Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger最新文献

{"title":"Challenges in sourcing bodies for anatomy education and research in Ethiopia: Pre and post COVID-19 scenarios","authors":"Amenu Tolera Wirtu ,&nbsp;Arthur Tsalani Manjatika","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The relevance of anatomical dissection in instructing anatomy to medical, dental, and other health science students is indisputable. Ethiopian anatomists encountered challenges in obtaining human bodies for anatomy education and research, both prior to and following the COVID-19 outbreak. The challenges intensified during the pandemic, significantly affecting anatomy education in Ethiopia. This study seeks to investigate the sources of bodies for anatomy, spanning the periods before and after COVID-19, with a particular focus on identifying the primary challenges associated with sourcing of bodies in Ethiopia.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Fifty (50) anatomists completed a survey distributed to ten (10) randomly chosen medical institutions in Ethiopia. The survey gathered information on the body profile (number of bodies, age, sex, sources, and methods of body disposal), and the challenges faced during the sourcing of bodies in the years 2018 and 2023.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of sixty-three (63) bodies were used by the sampled medical institutions between 2018 and 2023 academic years. All (100%) of the bodies used were unclaimed human bodies. Most (66.7%) of these bodies were males. The majority (65.5%) of these bodies were sourced from Tikur Anbessa hospital in Addis Ababa. None (0%) of the sampled medical institutions had body donation programs. Disposal of human tissues encompassed various methods, including the retention of skeletons, prosection of vital organs, and burial of remaining tissues. Economic constraints and the absence of a legal framework document were the main challenges in acquiring bodies in the pre-pandemic period. The COVID-19 pandemic prevention policies and the civil war further exacerbated the challenges in sourcing of bodies for anatomy dissections during the post-pandemic period.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The reliance on unclaimed human bodies for anatomy education and research in Ethiopian medical institutions mirrors a common practice across many African countries. The authors suggest the development of a legislative framework or operational guidelines, coupled with empowering the medical institutions to outsource their own funding that will ultimately lead to an increased number of bodies available for anatomical dissection. Over time, implementation and promotion of body donation programs may also resolve body shortages for anatomy education in Ethiopia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 152234"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139998446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cochlear aqueduct revisited: A histological study using human fetuses","authors":"Kwang Ho Cho ,&nbsp;Ji Hyun Kim ,&nbsp;Yohei Honkura ,&nbsp;Masahito Yamamoto ,&nbsp;Gen Murakami ,&nbsp;Jose Francisco Rodríguez-Vázquez ,&nbsp;Yukio Katori","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aim</h3><p>The cochlear aqueduct (CA) connects between the perilymphatic space of the cochlea and the subarachnoid space in the posterior cranial fossa. The study aimed to examine 1) whether cavitation of the CA occurs on the subarachnoid side or the cochlear side and 2) the growth and/or degeneration of the CA and its concomitant vein.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We examined paraffin-embedded histological sections from human fetuses: 15 midterm fetuses (crown-rump length or CRL, 39–115 mm) and 12 near-term fetuses (CRL, 225–328 mm).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A linear mesenchymal condensation, i.e., a likely candidate of the CA anlage, was observed without the accompanying vein at 9–10 weeks. The vein appeared until 15 weeks, but it was sometimes distant from the CA. At 10–12 weeks, the subarachnoid space (or the epidural space) near the glossopharyngeal nerve rapidly protruded into the CA anlage and reached the scala tympani, in which cavitation was gradually on-going but without epithelial lining. However, CA cavitation did not to occur in the anlage. At the opening to the scala, the epithelial-like lining of the CA lost its meningeal structure. At near-term, the CA was often narrowed and obliterated.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The CA develops from meningeal tissues when the cavitation of the scala begins. The latter cavitation seemed to reduce tissue stiffness leading, to meningeal protrusion. The so-called anlage of CA might be a phylogenetic remnant of the glossopharyngeal nerve branch. A course of cochlear veins appears to be determined by a rule different from the CA development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 152236"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139992006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary evaluation of fish cartilage as a promising biomaterial in cartilage tissue engineering","authors":"Abbas Zamani ,&nbsp;Maryam Khajavi ,&nbsp;Masoumeh Haghbin Nazarpak ,&nbsp;Atefeh Solouk ,&nbsp;Maryam Atef","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fish cartilage is known as a valuable source of natural biomaterials due to its unique composition and properties. It contains a variety of bioactive components that contribute to its potential applications in different domains such as tissue engineering. The present work aimed to consider the properties of backbone cartilage from fish with a cartilaginous skeleton, including elasmobranch (reticulate whipray: <em>Himantura uarnak</em> and milk shark: <em>Rhizoprionodon acutus</em>) and sturgeon (beluga: <em>Huso huso</em>). The histomorphometric findings showed that the number of chondrocytes was significantly higher in reticulate whipray and milk shark compared to beluga (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). The highest GAGs content was recorded in reticulate whipray cartilage compared to the other two species (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). The cartilage from reticulate whipray and beluga showed higher collagen content than milk shark cartilage (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), and the immunohistochemical assay for type II collagen (Col II) showed higher amounts of this component in reticulate whipray compared to the other two species. Young’s modulus of the cartilage from reticulate whipray was significantly higher than that of milk shark and beluga (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), while no significant difference was recorded between Young’s modulus of the cartilage from milk shark and beluga. The gene expression of ACAN, Col II, and Sox9 showed that the cartilage-ECM from three species was able to induce chondrocyte differentiation from human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hASCs). From these results, it can be concluded that the cartilage from three species, especially reticulate whipray, enjoys the appropriate biological properties and provides a basis for promoting its applications in the field of cartilage tissue engineering.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 152232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139974942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the use of gelatine-glycerine and gelatine-polyvinyl alcohol mixtures as tissue consistency preservatives in cadavers fixed with modified SEFS solution","authors":"Zeynep İpek Oruç,&nbsp;Erkut Turan","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152235","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152235","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to improve the effectiveness of SEFS, a fixing solution composed of soap and ethanol. This was achieved by modifying the formulation of SEFS. Additionally, this study aimed to preserve the consistency of organs by perfusing cadavers with mixtures of gelatine-glycerin (gelatine-Gls) and gelatine-polyvinyl alcohol (gelatine-PVA) through vascular access. The modified SEFS embalmed cadavers were divided into two groups: Group I was treated with gelatine-glycerin, and Group II was treated with gelatine-polyvinyl alcohol and each group comprised of two goats and three rabbits. Over one year, cadavers were objectively assessed for hardness, colour, and joint range of motion. Additionally, the cadavers were subjectively evaluated after dissection and palpation. For the modified SEFS embalmment haptic and optic examinations of the muscles revealed they maintained a vivid colour tone, closely resembling their natural colour. The thoracic organs displayed natural colour, with the lungs retaining their shape without collapse. Notably, the walls of the atrium and ventricles of the heart remained intact without inward collapse. The use of gelatine-PVA yielded better outcomes than gelatine-Gls in preserving the volumes of both chest and abdominal organs. This was particularly evident in the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and kidney. Overall, the modified SEFS and gelatin-PVA mixtures were superior in maintaining certain properties better than expected from cadavers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 152235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139946602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Anatomical Concepts regarding Pubic-Related Groin Pain: A Dissection Study","authors":"Thomas Mathieu ,&nbsp;Francis Van Glabbeek ,&nbsp;Lenie Denteneer ,&nbsp;Levi Van Winckel ,&nbsp;Emile Schacht ,&nbsp;Benjamin De Vlam ,&nbsp;Luc Van Nassauw","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Pubis-related groin pain remains a difficult topic in orthopedic and sports medicine. A better understanding of the anatomy of the adductors and the pubic ligaments is necessary. The aim of this study is to map all the musculotendinous attachments to the pubic ligaments and to investigate in detail all the possible inter-adductor fusions.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The pubic symphyses were dissected in eight male and fourteen female embalmed cadavers (mean age 85 years), focusing on the fusion between the adductors, pubic ligaments, and musculotendinous attachments at the pubic ligaments. The 95% confidence intervals for the prevalence of the different conjoint tendons and tendon attachment to ligament were calculated.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The presence of three types of conjoint tendons was found: adductor brevis and gracilis (AB/G) 90.9 [72.2 – 97.5]%; adductor brevis and adductor longus (AB/AL) 50.0 [30.7 – 69.3]%; adductor longus and gracilis (AL/G) 50.0 [30.7 – 69.3]%. The AL, AB and G were in every cadaver attached to the anterior pubic ligament (APL). 64% of the AB and 100% of the G were attached to the inferior pubic ligament (IPL).