Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications最新文献

{"title":"An in vitro bioinspired approach to enhance the bioactivity of titanium implants via electrophoretic deposition and biomimetic mineralization of type i collagen","authors":"Man Wang ,&nbsp;Muqi Jiang ,&nbsp;Qi Wang ,&nbsp;Yasheng Sun ,&nbsp;Zhixiang Nie ,&nbsp;William M. Palin ,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to explore the efficacy of Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) for collagen type I coating on titanium implants and its subsequent mineralization to improve osseointegration and bone regeneration.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Titanium disks were prepared with a sandblasted, large grit and acid-etched (SLA) surface. EPD was employed to deposit collagen type I onto the titanium surfaces, followed by two modes of mineralization: extra-fibril mineralization (EFM) and inter-fibril mineralization (IFM). Then comprehensive in vitro studies were conducted including surface properties, cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and inflammatory responses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>EPD successfully deposited a uniform collagen layer on titanium surfaces. EFM resulted in deposition of larger, irregularly shaped crystals, while IFM produced controlled, helical fibril mineralization. IFM-treated surfaces exhibited enhanced cell viability, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. Both EFM and IFM surfaces triggered higher macrophage activation than SLA surfaces. While EFM primarily induced a stronger M1 pro-inflammatory response, IFM exhibited a more balanced macrophage polarization with upregulated M2 markers at later stages.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>EPD, particularly when integrated with IFM, significantly enhances the bioactivity and osteogenic potential of collagen-coated titanium implants. This method surpasses traditional SLA surfaces by stabilizing the collagen layer and creating a biomimetic environment conducive to bone regeneration and healing through a balanced inflammatory response, offering a promising strategy to improve titanium implant performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 214110"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142632208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and characterization of neural stem cell-loaded conductive hydrogel cochlear implant electrode coatings","authors":"Zhiyi Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Yan ,&nbsp;Wenxin Chen ,&nbsp;Zhiping Tan ,&nbsp;Qingfeng Yan ,&nbsp;Qingqing Chen ,&nbsp;Xue Ding ,&nbsp;Jiahua Shen ,&nbsp;Min Gao ,&nbsp;Yang Yang ,&nbsp;Lulu Yu ,&nbsp;Fuzhi Lin ,&nbsp;Yong Fu ,&nbsp;Xiaoqiang Jin ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sensorineural deafness is a hearing impairment resulting from damage to the auditory nerve or inner ear hair cells. Currently, cochlear implants (CIs) are widely used as hearing aids for sensorineural deafness patients. A fundamental limitation of cochlear implants (CIs) is that spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) cannot be replenished. This greatly restricts the rehabilitation of sensorineural deafness. Additionally, the insertion of CIs can cause secondary cochlear damage, worsening the condition of the patients' cochlear. Therefore, a new type of neural stem cells (NSCs) loaded graphene oxide-polyaniline/GelMA (GO-PAni/GelMA) conductive hydrogel electrode for cochlear implant was fabricated via in-situ radical polymerization and cyclic UV curing technique. On the one hand, the hydrogel electrode, as a direct contact layer, helps to avoid the physical hurt for cochlear. On the other hand, NSCs were supplemented via the hydrogel carrier and neuronal differentiation was induced by electrical stimulation, which was validated by the experimental results of immunofluorescence, Phalloidin Staining and RT-qPCR. Furthermore, based on RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis, we hypothesized that the neuronal differentiation of NSCs was adjusted by the calcium signaling pathway and GABAergic synapse. Overall, our cell loading conductive hydrogel electrode may be an effective solution to sensorineural deafness. The revelation of the mechanism of neuronal differentiation promoted by electrical stimulation provides a basis for further sensorineural deafness treatment using conductive hydrogel CI electrode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 214109"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142677512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Processing and properties of graphene-reinforced polylactic acid nanocomposites for bioelectronic and tissue regenerative functions","authors":"Nan Li ,&nbsp;Mengjia Wang ,&nbsp;Haoyu Luo ,&nbsp;Stephen