and branch-flow limit violations are becoming increasingly common due to distributed generation and the effects of electrification. As traditional network management methods cannot effectively handle these issues, system operators are actively examining market-based flexibility procurement as an alternative coordination mechanism. In this paper, we investigate how the connection between network congestion and market-based flexibility products can be characterized using network sensitivity factors (SFs). We test whether SF matrices can be used not only to quantify the locational effect of flexibility resources but also to sparsify the clearing problem by limiting each congestion-related auction to flexibility providers with a substantial impact on the affected network constraint. This creates so-called congestion zones. SFs were defined for voltage and branch-flow constraints and then load flow calculations were executed in Matpower on real Hungarian and standard IEEE test networks, representing meshed high-voltage and radial medium-voltage topologies to analyse the effectiveness of active power interventions. SFs showed only minor dependence on the loading conditions of the examined grids, especially in normal operating ranges, and were not significantly affected by the magnitude of the flexibility service provider intervention, indicating that one SF calculation is sufficient for each switching state without affecting flexibility asset activation order. Results show that congestion zoning functions as a SF-based impact filtering. While this approach is well suited to radial MV/LV networks, in meshed HV networks, the relevant congestion zones cannot be derived from simple sensitivity-threshold criteria. Operational examples from Hungary’s first DSO flexibility market showed that the retained asset-constraint relation space could be reduced to 7.98% of the full relation space, while runtime benchmarks indicated approximately linear scaling of the network-calculation module with the number of MV feeders.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/4705617","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149145885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-Driven Risk Assessment Method for Voltage Sag Based on Convex Hull Domain","authors":"Yifan Wu,&nbsp;Yi Zhang,&nbsp;Jiazhong Zhang,&nbsp;Wei Zhao,&nbsp;Shuqi Zhang","doi":"10.1155/etep/7485841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/7485841","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Voltage sag risk assessment is of paramount importance for mitigating voltage sag losses and enhancing preventive measures. However, existing studies often assess either the likelihood or the severity of voltage sags and may not adequately account for the uncertainty and fuzziness of the resulting risk, resulting in suboptimal assessment outcomes. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a data-driven risk assessment method for voltage sags based on convex hull domain. First, a residual-voltage estimation model based on a dual-channel parallel hybrid neural network fuses features from one-dimensional measurements and two-dimensional grid-topology data to assess voltage-sag likelihood. Second, voltage-sag loss risk elements are identified from economic, safety, and user-psychology perspectives to characterize impact severity comprehensively. Finally, to accommodate the uncertainty and fuzziness of voltage-sag risk, DBSCAN is applied to the residual-voltage estimation results and comprehensive loss risk elements to generate a labeled set of voltage-sag risk points. The wrapping method is then used to construct convex hull risk domains and determine the corresponding risk levels. A case study on a modified IEEE 39-bus system incorporating actual user data shows that, relative to BP-NN, SVM, and DNN models, the proposed method reduces <i>I</i>_RMSE by 40%~80% and <i>I</i>_MAE by 50%~80% in residual voltage prediction. The resulting risk domain segmentation enables rapid and accurate risk level classification while representing the uncertainty and fuzziness of voltage sag risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/7485841","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Coordinated Control Strategy of Photovoltaic Energy Storage VSG Based on Fuzzy Control Fusion","authors":"Wenfang Tian,&nbsp;Songsong Song,&nbsp;Hui Xie,&nbsp;Qiuyang Qin,&nbsp;Yahua Zhu,&nbsp;Wei Han","doi":"10.1155/etep/1148446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/1148446","url":null,"abstract":"<p>When disturbances occur in a photovoltaic (PV) energy storage system, control strategies relying on conventional virtual synchronous generator (VSG) and traditional PI controller parameters can mitigate these disturbances to a certain extent. However, they often neglect the charging and discharging dynamics of the energy storage system, resulting in inadequate suppression performance. To tackle these issues, this paper proposes a coordinated control strategy for a PV energy storage VSG. First, the basic operating principles of the PV-ESS VSG are expounded. Then, by analyzing its dynamic response process, the impact of varying parameters on system performance is investigated. A fuzzy adaptive control method is introduced to implement the control of the PV-ESS VSG. Second, to mitigate the risk of the energy storage battery overcharging and overdischarging, an improved low-pass filtering method is utilized to achieve power distribution for the hybrid energy storage. Meanwhile, to better maintain the stability of the DC bus voltage during system fluctuations, a fuzzy adaptive PI control strategy is adopted to realize a double closed-loop control of voltage and current in the energy storage system. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is validated through Simulink simulations. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed coordinated control strategy not only effectively suppresses grid frequency disturbances but also regulates the battery SOC within an optimal range. Consequently, it effectively reduces microscale charge/discharge actions, contributing to the prolongation of the overall operational lifespan of the hybrid energy storage system.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/1148446","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149048598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}