Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications最新文献

{"title":"Ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier opening for targeted neurological drug delivery","authors":"Zibo Qin ,&nbsp;Zhangbaihe Wang ,&nbsp;Cancan Gao ,&nbsp;Xueqing Yong ,&nbsp;Yue Hua ,&nbsp;Ying Zhou ,&nbsp;Jinbing Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neurological disorders represent a devastating global health crisis, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a major obstacle for their treatment. Conventional strategies for BBB opening, including direct intracranial injection, osmotic disruption, receptor-mediated transcytosis, and nanoparticle carriers, often suffers from surgical invasiveness, systemic toxicity, poor biodistribution, and off-target effects. Ultrasound-mediated drug delivery has emerged as a revolutionary non-invasive technology for transient and targeted BBB opening, enabling enhanced penetration of therapeutic agents into the central nervous system. This review comprehensively summarizes the mechanisms underlying ultrasound-based delivery with focus on current delivery platforms including microbubble (MB)-assisted, nanoparticle-based, and MB-nanoparticle composite strategies. Furthermore, we highlight recent advances in the application of focused ultrasound (FUS) combined with MBs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and glioma. Finally, we discuss emerging technologies such as sonodynamic therapy and ultrasound-controlled magnetic nanorobots, while also addressing current challenges in this field. This review underscores the transformative potential of ultrasound-mediated drug delivery as a versatile platform for precision neurology. It also prospects future directions for advancing multidisciplinary research and clinical translation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 214754"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146159058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunomodulatory and pro-mineralizing effects of an injectable baicalein-loaded methacrylated gelatin hydrogel for vital pulp therapy","authors":"Beatriz Ometto Sahadi ,&nbsp;Igor Paulino Mendes Soares ,&nbsp;Chloe Gifford ,&nbsp;Caroline Anselmi ,&nbsp;Pedro Henrique Chaves de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Renan Dal-Fabbro ,&nbsp;Maedeh Rahimnejad ,&nbsp;Marcelo Giannini ,&nbsp;Marco C. Bottino","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study first investigated the biological function of baicalein (BA) and then developed a photocrosslinkable methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) hydrogel incorporating BA-loaded, carboxylated mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSNs-COOH-BA) for vital pulp therapy. Initially, BA (1–20 μM) was tested for cytocompatibility, <em>in vitro</em> mineralized nodule formation as an early indicator of odontogenic potential, and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory functionality on dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and macrophages. Then, 15% (w/v) GelMA was formulated with MSNs-COOH-BA (10 or 20 mg/mL). Hydrogels were characterized by SEM/EDS for their microstructure morphology and chemical composition, as well as for compression, swelling, degradation, and BA release. Biological assessments included DPSC cytocompatibility and early mineralization responses under or without LPS stimulation, macrophage cytokine modulation, and <em>in vivo</em> subcutaneous biocompatibility in rats. Statistical analysis used ANOVA/post-hoc tests (α = 5%). BA was non-cytotoxic (≥70% viability at 24 h), enhanced mineralized nodule formation under both basal and inflammatory conditions, reduced intracellular ROS levels, and suppressed TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-6 production in a dose-responsive manner. GelMA maintained its porous architecture after MSN incorporation. Although BA-functionalized MSNs showed some nanosphere clustering, they reinforced mechanical performance, with MSNs-COOH-BA (20 mg/mL) increasing Young's modulus and ultimate compressive strength relative to GelMA and outperforming MSNs without BA. MSNs-containing hydrogels displayed moderated swelling and slower enzymatic mass loss <em>versus</em> GelMA alone. BA was released over 10 days, and eluates remained non-cytotoxic (&lt;30% reduction <em>vs</em> control). Under LPS challenge, 20 mg/mL MSNs-COOH-BA induced the highest 21-day mineralized nodule formation in DPSCs, and hydrogel extracts reduced macrophage synthesis of TNF-α and IL-1α. <em>In vivo</em>, all groups exhibited an acute infiltrate at 7 days, which significantly declined by 28 days, with no differences observed among formulations at either time point. The GelMA/MSNs-COOH-BA