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The proximal anatomy of the adductors is more complex than initially described. This study identified three possible conjoint tendons between the proximal adductors. The AB/G conjoint tendon was significantly more present than the AB/AL or AL/G conjoint tendon. The IPL has attachments only from the AB and G. Rectus Abdominis (RA) and AL were not attached to IPL. Mapping the musculotendinous attachments on the pubic ligaments creates more clarity on the pathophysiology of lesions in this area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 152238"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139974941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical definition and rules of the splitting/merging patterns in bundles of human peripheral nerve segment","authors":"Yingchun Zhong ,&nbsp;Peng Luo ,&nbsp;Xiaoyue Wen ,&nbsp;Biao Wang ,&nbsp;Chengfan Zhong ,&nbsp;Shuang Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurately measuring the spatial extension distance of nerve bundles in completing a split/merge is impossible because no clear mathematical definition exists for the starting and ending positions in nerve-bundle splitting/merging. We manually count the number of nerve-bundle splits/merges in long nerve segments, which is labor-intensive, inefficient, and prone to counting errors. Currently, the mathematics are unclear for the nerve-bundle diameter before and after splitting/merging. This paper explores these problems and proposes nerve-bundle splitting/merging rules. Based on the method of defining the beginning and ending positions of nerve-bundle splitting/merging, we explored the mathematical law of equivalent diameter of nerve bundles before and after splitting/merging. The experimental results revealed that the moving average of circularity of nerve bundle accurately defines the beginning and ending positions of nerve-bundle splitting/merging. The diameter of the nerve bundles before and after split/merge approximately conforms to the principles of the Da Vinci formula. The proposed automatic counting algorithm based on centroid offset matching obtains the number of split/merged nerve bundles in the sequence scan images with 100 % accuracy. The mathematical definition of the starting and ending positions of nerve-bundle splitting/merging proposed in this paper is accurate and strict and is the foundation of subsequent research. The proposed automatic counting algorithm based on centroid offset matching (ACA-COM) can accurately and efficiently count the number of times the nerve bundles split and merge in sequential images. The mathematical law satisfied by the diameter of the nerve bundles before and after splitting/merging reflects that the nerve bundles tend to have better capability to resist breaking.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 152231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139934649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An examination of the status, contexts of anatomical body donation, and perspectives in China","authors":"Airong Ma ,&nbsp;Ying Ding ,&nbsp;Jianfei Lu ,&nbsp;Yan Wo ,&nbsp;Wenlong Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Body donation is a valuable resource in medical education, research, clinical diagnosis, and treatment. Consequently, donors are honored as “Silent Mentors” in Chinese medical schools. This article briefly reviews the history, current status, and strategies to promote body donation in China (excluding data from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan regions) and discusses the problems encountered in body donation work in China. After establishing the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the central government issued regulations on the use of dissected bodies. In 2001, the “Shanghai Regulations on Body Donation” were officially implemented and became China’s first local legislative regulation on body donation. Subsequently, local legislative regulations and rules on body donation were issued in various regions to promote smooth and orderly body donation. There has been tremendous development in body donation in China for more than 40 years; however, the progress of this partial work has been uneven in various areas owing to the influence of traditional ethical concepts. It is, therefore, imperative to legislate body donations at a national level. Raising the public’s scientific literacy and changing the traditional concept of funerals can create a positive social atmosphere for body donation, thus increasing the public’s awareness and willingness to donate their bodies. Donating the body at the end of life contributes to life science and medical causes and is a noble act worthy of praise.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 152230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139898404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal skeletal growth and growth plate morphological characteristics of chondro-tissue specific CUL7 knockout mice","authors":"Yanan Zhang ,&nbsp;Fangrui Hu ,&nbsp;Hui Li ,&nbsp;Qinli Duan ,&nbsp;Yalei Pi ,&nbsp;Yuqian Li ,&nbsp;Huifeng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>3 M syndrome is first reported in 1975，which characterized by severe pre- and postnatal growth retardation, skeletal malformation and facial dysmorphism. These three genes (CUL7, OBSL1 and CCDC8) have been identified to be respond for 3 M syndrome, of which CUL7 is accounting for approximately 70%. To date, the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of 3 M syndrome remains poorly understood. Previous studies showed that no Cul7^-/- mice could survive after birth, because of growth retardation at late gestational stage and respiratory distress after birth. The establishment of the animal model of cartilage specific Cul7 knockout mice (Cul7^fl/fl;Col2a1-CreERT2 mice) has confirmed that Cul7^fl/fl;Col2a1-CreERT2 mice can be selective in a time- and tissue-dependent manner, which can provide an experimental basis for further research on severe genetic diseases related to growth plates.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To establish a model of Cul7^fl/fl;Col2a1-CreERT2 mice based on Cre/LoxP system, and to further observe its phenotype and morphological changes in growth plate.