International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems最新文献

{"title":"Real-Time Hyperstructural Adaptive Economic Model Predictive Control for Cost-Efficient Microgrid Operation","authors":"Pavel Vedel,&nbsp;Lukas Hubka","doi":"10.1155/etep/4353223","DOIUrl":"10.1155/etep/4353223","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Residential microgrids that couple photovoltaic generation with lithium-ion storage must curtail electricity expenditure while preserving battery health. Economic model predictive control (EMPC) is widely used for this task, yet a fixed formulation forces an unsatisfactory compromise: high-fidelity models shrink linearization error but breach real-time limits, whereas coarse models solve quickly at the price of missed savings when tariffs or demand shift. This study proposes a hyperstructural adaptive EMPC that reconfigures the optimization problem in real time. An intermediate-fidelity virtual evaluation model gauges whole-plant cost for each candidate setup; a stochastic local search then selects the most economical blend of prediction-horizon length, time-grid resolution, and admissible state-of-charge band, while a handover-consistency constraint forces seamless trajectory transfer between successive solutions. All adaptations retain a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) structure, allowing deployment on ordinary embedded hardware under a strict solve-time budget. Five-day closed-loop simulations on a grid-connected household show that the adaptive scheme lowers total operating cost by about 1% and reduces capacity fade rate by roughly a factor of 2.1 relative to a static EMPC of equal baseline fidelity. Redirecting computation toward the most profitable configuration thus delivers tangible economic and durability gains for low-voltage prosumers.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/4353223","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Fault Detection Method for Multiterminal Flexible DC Grids Based on Current Transient Energy Rate Ratio","authors":"Renwu Yan,&nbsp;Zhonghong Liu,&nbsp;Luebin Fang,&nbsp;Ning Yu,&nbsp;Zibin Su","doi":"10.1155/etep/6686641","DOIUrl":"10.1155/etep/6686641","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To address the challenge of weak fault transient characteristics in multiterminal flexible DC grids caused by transition resistance, DC reactors, and noise interference, which render traditional single-electrical-quantity detection methods ineffective, this paper proposes a fault identification scheme for flexible DC transmission systems based on the current transient energy rate ratio. Initially, it examines the distribution of energy release sources from a transient energy perspective, compares transient energy traits across different fault types, and derives fault current expressions. Subsequently, a virtual grounding point is used to simplify the postfault equivalent circuit, analyzing fault characteristics and distinguishing between internal and external faults. Based on these analyses, the concept of the current transient energy rate ratio is introduced, and a dual-terminal nonsynchronous protection strategy is developed. Additionally, Savitzky–Golay filtering is applied to denoise voltage and current signals from CTs and PTs at converter exits, effectively suppressing white noise interference and preventing false fault detection. Simulations in PSCAD/EMTDC validate its effectiveness in a four-terminal system, achieving rapid and accurate fault identification within 1 ms at a 10-kHz sampling frequency, with protection performance analyzed from multiple aspects.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/6686641","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Live Smart Autonomous Distributed Nonintrusive Load Monitoring With Open-Set, Multiappliance Load Identification and Online Load Noise Suppression and Elimination","authors":"Yu-Hsiu Lin,&nbsp;Yung-Yao Chen,&nbsp;Shih-Hao Wei","doi":"10.1155/etep/5702774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/5702774","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Effective demand-side management (DSM) can alleviate ever-increasing electricity demand required by, for instance, residential customers in downstream sectors of a smart grid. Different from traditional intrusive load monitoring conducted and used in a home energy management system (HEMS), energy disaggregation (i.e., nonintrusive load monitoring) can monitor relevant major electrical appliances in a nonintrusive and cost-effective fashion so as to ultimately achieve effective residential DSM. In this research, a live smart autonomous distributed energy disaggregation approach that is implemented in active edge-cloud collaborative computing is developed for live smart residential mains energy disaggregation at the edge, and its practical evaluation is showcased. The proposed approach is an autonomous edge-cloud collaborative two-phase energy disaggregation scheme that can achieve complex open-set load identification of single or multiple targeted unknown/new latent electrical appliances, whose implementation is horizontal federated learning-accommodated. The