hydrogel paired sustained BA delivery with mechanical integrity, cytocompatibility, anti-inflammatory activity, and early pro-odontogenic cellular responses, supporting its promise as an injectable biomaterial with clinically relevant therapeutic properties for preserving pulp vitality while supporting the dentin-pulp complex's intrinsic repair and development abilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 214768"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coaxial bioprinting of microsphere bioink to engineer heterogeneous vascularized lung cancer model","authors":"Qiulei Gao ,&nbsp;Zhongwei Guo ,&nbsp;Shiqiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingjing Xia ,&nbsp;Junfu Li ,&nbsp;Tianying Yuan ,&nbsp;Jiyu Chen ,&nbsp;Yongcong Fang ,&nbsp;Jingjiang Qiu ,&nbsp;Ronghan Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3D bioprinting is a promising strategy for engineering in vitro tumor models. However, replicating the intratumoral parenchyma-stroma heterogeneity remains challenging due to the poor formability of biomimetic bioinks. In this study, we developed a method to enable the direct extrusion of low-concentration gelatin-methacrylate (GelMA)/Matrigel by overcoming its rheological limitations. The bioink was then incorporated within a coaxial bioprinting system to engineer a defined tumor parenchyma-stroma interface. The coaxial lung cancer model featured a dual-layer tubular structure. In this structure, the inner microsphere bioink was designed to mimic the tumor parenchyma, and the surrounding HAMA/Fibrin hydrogel was used to reproduce the stroma. The model not only established the spatial heterogeneity but also recapitulated biological function such as fibroblast-driven angiogenesis, as demonstrated by a 3.4-fold increase in microvascular density and a 2.3-fold extension in total vessel length. Furthermore, the model exhibited 50-fold increase in drug resistance compared to two-dimensional (2D) cultures. Additionally, the long-term cryopreservation stability and scalability endowed the model with the potential to be a tool for on-demand use. This work provides a potential platform for drug screening and mechanistic investigation of tumor biology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 214741"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poly-5-aminoindole:Poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) loaded locust bean gum/xanthan gum hydrogel for transdermal delivery of Imatinib via iontophoresis","authors":"Patamavadee Tapsarn ,&nbsp;Phimchanok Sakunpongpitiporn ,&nbsp;Nophawan Paradee ,&nbsp;Katesara Phasuksom ,&nbsp;Anuvat Sirivat","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Melanoma is an aggressive type of skin cancer due to its ability to rapidly spread to various organs. The oral drug administration is preferred for its convenience. However, the oral route faces challenges, including the first-pass metabolism and delayed onset of action. Therefore, the transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) offers an alternative approach to overcome these limitations. This work developed an iontophoresis-based transdermal patch using LCB and XG hydrogel as the drug matrix. In addition, PAIn:PSS was synthesized and employed as the drug carrier, whereas Imatinib was used as the model drug. LCB:XG hydrogels were fabricated at the various weight ratios. The LCB:XG (60:40%w/w) hydrogel exhibited the largest pore size (261.3 ± 67.3 μm). In-vitro release and permeation studies demonstrated that a lower XG ratio resulted in increased Imatinib release. Additionally, incorporating PAIn:PSS further enhanced the release efficiency. Applying an electric field significantly improved drug permeation due to the electrorepulsion which promoted the transport of drug molecules across the skin. Additionally, the permeated release at the pH of 5.5 was slightly lower than that at the pH of 7.4; this can be attributed to the increased positive charge of Imatinib reducing skin permeation due to increased hydrophilicity. Cytotoxicity tests revealed that incorporating PAIn:PSS into the hydrogel patch maintained the high cell viability of 84%, confirming that the hydrogel patch was safe for human tissues. These findings highlight the potential of LCB:XG hydrogel-based transdermal patches combined with PAIn:PSS and iontophoresis for the controlled drug release and efficient Imatinib transdermal delivery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 214730"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A biointerface-engineered gold nanocluster platform for icariin delivery: Dual-pathway modulation of osteoblast and osteoclast dynamics in osteoporosis therapy","authors":"Changxu Wang ,&nbsp;Shenghao Shi ,&nbsp;Fei Wang ,&nbsp;Chong Yuan ,&nbsp;Di Liu ,&nbsp;Yifei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Osteoporosis is a prevalent metabolic bone disorder characterized by an imbalance between bone resorption and formation. Current therapeutic options are constrained by side effects and low bioavailability. Icariin (ICA), a naturally derived osteotropic flavonoid, exhibits osteogenic and anti-osteoclastogenic properties; however, its clinical application is limited due to poor solubility and low oral bioavailability. This study introduces β-cyclodextrin-modified gold nanoclusters (CGNCs) as a nanocarrier for efficient delivery of ICA. The synthesized ICA-loaded CGNCs (ICA-CGNCs) have a hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 2.16 nm, demonstrating excellent dispersity, sustained release kinetics, and storage stability. In vitro, ICA-CGNCs showed good cytocompatibility in both MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts and RAW264.7 macrophages. In MC3T3-E1 cells, ICA-CGNCs promoted osteogenic differentiation, as indicated by increased ALP activity, enhanced mineralization, and upregulated osteogenic genes <em>(ALP, BMP2, RUNX2, and COL1A1</em>); immunofluorescence further showed elevated nuclear β-catenin and RUNX2 signals, supporting the involvement of osteogenic pathway-associated events in this cell model. In RAW264.7 cells, ICA-CGNCs suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by reducing TRAP-positive multinucleated osteoclast formation, disrupting F-actin ring organization, and downregulating osteoclast markers (<em>TRAP, CTSK, MMP9, and NFATc1</em>), which was supported by decreased bone resorption pit formation and attenuated nuclear accumulation of NF-κB p65 and NFATc1·In a glucocorticoid-induced zebrafish osteoporosis model, ICA-CGNCs effectively promoted cranial and vertebral bone mineralization without systemic toxicity, outperforming both free ICA and CGNCs alone. This study establishes the ICA-CGNC platform as a dual-action nanotherapeutic strategy with significant potential for osteoporosis treatment and bone regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 214773"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A nanoengineered coating with dual antioxidant and immunomodulatory functions on titanium implants for osteoregeneration in osteoporosis","authors":"Zijian Wang ,&nbsp;Rui Yu ,&nbsp;Ying Zhou ,&nbsp;Jieying Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiayi Yang ,&nbsp;Huiwen Wang ,&nbsp;Anzhi Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Jin ,&nbsp;Xinkun Shen ,&nbsp;Caiyun Mu ,&nbsp;Maowen Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214759","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poor implant-bone integration under osteoporotic conditions remains a critical clinical challenge. The osteoporotic microenvironment, characterized by excessive oxidative stress, immune homeostasis imbalance, and persistent chronic inflammation, significantly impedes bone regeneration. To address this issue, we fabricated a multifunctional bioactive coating on the surface of Ti implants, integrating antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and osteogenic properties. In this study, we synthesized an <em>in-situ</em> lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃) nanoparticle coating (denoted as AT/La₂O₃) on the surface of titanium implants using hydrothermal and high-temperature calcination techniques. Subsequently, regaloside A (RA), a bioactive compound with therapeutic potential, was loaded onto the coating <em>via</em> an impregnation method to obtain AT/La₂O₃/RA. The composite coating demonstrated sustained and stable release of both RA and La³⁺ ions. Meanwhile, AT/La₂O₃/RA exhibited good reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capability. Furthermore, it significantly promoted macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype, upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4RA and IL-10) while downregulating pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α and MMP2), thereby mitigating chronic inflammation. In addition, the coating markedly enhanced the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Furthermore, <em>in vivo</em> evaluations showed that AT/La₂O₃/RA could effectively attenuated oxidative stress and suppressed inflammatory responses, ultimately fostering robust osseointegration. These findings highlight the potential of AT/La₂O₃/RA as a promising surface modification strategy to improve implant performance in the clinics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 214759"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146133545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solanum lyratum-derived metal-free