European Journal of Wildlife Research最新文献

{"title":"The trade of tokay geckos Gekko gecko in retail pharmaceutical outlets in Hong Kong","authors":"Jovy Y. S. Chan, Vincent Nijman, Chris R. Shepherd","doi":"10.1007/s10344-023-01762-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-023-01762-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tokay geckos are one of the most heavily traded species internationally, largely to supply demand for use in traditional Chinese medicine. Tokay geckos are largely sourced from the wild. While there is a legal trade, illegal collection from the wild as well as laundering through fraudulent captive-breeding operations is common. Very little is known of the status of this species in the wild, though it is understood to be in decline in some parts of its range. Hong Kong is an important destination for tokay geckos in trade, and here, we assessed the availability, reported origin, and monetary value of tokay geckos in Hong Kong’s retail market. We surveyed 150 shops and found 220 tokay gecko pairs in 37% of all shops. We estimate that on average 15,000 tokay geckos are offered for sale in Hong Kong on any given day. The mean price of a tokay gecko pair is USD12, and the total retail value of the tokay geckos observed approaches USD180,000. Tokay geckos for sale in Hong Kong are said to be sourced from mainland China, Vietnam, and Thailand, and not from Indonesia despite Indonesia being the world’s largest exporter of tokay geckos. However, recent seizures in Hong Kong were from Indonesia. Despite shop staff stating tokay geckos were from Vietnam, there are no such reports in the CITES Trade Database. Tokay geckos are clearly being obtained from a combination of legal and illegal sources, and therefore increased vigilance and further investigation is called for to prevent illegal trade.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139396468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A molecular and bacteriological survey of Brucella spp. in wild venomous snake in Iran","authors":"Maryam Dadar, Vahid Nasiri, Saeed Alamian, Hedieh Jafari","doi":"10.1007/s10344-023-01764-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-023-01764-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease with significant public health impacts. It is primarily associated with classic <i>Brucella</i> species in mammals, but recent research has shown atypical <i>Brucella</i> strains in various hosts, including reptiles. Despite the known physiological differences between reptiles and humans, the rise in invasive reptile populations and other factors make reptiles and the pathogens they carry a potential public health concern. This study collected 90 venomous snakes from different regions in Iran and examined their liver samples, buccal, and cloaca cavities for <i>Brucella</i> spp. The samples underwent bacteriological analysis and DNA extraction. PCR amplification of the Omp28 gene and IS711-based PCR were used for the molecular identification of <i>Brucella</i> species. Subsequently, the Omp28 gene sequences were determined, and a phylogenetic tree was created. <i>Brucella abortus</i> was detected in the liver tissue of two snake species, namely <i>Pseudocerastes persicus</i> and <i>Vipera albicornuta,</i> at a prevalence rate of 2.2%. This finding is exceptional, as it has not been previously documented in venomous snake populations in the wild. The study confirms the presence of <i>Brucella</i> spp. in venomous snakes, suggesting the potential for zoonotic transmission. This discovery raises questions about the evolutionary forces shaping <i>Brucella</i> populations in reptiles. Understanding the prevalence and impact of <i>Brucella</i> in snakes is essential for wildlife conservation and assessing zoonotic risks. Proper safety measures are crucial when handling reptiles that may carry <i>Brucella</i>. Further research is needed to fill knowledge gaps regarding <i>Brucella</i> in these snake species and its potential zoonotic implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"127 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139396462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Times of trouble—seasonal variation in number and severity of attacks on sheep caused by large carnivores and eagles in Sweden","authors":"Ann Eklund, Jens Frank, Lovisa Nilsson, Andreas Zetterberg, Johan Månsson","doi":"10.1007/s10344-023-01761-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-023-01761-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wildlife managers and livestock owners can choose from a multitude of interventions to prevent carnivore attacks on domestic animals, ranging from light and sound deterrents to fencing and lethal control. To guide management and make the best and most cost-effective choice of interventions, knowledge about where and when these measures are needed the most is important. By identifying spatiotemporal patterns of carnivore attacks, resources can be used more efficiently to prevent such attacks. We used a Swedish nationwide, long-term data set to identify inter- and intra-seasonal variation in probability, number, and severity (number of killed or injured per attack) of large carnivore attacks on sheep. Our results show that there are specific “times of trouble”, regarding the number of attacks from golden eagle (<i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>) in late spring, and from brown bears (<i>Ursus arctos</i>), lynx (<i>Lynx lynx</i>), and wolves (<i>Canis lupus</i>) in late summer. Additionally, for brown bears and wolves, the severity of attacks varied throughout the grazing season with a peak in the latter part of the summer. The results can be used for guidance of temporal prioritisation of preventive interventions to reduce the probability, number, and severity of large carnivore attacks on sheep.