autonomous edge-cloud collaborative scheme implemented for live smart distributed energy disaggregation at the edge is a promising achievement, instead of transmitting raw private real-time load data to a central cloud server for traditional AI model training. In the two-phase energy disaggregation scheme, nonstationary/time-varying/unexpected nontargeted unknown loads as noisy loads including small loads can be combated during the offline load modeling and online <i>live load monitoring</i> phases for an enhanced achievement of smart distributed energy disaggregation at the edge. Practical evaluations are conducted and used to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the developed approach applied to a public electrical-end-use data (EEUD) dataset for live smart distributed residential mains energy disaggregation at the edge.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/5702774","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147585189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A High Voltage Gain Single-Switch Converter With Soft-Switching and EMI Mitigation","authors":"Ali Janghorban,&nbsp;Majid Delshad,&nbsp;Bahador Fani","doi":"10.1155/etep/9317966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/9317966","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, a high step-up DC–DC conversion topology incorporating soft-switching behavior is introduced. The proposed structure employs a combination of coupled-inductor boosting and switched-capacitor enhancement to achieve a substantial increase in voltage gain. A passive energy-recovery clamp is integrated into the design to alleviate the negative effects of leakage inductance and recycle the stored energy. By adopting this configuration, the main switch naturally satisfies soft-switching requirements, achieving zero-current switching at turn-on and zero-voltage switching at turn-off, which significantly minimizes switching losses and improves overall efficiency. The converter uses only a single active semiconductor device along with one magnetic core, resulting in a compact and economically attractive solution. Additionally, the input and output terminals share a common ground, improving system-level compatibility and simplifying implementation. Grounding the switch source further reduces the complexity of the gate-drive circuitry. To substantiate the analytical evaluation, a 200-W prototype was constructed and tested, demonstrating the practical viability of the proposed converter. The experimental results reveal a maximum efficiency of 95.6% at full load, while maintaining conducted EMI levels below 59 dB<i>μ</i>V, thereby meeting the CISPR 22 Class B requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/9317966","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147615240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Year-Long Robust DG Allocation and Probability-Based Battery Scheduling in Uncertain Hybrid Renewable Energy System Using GO and BRO Algorithms","authors":"Asad Abbas,&nbsp;Intisar Ali Sajjad,&nbsp;Jonghoon Kim","doi":"10.1155/etep/3504780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/3504780","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Escalating load demand at the distribution level necessitates the incorporation of distributed generators (DGs) into power systems. Consequently, the utilization of DGs into power systems based on renewable energy has become a primary approach in the pursuit of affordable and sustainable energy supply. However, this integration introduces significant challenges owing to the inherent variability and uncertainty of both the load and renewable energy sources, particularly wind- and photovoltaic-based DG. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a comprehensive strategy that utilizes the minimax regret criterion to optimize two types of DG allocation throughout an entire year with the latest metaheuristic algorithms in the presence of uncertain generation in hybrid renewable energy systems. In addition to this primary contribution, this study considers proportional probability–based optimal battery scheduling using a metaheuristic algorithm. The key achievement of this study is the formulation of a multiobjective optimization (MOP) framework that evaluates four objective indices: active power loss (APL), reactive power loss (RPL), total voltage deviation (TVD), and line stability (LS). To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that considers all four indices collectively for nonradial systems for such a comprehensive one-year problem. Moreover, this study analyzes the performance of the newly developed growth optimizer (GO) algorithm for optimal DG allocation and battery scheduling. Three case studies are meticulously examined (1) a system with optimal battery scheduling, (2) a system with optimal DG allocation, and (3) a system with optimal battery scheduling and DG allocation. These case studies provide valuable insights into the benefits and trade-offs of each approach, thereby demonstrating the importance of the proposed optimization framework. The findings are compared with those of the battle royale optimization (BRO) algorithm and reveal that optimal DG allocation significantly improves the performance of the hybrid renewable energy (HRE) system throughout the year.