bio-nanozyme for photothermally self-enhanced cascade catalytic synergistic tumor therapy","authors":"Xiaole Yin ,&nbsp;Baowen Dong ,&nbsp;Yimei Zhang ,&nbsp;Liqun Wei ,&nbsp;Nan Meng ,&nbsp;Jianying Lin ,&nbsp;Weihong Zhao ,&nbsp;Min Xu ,&nbsp;Jingxiu Bi ,&nbsp;Zhihuan Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214737","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214737","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing multifunctional nanoplatforms for synergistic tumor therapy remains a significant challenge. Here, we report a metal-free bio-nanozyme (SL-BN) derived from the natural medicinal plant <em>Solanum lyratum</em> (SL) via a facile two-step solvothermal and carbonization method. The as-prepared SL-BN integrates triple-enzyme-like (peroxidase, oxidase, and catalase) activities with robust photothermal conversion capabilities across both near-infrared (NIR)-I and -II bio-windows. Within the tumor microenvironment, SL-BN initiates a cascaded catalytic reaction: its catalase-like activity decomposes endogenous H₂O₂ to self-supply O₂, thereby relieving hypoxia. This oxygen replenishment, in turn, fuels the oxidase-like activities to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), creating a positive feedback loop for enzyme dynamic therapy (EDT). Crucially, upon NIR laser irradiation, the localized hyperthermia not only provides direct tumor ablation via photothermal therapy (PTT) but also significantly accelerates these enzymatic reaction rates. This photothermally self-enhanced synergistic strategy resulted in a tumor regression of 98.04% and 99.58% based on tumor volume and weight, respectively. This study presents a novel strategy for designing multifunctional bio-nanozymes from natural biomass and highlights the potential of integrating self-sustaining catalytic cycles with photothermal enhancement for highly effective tumor therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 214737"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146121087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocompatibility and degradation of PLA reinforced with tungsten disulfide nanotubes for 3D-printed bone scaffold","authors":"Ofek Golan ,&nbsp;Noa Granada ,&nbsp;Lin Lemesh ,&nbsp;Salome Azoulay-Ginsburg ,&nbsp;Francesca Netti ,&nbsp;Vania Altobelli ,&nbsp;Roey J. Amir ,&nbsp;Lihi Adler-Abramovich ,&nbsp;Noa Lachman","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advancements in bone tissue engineering have increased interest in 3D-printed scaffolds for bone regeneration. Polylactic acid (PLA), a biocompatible and biodegradable polyester, is a promising candidate for bone scaffold materials. Reinforcing PLA with inorganic nanotubes of tungsten disulfide (INT-WS₂) offers new possibilities for scaffold design. INT-WS₂ is an innovative material known for its chemical stability, non-toxicity, and favorable mechanical properties. Integrating PLA with INT-WS₂ marks a pioneering development in bone scaffold technology, providing a safer, more effective alternative to other nanofillers, such as TiO₂ nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes, which face challenges related to cytotoxicity and dispersion.</div><div>This study adds an important aspect to the characterization of this material by investigating the cytocompatibility and hydrolytic degradation effects on 3D-printed samples of PLA reinforced with 0.5 wt% INT-WS₂. The samples are proposed as structurally suitable candidate for load-bearing 3D-printed bone scaffolds, with the femur chosen as the upper-limit mechanical benchmark.</div><div>Controlled hydrolytic degradation of PLA/INT-WS₂ samples was conducted over 12 weeks under human-body simulated conditions. Results demonstrated that the material underwent bulk degradation while maintaining mass and surface hardness. Although the ultimate tensile strength progressively decreased to two-thirds of its initial value, potentially allowing gradual loading of the growing bone, it remained significantly higher than the maximum stress experienced by the human femur during normal walking. Furthermore, the PLA/INT-WS₂ nanocomposite exhibited non-toxic behavior, promoting cell viability and proliferation.