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139070387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Movement ecology and minimum density estimates of red foxes in wet grassland habitats used by breeding wading birds","authors":"Tom A. Porteus, Mike J. Short, Andrew N. Hoodless, Jonathan C. Reynolds","doi":"10.1007/s10344-023-01759-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-023-01759-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The red fox (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) is a widely distributed generalist meso-predator implicated in declines of wading bird populations. In the wet grassland habitats where waders breed, wildlife managers work to mitigate fox predation risk to waders during the nesting period through lethal and non-lethal control methods. However, limited knowledge on fox movement ecology in these habitats makes it difficult to design effective management strategies. We used GPS telemetry to understand fox home range size, daily activity and movement patterns, and how these metrics may vary among wet grassland sites with different management. We caught and GPS-tagged 35 foxes in the March–June wader nesting period on two wet grassland sites in central southern England; Britford during 2016/17 and Somerley during 2018/19. We estimated home range areas from location data using local convex hulls, and from these estimates we derived the minimum fox density at each site and year. Daily activity patterns and movement behaviour of each fox were obtained using both telemetry and trail camera data. Mean fox home range area at Britford (0.21 km², SE = 0.025) was significantly smaller than at Somerley (0.68 km², SE = 0.067), and estimated minimum densities were around four times higher (Britford = 10.6 foxes/km², Somerley = 2.4 foxes/km²). Foxes were more active and moved faster during twilight and night hours, but both telemetry and camera data indicate they were also active for one-third of daylight hours. Distances moved per day were variable between foxes but generally smaller at Britford. We also found evidence for dispersal during spring, with movements of up to 19 km per day. Home ranges at both wet grassland sites were smaller than comparable sites elsewhere. These indicated foxes were living at exceptionally high densities at Britford, where there is no fox control, increased food availability and where waders no longer breed. Spatio-temporal movement patterns were closely related to home range metrics, with higher levels of fox activity at Somerley, where home ranges were larger. The movements of itinerant and dispersing foxes during the nesting period suggests that lethal control would need to be very intensive to be effective. The likely anthropogenic food subsidy of fox density at Britford suggests that controlling access to similar food resources would help reduce predation pressure on breeding waders.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139057000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landscape structure does not hinder the dispersal of an invasive herbivorous mammal in the New Caledonian biodiversity hotspot","authors":"Alain C. Frantz, Amanda Luttringer, Marc Colyn, Christos Kazilas, Emilie Berlioz","doi":"10.1007/s10344-023-01757-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-023-01757-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity and have particularly devastating impacts on island ecosystems. The New Caledonia archipelago is considered a biodiversity hotspot due to its diverse native flora. Javan rusa deer (<i>Rusa timorensis</i>) were introduced to New Caledonia in 1870 and the population consists of several hundred thousand individuals today. They directly threaten rare endemic species and affect the composition and structure of the vegetation. While a rusa deer management plan has identified ten priority areas for deer control operations, removing deer could be offset by the dispersal of animals back into the control areas. Here, we genotyped 628 rusa deer using 16 microsatellite markers to analyse the genetic structure of the animals in New Caledonia. We aimed to assess fine-scale genetic structure, to identify natural barriers to deer movement and to assess functional connectivity by optimising individual-based landscape resistance models. Our results suggested that rusa deer formed a single genetic population on the main New Caledonian island. The isolation-by-distance pattern suggested that female dispersal was limited, whereas males had larger dispersal distances. We assessed functional connectivity using different genetic distance metrics and all models performed poorly (m<i>R</i>² ≤ 0.0043). Landscape features thus hardly affected deer movement. The characteristics of our results suggested that they were not an artefact of the colonisation history of the species. Achieving an effective reduction of deer population sizes in specific management areas will be difficult because of the deer’s high dispersal capabilities and impossible without very substantial financial investment.