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/3504780","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147615060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis and Design of Enhanced Gain Two-Switch Modified DC–DC Converter","authors":"Hubert Tony Raj L.,&nbsp;Edward Rajan Samuel Nadar","doi":"10.1155/etep/1008021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/1008021","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a two-switch–modified DC–DC converter (TSMC) using voltage multiplier cells exhibiting enhanced voltage gain under reduced duty cycle, continuous input current, and minimized voltage stress across the switches. The proposed converter will be suited for renewable energy applications due to these enhancements. The steady-state analysis of TSMC is validated under continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). A steady-state analysis is conducted to investigate the operation of the converter, and its components are designed by adhering to a proper design procedure. The small-signal modelling of the proposed converter is also performed to verify the stability of the converter using the pole-zero positions. The TSMC is compared with the existing converters to prove its potential. The theoretical analysis of the proposed converter is validated using MATLAB simulation and experimental prototype results. The proposed converter is designed for a 100-W power rating to boost the voltage from 20 to 200 V at a 0.54 duty cycle with a 50-kHz switching frequency. Furthermore, the efficiency and power loss investigation are also discussed in this paper.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/1008021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147614834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forecasting and Optimization in Low-Carbon Microgrids: A Hybrid LLM–Based Approach With Synthetic Data and Prophet–XGBoost Baselines","authors":"Zhenyong Niu,&nbsp;Guanquan Dai,&nbsp;Rongsheng Zhou,&nbsp;Hammad Armghan,&nbsp;Naghmash Ali,&nbsp;Jiaxin Lv,&nbsp;Shunqi Zeng,&nbsp;Weixiang Zhang","doi":"10.1155/etep/6699358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/6699358","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Control and energy management of microgrids with increasing distributed energy resources (DERs) necessitate accurate renewables, load, and price forecasting. However, the creation of a cohesive and dependable forecasting-optimization framework capable of managing multisource data, nonlinear interdependencies, and operational uncertainties continues to be a research challenge. This paper introduces a hybrid framework combining large language models’ (LLMs) contextual reasoning with baseline time-series models such as Prophet, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and long short–term memory (LSTM) to bridge the gap between data-driven forecasting and dispatch optimization in microgrids. The framework is complemented by a carefully crafted synthetic data pipeline simulating weather-affected time-series of load, wind, solar, and price to capture real-world operating scenarios. After synthesizing the dataset, the hybrid forecast method leverages the LLM’s contextual sequence learning in combination with baseline priors, and the predictions are input into a CVXPY-based mixed-integer linear program (MILP) optimizer to solve least-cost, low-carbon power dispatch subject to demand and operational limitations. The results show that the proposed hybrid-LLM forecasting method provides superior results to conventional frameworks. Specifically, the LLM_XGBoost_Prophet configuration attains mean absolute percentage errors (MAPEs) of 3.68% in load, 9.86% in solar, 11.30% in wind, and 4.94% in price, with LSTM-based configurations realizing moderate boosts when supported by fallback baselines. The optimization phase limits grid imports to 100 kW and achieves an 83.6% combined contribution from renewables and storage while maintaining a carbon intensity of 0.091 kg CO₂/kWh. The results indicate the potential of utilizing hybrid-LLM forecasting together with CVXPY-based MILP optimization to form a robust decision-support system for modern low-carbon power systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/6699358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147567145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Verification of the Performance of a Nonlinear Regulator Based on Genetic Algorithms in Improving the Power Quality of DFIG","authors":"Habib Benbouhenni,&nbsp;Abdessmad Milles,&nbsp;Zakaria Mohamed Salem Elbarbary,&nbsp;Ilhami Colak,&nbsp;Nicu Bizon,&nbsp;Salman Arafath Mohammed","doi":"10.1155/etep/2186135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/2186135","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This experimental work investigates the energy control of the doubly fed induction generator. The energy control is performed using a direct power control based on a fractional-order proportional-integral (FOPI) regulator. The PI regulator parameters are calculated