D. Tse ,&nbsp;Yun Gao ,&nbsp;Zhen Zhu ,&nbsp;Hongxuan Guo ,&nbsp;Longbing He ,&nbsp;Chao Zhu ,&nbsp;Kuibo Yin ,&nbsp;Litao Sun ,&nbsp;Jie Guo ,&nbsp;Hua Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An in-situ polymer-solution-processing approach enables the efficient production of uniform graphene-reinforced polylactic acid (G-PLA) nanocomposites with notable physical and biomedical properties. The approach effectively enhances the interfacial bonding between graphene and PLA by creating graphene dangling bonds and defects during exfoliation. As a result, an 182 % increase in Young's modulus and an 85 % increase in tensile strength can be achieved in G-PLA. Only 0.5 wt% graphene addition can reduce the contact angle of the composite from 75.3 to 70.4 and reduce its oxygen permeability by 23 %. The improved hydrophilicity, hermeticity, and mechanical properties make G-PLA an excellent encapsulation material for implantable bioelectronics. Moreover, the composite surface attributes and cell behaviors at the material-tissue interface are investigated histologically through the culture of stem cells on as-synthesized G-PLA. G-PLA composites can significantly boost cell proliferation and regulate cell differentiation towards vascular endothelium, offering tissue regeneration at the surface of implants to recover the injured tissues. The degradation rate of G-PLA nanocomposite can also be regulated since the graphene slows down the autocatalytic chain splitting induced by the terminal carboxylic acid groups of PLA. Therefore, such G-PLA nanocomposites with physical and biomedical properties regulated by graphene loading enable the development of next-generation implantable electronic systems providing both sensing and tissue engineering functions for complicated applications such as implanted sensors monitoring the healing of fractured bones or intracranial pressure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 214113"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carboxymethyl chitosan/alendronate sodium/Sr2+ modified TiO2 nanotube arrays enhancing osteogenic activity and antibacterial property","authors":"Kunpeng Jia ,&nbsp;Changpeng Zuo ,&nbsp;Yan Xu ,&nbsp;Wenfu Ma ,&nbsp;Lingtao Wang ,&nbsp;Yan Ji ,&nbsp;Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Qiuyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Changjiang Pan ,&nbsp;Tingting Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Titanium and its alloys are widely used as orthopedic implants owing to their good mechanical properties and excellent corrosion resistance. However, the insufficient osteogenic activity and antibacterial properties hinder their clinical applications. To address these issues, TiO₂ nanotube arrays (TNT) were first fabricated on the TA2 alloy surface via an anodizing technique, and strontium ions (Sr²⁺) were then loaded by hydrothermal reaction (TNT + Sr) and annealing treatment (TNT + A). Subsequently, the polydopamine layer (TNT + PDA) was constructed to immobilize the carboxymethyl chitosan and alendronate sodium (TNT + CA) mixture. The prepared coatings were thoroughly characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and water contact angle measurement. The results confirmed that Sr²⁺ ions, polydopamine, and carboxymethyl chitosan/alendronate sodium were successfully immobilized on the nanotubes. The coating of TNT + CA significantly enhanced the hydrophilicity, and effectively delayed the release of Sr²⁺ and alendronate. The TNT + CA coating significantly promoted osteoblast adhesion and proliferation, and up-regulated the expressions of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteoblast-specific transcription factor (RUNX2). TNT + CA was able to rapidly induce in situ hydroxyapatite deposition from the simulated body fluid (SBF). Moreover, TNT + CA coating showed inhibition against <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (especially against <em>Escherichia coli</em>). The prepared TNT + CA coating provides a novel strategy for enhancing bone affinity, improving osteoblast behaviors, and antibacterial properties of titanium-based biomaterials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 214107"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142632210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thiol-ene click chemistry: Enabling 3D printing of natural-based inks for biomedical applications","authors":"Andreia P. Malafaia,&nbsp;Rita Sobreiro-Almeida,&nbsp;João M.M. Rodrigues,&nbsp;João F. Mano","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the last decade, 3D bioprinting has gained increasing popularity, being a technique capable of producing well-defined tissue-like structures. One of its most groundbreaking features is the ability to create personalized therapies tailored to the specific demands of individual patients. However, challenges including the selection of materials and crosslinking strategies, still need to be addressed to enhance ink characteristics and develop robust biomaterials. Herein, the authors showcase the potential of overcoming these challenges, focusing on the use of versatile, fast, and selective thiol-ene click chemistry to formulate inks for 3D bioprinting. The exploration of natural polymers, specifically proteins and polysaccharides, will be discussed and highlighted, outlining the advantages and disadvantages of this approach.