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The Cul7^fl/fl;Col2a1-CreERT2 mice were taken as the experimental group, while the genotype of Cul7^fl/+;Col2a1-CreERT2 mice were used as the control group. The gross morphological features and X-ray films of limbs in the two groups were observed every week for 3–6 consecutive weeks, and the length of the mice from nose to the tail, the length of femur and tibia were recorded. In the meantime, The histological morphology of tibial growth plates was compared between the two groups.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A preliminary model of Cul7^fl/fl;Col2a1-CreERT2 mice was established. The Cul7^fl/fl;Col2a1-CreERT2 mice had abnormally short and deformed limbs (P&lt;0.05), increased thickness of growth plate, the disorderly arranged chondrocyte columns, decreased number of cells in the proliferation zone, changes in the shape from flat to round, obviously expanded extracellular matrix, and disordered arrangement, thickening and loosening of bone trabecula at the proximal metaphysis of the femur.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The knockout of Cul7 gene may affect both the proliferation of chondrocytes and the endochondral osteogenesis, confirming that Cul7 is essential for the normal development of bone in the body.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 152224"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224000165/pdfft?md5=ff470fc2a3083a4a7094f100481d637e&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224000165-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139898370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional measurements of symmetry for the mandibular ramus","authors":"Adrian Franke ,&nbsp;Anastasia Franziska Sequenc ,&nbsp;Philipp Sembdner ,&nbsp;Alexander Seidler ,&nbsp;Jan Bernard Matschke ,&nbsp;Henry Leonhardt","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The study examines a sample of patients presenting for viscerocranial computer tomography that does not display any apparent signs of asymmetry, assesses the three-dimensional congruency of the mandibular ramus, and focuses on differences in age and gender.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This cross-sectional cohort study screened viscerocranial CT data of patients without deformation or developmental anomalies. Segmentations were obtained from the left and right sides and superimposed according to the best-fit alignment. Comparisons were made to evaluate three-dimensional congruency and compared between subgroups according to age and gender.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Two hundred and sixty-eight patients were screened, and one hundred patients met the inclusion criteria. There were no statistical differences between the left and right sides of the mandibular ramus. Also, there were no differences between the subgroups. The overall root mean square was 0.75 ± 0.15 mm, and the mean absolute distance from the mean was 0.54 ± 0.10 mm.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The mean difference was less than one millimetre, far below the two-millimetre distance described in the literature that defines relative symmetry. Our study population displays a high degree of three-dimensional congruency.</p><p>Our findings help to understand that there is sufficient three-dimensional congruency of the mandibular ramus, thus contributing to facilitating CAD-CAM-based procedures based on symmetry for this specific anatomic structure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 152229"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224000219/pdfft?md5=a1f44dead500677ce0acf6f14807cf0d&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224000219-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139898371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution and development of extraocular motor neurons, nerves and muscles in vertebrates","authors":"Bernd Fritzsch","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152225","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The purpose of this review is to analyze the origin of ocular motor neurons, define the pattern of innervation of nerve fibers that project to the extraocular eye muscles (EOMs), describe congenital disorders that alter the development of ocular motor neurons, and provide an overview of vestibular pathway inputs to ocular motor nuclei. Six eye muscles are innervated by axons of three ocular motor neurons, the oculomotor (CNIII), trochlear (CNIV), and abducens (CNVI) neurons. Ocular motor neurons (CNIII) originate in the midbrain and innervate the ipsilateral orbit, except for the superior rectus and the levator palpebrae, which are contralaterally innervated. Trochlear motor neurons (CNIV) originate at the midbrain-hindbrain junction and innervate the contralateral superior oblique muscle. Abducens motor neurons (CNVI) originate variously in the hindbrain of rhombomeres r4–6 that innervate the posterior (or lateral) rectus muscle and innervate the retractor bulbi. Genes allow a distinction between special somatic (CNIII, IV) and somatic (CNVI) ocular motor neurons. Development of ocular motor neurons and their axonal projections to the EOMs may be derailed by various genetic causes, resulting in the congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders. The ocular motor neurons innervate EOMs while the vestibular nuclei connect with the midbrain-brainstem motor neurons.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 152225"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139725356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}