using a genetic algorithm. The use of this strategy ensures stable operation of the DFIG, superior performance, and higher reliability of the power supply. This strategy utilizes two FOPI controllers to control power and employs pulse width modulation to regulate the generator’s inverter operation. The FOPI controllers generate the voltage reference values. The use of a FOPI improves power quality and reduces the current total harmonic distortion compared to the PI regulator. First, the effectiveness of the FOPI regulator is tested in a multirotor turbine system using simulation. The efficacy of the FOPI regulator is then verified experimentally. The results of this study offer valuable insights into the potential of the designed controller in other industrial applications and its effectiveness in enhancing system performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/2186135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PV-Fed Center-Sourced Interleaved Multilevel Boost Converter–Fed H-Bridge Inverter for High-Power Applications","authors":"B. Manimekalai,&nbsp;M. Marimuthu,&nbsp;R. Vijay","doi":"10.1155/etep/6144340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/6144340","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper introduces a novel center-sourced interleaved multilevel boost converter with H-bridge inverter (CSIMBCI) that is specifically designed for high-power photovoltaic (PV) applications. Multiple interleaved boost converter stages are arranged in parallel and centrally energized by a PV array in the proposed topology. These stages interface with an H-bridge–based multilevel inverter to generate a high-quality AC output suitable for grid-tied and standalone systems. The CSIMBCI provides a number of significant benefits, including continuous input current, which significantly improves voltage gain at a lower duty cycle, and reduced current stress on power devices, which in turn enhances source stability and reduces input-side ripple while minimizing switching losses. The modular and scalable design of this architecture is a notable feature, as it allows for the incorporation of additional stages without modifying the central circuit, thereby simplifying system upgrades and customization. The converter’s efficacy in enhancing performance is validated by comprehensive simulations conducted in MATLAB/Simulink. The results demonstrate the system’s capacity to enhance overall efficiency, deliver superior power quality, and suppress output-side current to support multilevel voltage synthesis with minimal harmonic distortion, and eleven-level output is effectively generated by a hardware implementation that employs a 1-kW PV panel. The THD waveform meets the standard, ensuring minimal interference and energy loss. The CSIMBCI is a prospective solution for future PV systems that require scalable and high-performance DC–AC power conversion due to its reliable high-power operation, modular expandability, and efficient energy conversion. The results demonstrate the system’s capacity to enhance overall efficiency, deliver superior power quality, and suppress output-side current disturbance. Confirming the converter’s ability to support multilevel voltage synthesis with minimal harmonic distortion, an eleven-level output is effectively generated by a hardware implementation that employs a 1-kW PV panel with the efficiency of 93%.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/6144340","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cooperative Game–Based Operation Strategy for Multiple Virtual Power Plants Considering Multiple Electrical Commodities","authors":"Tianhui Zhao,&nbsp;Jingbo Zhao,&nbsp;Yongyong Jia,&nbsp;Guojiang Zhang,&nbsp;Yihan Wang,&nbsp;Wenwen Guo","doi":"10.1155/etep/3542598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/3542598","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the increasing integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and advancement of power market, the virtual power plants (VPPs) which aggregate the DERs to participate in market transactions, can provide multiple services as power electricity, reserve, and frequency regulation for power system operation. In this paper, a cooperative game–based operation strategy is proposed for multiple VPPs (MVPPs) with consideration of multiple electrical commodities. The energy-trading structure for MVPPs is established first and then the cooperative game alliance is built considering the consistency of individual and the global benefits. Correspondingly, the Nash bargaining cooperative game model with consideration of the multiple electrical commodities as electricity energy, reserve, and frequency regulation is constructed. An accelerated distributed solution strategy based on the alternating direction method of multipliers is proposed, which protects the information privacy of each entity. Numerical simulations are conducted on the test system which is constituted by three VPPs aggregating different kinds of DERs, while the accuracy and efficiency of proposed is verified.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/3542598","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}