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"33 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138691051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First look on the home range, movement, and habitat selection of the invasive Northern raccoon (Procyon lotor) in France through two contrasted populations","authors":"Manon Gautrelet, Jean-François Gerard, Rémi Helder, Pascal Fournier, Christine Fournier-Chambrillon, Pauline Hubert, Estelle Isère-Laoué, Lucille Capitaine, Maëlle Dupuy, Lucie Dispan de Floran, Clémence Alleman, Alain Devos","doi":"10.1007/s10344-023-01756-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-023-01756-1","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Introduction of invasive alien species (IAS) is one of the main threats to biodiversity. The Northern raccoon (<em>Procyon lotor</em>), here after named “raccoon,” recently introduced and rapidly expanding in three main populations in France, is one of the 47 IAS of concern in the European Union. At this date, there is no study on the ecology of the raccoon in France, yet the acquisition of knowledge of the species in its new environment is an essential step for a better evaluation of its impacts and improving its management. We studied space use and habitat selection by French raccoons in a rural population in the Marne department and in a suburban population in Gironde department, respectively, by tracking 14 individuals with GPS collars between May 2019 and August 2021. We estimated the home ranges’ size using minimum convex polygon (MCP), adaptative local convex hull (a-LoCoH), and dynamic Brownian bridge motion model (dBBMM). Habitat selection was studied at the second and third order using Ivlev’s electivity index and integrated step selection analysis (iSSA) models, respectively. Our results show that raccoons of the rural population have home ranges twice larger than those of the suburban population. Habitats are selected differently according to the population, highlighting the great plasticity of the raccoon. Woodlands are the most used habitats for both populations; however, anthropized areas also appear to be very attractive for the rural population. Surprisingly, this is not the case for the suburban population, which tends to avoid these habitats in favor of the wetland.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138690920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human–leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) conflict trend and hotspot analysis in Junnar forest division of Pune Forest Circle, Maharashtra, India","authors":"Yogesh P. Badhe, Ravindra G. Jaybhaye","doi":"10.1007/s10344-023-01755-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-023-01755-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) involves any interaction between human and wildlife that result in negative impacts on human social, economic, or cultural life, on the habitat and conservation of wildlife populations, or on the environment. HWC is frequent in the Junnar forest division (JFD) in the Pune district of Maharashtra, India, where Indian leopard (<i>Panthera pardus fusca</i>) attacks on humans and livestock have a long history and increasing in severity due to changes in land use land cover and infrastructure. Domestic animals are the preferred prey of leopards in the study area, and people compete with wildlife for food and resources. Thus, managing adverse interactions is essential for conserving the lives and livelihoods of large carnivores, domestic animals, and people. The purpose of this study is to examine the spatial–temporal patterns of human–leopard conflict in the JFD. The study is based on leopard attack records on humans and livestock for the years 2001 to 2019 and livestock compensation and incidents data for the years 2017–2019 compiled from the JFD. The data has been analyzed using interpolation techniques on geospatial platform to identify leopard movement areas and significant spatial clustering of actual conflict locations. The analysis revealed that spatial predation threats for cattle have high-risk hotspots predominantly around sugarcane fields, waterbodies, and fallow land for grazing. The temporal analysis based on daytime duration revealed that livestock is mostly killed in mid- and early evening and during August, September, and October. The spatial–temporal studies on human–wildlife interactions would strengthen the effectiveness of conflict mitigation strategies and enable coexistence between people and wildlife.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"170 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138631291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of African swine fever virus and wild boar eDNA in soil and turbid water samples: towards environmental surveillance","authors":"Amir Reza Varzandi, Stefania Zanet, Patricia Barroso Seano, Flavia Occhibove, Rachele Vada, Francesco Benatti, Pablo Palencia Mayordomo, Ezio Ferroglio","doi":"10.1007/s10344-023-01758-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-023-01758-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Since 2007, an ongoing African swine fever (ASF) pandemic has significantly impacted Eurasia. Extensive field evidence and modeling confirm the central role of wild boar in ASF epidemiology. To effectively control and eradicate the infection, rapid detection of the ASF virus (ASFV) is crucial for prompt intervention in areas of recent viral introduction or ongoing outbreaks. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a cost-effective and non-invasive technique that has shown promising results in monitoring animal species and their pathogens and has the potential to be used for wildlife disease surveillance. In this study, we designed and evaluated an eDNA sampling method for highly turbid water and soil samples to detect ASFV and wild boar (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) DNA as a control using qPCR while ensuring biosafety measures and evaluating ASF epidemiology. To validate our method, we obtained samples from La Mandria Regional Park (LMRP) in northwestern Italy, an area free of ASFV, and spiked them in a laboratory setting with an ASFV’s synthetic DNA template. Our findings highlight the potential of eDNA monitoring as a reliable, rapid, and safe method for early detection of ASFV from soil and turbid water samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138567439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Farmers’ attitudes and potential culling behavior on the reintroduction of lynx to the UK","authors":"Cedric Kai Wei Tan, Jack Shepherd-Cross, Kim Solve Jacobsen","doi":"10.1007/s10344-023-01751-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-023-01751-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Eurasian lynx (<i>Lynx lynx</i>) has been extinct from the UK since the late medieval period. Recently, the idea of a reintroduction of the species has entered the public sphere. While reintroduction receives support from the public, there is significant opposition to the idea within the UK farming community. This study used a questionnaire survey to investigate the attitudes of UK farmers towards the reintroduction of the lynx. The theory of planned behavior was also used to predict farmers’ intention to cull lynx in the case of a reintroduction and the drivers behind this. Results indicated negative attitudes towards reintroduction among UK farmers. Older people, those from potential reintroduction areas, and sheep farmers, those whose income is dependent on farming and those with higher perceived knowledge of lynx, had more negative attitudes. Women were significantly more afraid of lynx than men. We also revealed that many farmers intended to hunt lynx in the case of a reintroduction, with attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control being significant predictors of intended behavior. Stronger protective laws for lynx could reduce intention to cull. Additionally, active management and regulation of the lynx population can facilitate harmonious coexistence. These findings suggest that high levels of legal protection and strategies that aim to encourage social norms against illegal culling of lynx, reduce capability to kill lynx (through policies relating to the use of equipment that can be used to kill lynx), or aim to change attitudes to culling lynx could help reduce the perceived conflict of farmers with regard to lynx reintroduction and increase the success of a reintroduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138554028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Description of box trapping, immobilisation, anaesthesia monitoring and blood chemistry and serology in free-ranging European wildcats (Felis silvestris) in Southwest Germany","authors":"Dominik Fischer, Luisa Fischer, Ines Leonhardt, Markus Dietz, Malte Götz, Michael Lierz, Olaf Simon, Johannes Lang","doi":"10.1007/s10344-023-01752-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-023-01752-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Specific questions in wildlife research and surveillance require safe and efficient capture, handling and anaesthesia protocols to enable sampling and transmitter placement in free-ranging individuals. For wild felids, various protocols are available, but detailed reports for European wildcats (<i>Felis silvestris</i>) are scarce. In particular, tools for anaesthesia monitoring under field conditions and reference values for heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and body temperature are missing. In the present study, European wildcats were caught in box traps before being released into catch bags for manual restraint. Inside the bags, ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia was applied via intramuscular injection, adjusted to the animal’s body weight. During anaesthesia, samples were taken, and vital variables were monitored continuously. Haematology and blood chemistry parameters were obtained, along with serological markers for antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline coronavirus and antigens of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV). In total, 29 wildcats were captured, of which 21 were examined and marked with passive integrated transponders. Twelve wildcats were collared with GPS transmitters. Handling time under anaesthesia averaged 30 min (range 26–35 min). Heart rate ranged between 76 and 170 beats/min and respiratory rate between 20 and 52 breaths/min. Relative arterial oxygen saturation stayed mainly between 93 and 99%, and rectal temperature ranged between 36.2 and 40.2 °C. Further, FeLV antibodies were detected in 2/21 samples. The applied protocol facilitated safe and sufficient examination, sampling and transmitter placement, as well as the establishment of haematological and blood chemical values in free-ranging European wildcats for the first time.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138493150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}