</div><div>Leveraging advanced thiol-ene click chemistry and natural polymers in the development of 3D printable bioinks may face the current challenges and is envisioned to pave the way towards innovative and personalized biomaterials for biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 214105"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142632217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monophasic hyaluronic acid-silica hybrid hydrogels for articular cartilage applications","authors":"Huijun Zhang ,&nbsp;Jessica Faber ,&nbsp;Silvia Budday ,&nbsp;Qingsen Gao ,&nbsp;Sonja Kuth ,&nbsp;Kai Zheng ,&nbsp;Aldo R. Boccaccini","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hyaluronic acid (HA), an FDA-approved natural polymer and important component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), has been widely used to develop hydrogels for cartilage regeneration. However, HA hydrogels often exhibit poor mechanical properties and unsuitable degradability, limiting their capability to support cell growth in cartilage. To overcome these challenges, this study modifies HA with a silica precursor and the coupling agent (3-Glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) to develop a monophasic organic-inorganic hybrid HA-silica hydrogel. In this system, the inorganic silicate and organic HA components interpenetrate and bond covalently at the molecular level. The HA-silica hybrid hydrogel achieves a compressive modulus of 143 kPa at the highest GPTMS/HA molar ratio of 400. Additionally, <em>in vitro</em> cell studies show that these hybrid hydrogels have no cytotoxicity against MC3T3-E1 and ATDC-5 cells. Cell viability and morphology tests further confirm excellent cell adhesion on the hybrid scaffold. These results indicate that the developed HA-silica hybrid hydrogel is a suitable candidate for cartilage regeneration applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 214089"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142640285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Porous photo-crosslinked hybrid networks based on poly(trimethylene carbonate-co-ε-caprolactone) and recombinant human-like collagen","authors":"Bas van Bochove,&nbsp;Lucas Warmink,&nbsp;Marc Ankoné,&nbsp;Dirk Grijpma,&nbsp;André Poot","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hybrid hydrogel networks were prepared from recombinant human-like collagen (rh-collagen) and poly(trimethylene carbonate<em>-co-</em>ε-caprolactone) (P (TMC<em>-co-</em>ε-CL)) to overcome the mechanical and bioactivity limitations associated with the respective individual networks. Both polymers were functionalised with methacrylic anhydride to yield photo-crosslinkable materials. Porous hybrid networks of different compositions were prepared by photo-crosslinking frozen mixtures of solutions of the functionalized polymers in acidified DMSO. After extraction with water, the obtained networks had the intended compositions, high porosities and gel content. Upon equilibration in water, the total water content was found to increase with increasing collagen content. The tensile properties and suture retention strength (SRS) of the hybrids were improved compared to a rh-collagen network. In particular, the 17:83 wt% rh-collagen:P(TMC<em>-co-</em>ε-CL) network had considerably higher toughness and SRS, showing promise as a hybrid hydrogel network to be further investigated for tissue engineering purposes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 214106"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142632215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional outcome of cell seeded tracheal scaffold after mechanical stress in vitro","authors":"R.J.J. de Wit ,&nbsp;D. Tiemessen ,&nbsp;E. Oosterwijk ,&nbsp;A.F.T.M. Verhagen","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tracheal tissue engineering is still facing major challenges: realization of efficient vascularization and mechanical properties comparable to native trachea need to be achieved. In this study, we present a strategy for the manufacturing of a construct for tracheal tissue engineering by conditioning through cell seeding followed by mechanical stimulation in vitro. Scaffolds derived from porcine trachea decellularized