</div><div>Despite the need for a longer experiment to fully assess the degradation rate, these findings support PLA/INT-WS₂ as a promising candidate for tailored 3D-printed bone scaffolds designed for individual patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 214736"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146121134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Luteolin/polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate hydrogel enhances fibroblast-mediated tissue repair and facilitates pressure injury healing","authors":"Wenyi Huang ,&nbsp;Tongshan Su ,&nbsp;Jiacheng Fan ,&nbsp;Xianxian Chen ,&nbsp;Sen Ye ,&nbsp;Xianjie Chen ,&nbsp;Yu Li ,&nbsp;Qian Shen ,&nbsp;Miaochun Huang ,&nbsp;Hui Li ,&nbsp;Yu Yan ,&nbsp;Chun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism through which luteolin/polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate (Lut/PVA/SA) hydrogel promotes the healing of pressure injury (PI), thereby offering optimized strategies for clinical management. Four formulations of PVA/SA hydrogel were synthesized using chemical cross-linking combined with freeze-thaw cycles. The optimal formulation was then selected based on its physicochemical properties to construct the Lut/PVA/SA drug delivery system. The characterization and biocompatibility of the materials were evaluated by CCK-8 assay, PI/Calcein-AM double staining, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A stage II PI model was established in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to evaluate therapeutic efficacy and histopathological changes. Network pharmacology identified potential targets of Lut, with KEGG enrichment analysis and systematic literature review predicting the underlying mechanisms. RT-qPCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence were performed to assess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of the hydrogel. The result showed that Lut/PVA/SA hydrogel exhibited superior physicochemical properties and significantly accelerated wound healing. Treatment with the hydrogel enhanced collagen deposition and increased expression of α-SMA and Collagen I. Compared with model group, treatment with Lut/PVA/SA hydrogel activated the NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathway, upregulated the level of SOD and CAT, while downregulated the level of MDA. Additionally, in the Lut/PVA/SA hydrogel groups, the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins BAX and Caspase 3 were downregulated, the expression of anti-apoptotic protein BCL2 was upregulated, resulting in the restoration of the BAX/BCL2 ratio. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) were significantly suppressed. In conclusion, Lut/PVA/SA hydrogel can effectively promote the healing of stage II PI in SD rats. Its therapeutic effect may be attributed to the enhanced antioxidant capacity by activating the NRF2/HO-1 pathway, regulating the BAX/BCL2 ratio to inhibit fibroblast apoptosis, further alleviating the inflammatory microenvironment. These actions collectively promote collagen synthesis to facilitate wound repair.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 214733"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146127413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of growth plate organoids via a layered induction based in vitro 3D cultivation system","authors":"Xianggang Wang ,&nbsp;Pan Li ,&nbsp;Mohammad Nour Muselmani ,&nbsp;Peng Gu ,&nbsp;Xinzhan Mao ,&nbsp;Tao Xiao ,&nbsp;Hui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214742","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214742","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Serious injury to the growth plate often leads to bony bridge formation, resulting in halted long bone growth, angular deformities, and limb length discrepancies. These problems persist unaddressed in the clinic. In this study, we engineered a four-layered growth plate organoid by integrating three-dimensional culture with layer-specific induction techniques. A gelatin/alginate hydrogel scaffold was utilized to recapitulate the architecture of the native growth plate. In the three cartilage zones, bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and chondrocytes were co-cultured at a 3:1 ratio and directed toward chondrogenesis with gradient concentrations of TGF-β3, resulting in cartilage tissue similar to the native growth plate. In the calcified zone, BMP-2 directed BMSCs toward mineralization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to examine the microstructure of the gelatin/alginate hydrogel. Cell-based assays further confirmed the biocompatibility of the 3D culture system. A series of chondrogenic and osteogenic assays validated the successful formation of the organoid. In conclusion, by emulating the growth plate's distinct four-layered organization within a stratified hydrogel and applying targeted differentiation cues, we have established a highly biomimetic in vitro growth plate organoid. This model offers a novel platform for studying growth plate mechanisms and developing potential therapeutic strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 214742"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146127446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}