with supercritical carbon dioxide were seeded with stem cells of different tissue sources and cultured in a bioreactor for 21 days under mechanical stimulation. Enhanced chondrogenic development was demonstrated, with improved sulphated glycosaminoglycan secretion and cellular alignment which resulted in mechanical properties resembling native trachea. This method may provide a useful addition to tracheal tissue engineering strategies aimed at optimizing cartilage formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 214088"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142632213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injectable tissue-engineered human cartilage matrix composite fibrin glue for regeneration of articular cartilage defects","authors":"Chirun Wang ,&nbsp;Hang Yao ,&nbsp;Junli Shi ,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Bo Cong ,&nbsp;Zhonglian Wu ,&nbsp;Xianfeng Shang ,&nbsp;Xu Hu ,&nbsp;Jian Yang ,&nbsp;Haidi Sun ,&nbsp;Zehao Gu ,&nbsp;Gong Cheng ,&nbsp;Hui Chong ,&nbsp;Dong-An Wang ,&nbsp;Yuchi Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the lack of blood vessels and nerves, the ability of cartilage to repair itself is limited, and the injury of articular cartilage urgently needs effective treatment. Currently, the limitation of clinical repair for cartilage defects is that it is difficult to form pure hyaline cartilage repair, and the source of cartilage tissue and cells is limited. To obtain high-purity regenerated hyaline cartilage, we proposed to construct an injectable hydrogel precursor by using human living hyaline cartilage graft (hLhCG) secreted by human chondrocytes as the dispersed phase and fibrinogen solution as the continuous phase, by double injection with thrombin, three-dimensional network hydrogel structure was formed under the action of thrombin to repair joint defects. The component phenotypes of hLhCG and biomechanical properties of composite gel scaffolds were verified. After 12 weeks of injection of the mixed phase at the defect site, the regenerated tissues are similar in composition to adjacent natural tissues and exhibit similar biomechanical properties. The phenotype of regenerated cartilage was verified, confirming the successful regeneration of hyaline cartilage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 214095"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142587030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D printed cell-free bilayer porous scaffold based on alginate with biomimetic microenvironment for osteochondral defect repair","authors":"Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Zhang ,&nbsp;Haotian Bai ,&nbsp;Chenyu Wang ,&nbsp;Zuhao Li ,&nbsp;Zhonghan Wang ,&nbsp;Qingping Liu ,&nbsp;Zhenguo Wang ,&nbsp;Xianggang Wang ,&nbsp;Xiujie Zhu ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Liu ,&nbsp;Jincheng Wang ,&nbsp;Xin Zhao ,&nbsp;Luquan Ren ,&nbsp;He Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite significant progress in repairing osteochondral injuries using 3D printing technology, most cartilage layer scaffolds are made of degradable materials, making it difficult to simultaneously provide extracellular matrix functionality while replicating the mechanical properties of natural cartilage layers. Additionally, their degradation rate is challenging to align with cartilage regeneration. Furthermore, double-layer scaffolds commonly used for repairing osteochondral often exhibit inadequate bonding between the cartilage layer scaffolds and bone layer scaffolds. To solve these problems, we presented a bilayer scaffold composed of a 3D printed non-degradable thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) scaffold filled with hydrogel (Gel) made of gelatin and sodium alginate as the cartilage layer (noted as TPU/Gel), meanwhile, a 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) scaffold containing 10 % hydroxyapatite (HA) as the bone layer (noted as PLA/HA). At the junction of the bone layer and cartilage layer, TPU tightly bonded with the bone layer scaffold under high temperatures. The hydrogel filling within the TPU layer of cartilage served not only to lubricate the joint surface but also aided in creating a 3D microenvironment. The non-degradable nature of TPU allowed the cartilage layer scaffold to seamlessly integrate with the surrounding regenerated cartilage, achieving permanent replacement and providing shock absorption and weight-bearing effects. This effectively addressed the mechanical challenges associated with cartilage regeneration and resolved the inconsistency between cartilage regeneration and material degradation rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 214092"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142570122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}