Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger最新文献

{"title":"Human cadaveric spine dissection: A protocol for harvesting lumbar intervertebral discs from body donors","authors":"Nurul Fariha Za`aba ,&nbsp;Rusydi Razak ,&nbsp;Izzat Zulkiflee ,&nbsp;Ahmad Hafiz Kamarrudin ,&nbsp;Muhamad Nazrin Mustafa ,&nbsp;Kieran Joyce ,&nbsp;Raed H. Ogaili ,&nbsp;Mwafaq Kmail ,&nbsp;Fairus Ahmad ,&nbsp;Elvy Suhana Mohd Ramli ,&nbsp;Sabarul Afian Mokhtar ,&nbsp;Isma Liza Mohd Isa","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In spine research, human degenerative discs are commonly procured from patients undergoing spinal surgery; however, the acquisition of healthy discs as age-matched controls remains highly restricted. This study establishes a protocol for dissecting the spine of body donors, aiming to harvest intact lumbar intervertebral discs (IVDs). A one-year prospective cadaveric spine dissection on through the human body donation programme at a public institution. Thirteen body donors with no history of spinal diseases were identified. Consent of body donors was obtained from the family members. Following thawing deep-frozen cadavers, the dissection was performed via an anterior approach through a standard midline laparotomy to expose the retroperitoneal space, allowing access to the anterior aspect of the lumbar spine. The ligamentous and musculature structures were dissected out to expose the IVD tissues, indicated by ivory cartilaginous structure between the vertebrae. Pedicles of the vertebrae at L1-L5 were cut bilaterally, followed by osteotomy of the vertebral bodies, enabling the extraction of the discs with endplates intact from the spine. Post-mortem, histology of the harvested IVDs revealed mild histological changes in the endplate, AF lamellae, annular-nuclear demarcation, NP structure, with mean histological scores ranged from zero to five, corresponding to <em>Thompson</em> grades 1–2. This protocol demonstrates high efficiency in harvesting intact IVD tissues, highlighting its potential for obtaining age-matched control of aging IVDs in degenerative disc research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152680"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144153059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pilot feasibility study of a minimally invasive technique to collect microbiopsies from sternocleidomastoid muscle for histological analysis in humans","authors":"Diego Poddighe ,&nbsp;Anke Andries ,&nbsp;Alexandros Kalkanis ,&nbsp;Marieke Wuyts ,&nbsp;Arne Böhrer ,&nbsp;Karen Maes ,&nbsp;Jeroen Meulemans ,&nbsp;Ghislaine Gayan-Ramirez ,&nbsp;Greet Hermans ,&nbsp;Daniel Langer","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The fine-needle (microbiopsy) technique may be suitable for sampling extradiaphragmatic respiratory muscles, but has so far never been used for this purpose. If feasible it would allow to study structural properties and adaptations of these muscles in response to disuse or loading interventions in humans. The sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) might be a promising target.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To assess the feasibility of the microbiopsy technique to obtain muscle tissue of good-quality with cross-sectionally oriented muscle fibres for immunohistochemical analyses of fibre type composition, number of capillaries and satellite cells in human SCM.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Three to five SCM microbiopsies were taken bilaterally under ultrasound guidance in four fresh-frozen human cadavers, and six recently deceased adult patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Biopsies were frozen in liquid nitrogen-cooled isopentane. Sections were stained for presence and quality of muscle tissue (Hematoxylin&amp;Eosin), fibre typing (myosin heavy chain immunostaining), capillaries (CD31 immunostaining), and satellite cells amount (Pax7 immunostaining).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Biopsy collection was poor in fresh-frozen cadavers, while muscle biopsies were successfully collected in 87 % of all samples from recently deceased ICU patients. Good-quality muscle biopsies, with cross-sectionally oriented fibres (average:131 ± 79, range:30–343 fibres), were obtained from at least one sample per deceased subject. Staining procedures were successful, allowing analyses of fibre type composition, number of capillaries and satellite cells.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In six recently deceased ICU patients, it was feasible to collect good-quality muscle tissue with cross-sectionally oriented fibres from the human SCM for immunohistochemical analyses of fibre type composition, number of capillaries and satellite cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152679"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144144720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent anatomic design of porous radial head prosthesis and microscopic-macro biomechanical finite element analysis in the long-term after replacement surgery","authors":"Hao Ye ,&nbsp;Xi Li ,&nbsp;Chuxuan Zhi ,&nbsp;Tingyang Xing ,&nbsp;Junhan Chai ,&nbsp;Jiawei Lou ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Zhu ,&nbsp;Yimin Zhao ,&nbsp;Huan Guo ,&nbsp;Shuming Huang ,&nbsp;Fuqian Shi ,&nbsp;Xianjing Kong ,&nbsp;Shizhen Zhong ,&nbsp;Yingze Zhang ,&nbsp;Lijun Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The microporous structure of porous titanium alloy may affect osteoblast differentiation and reduce effective elastic modulus (EEM) of the prostheses. Therefore, the biomechanics-based anatomic design of porous radial head prosthesis (PRHP) may help promote bone healing and reduce postoperative complications.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A microscopic-macro virtual testing platform (VTP) was built to design cells with excellent mechanical properties, further, to construct the PRHP. An intelligent anatomic platform of healthy human elbow-forearms was developed to construct finite element (FE) models of solid radial head prosthesis (SRHP) and PRHP replacement for Mason type III fractures. Axial and valgus loads were applied for surgical model validation and microscopic-macro biomechanical analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The order of ultimate compressive load (UCL) and yield strength (YS) of five types of cells is NEWTET&gt;KAGOME&gt;NEWPYRAMID&gt;TET&gt;PYRAMID. Under the same porosity conditions, UCL and YS of the double and four-layer lattice structures of NEWTET decreased by 62.39 %, 69.46 % and 61.70 %, 70.21 % compared to the single-layer, respectively. The EEM of NEWTET-based PRHP is 17.66 % of that of SRHP. Compared with the SRHP replacement, PRHP replacement reduced the humeral cartilage stress by 18.96 %–19.51 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>NEWTET cell has better microscopic mechanical properties and bone-growth adaptability. The EEM of NEWTET-based PRHP closely resembles cortical bone. Compared with SRHP replacement, microscopic-macro biomechanical performance in long-term after PRHP replacement is closer to that of a normal elbow joint. The microscopic-macro VTP and human intelligent anatomic elbow-forearm FE analysis systems provide efficient, accurate, and smart tools for the design of porous prostheses in joint replacement surgery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152678"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144144725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological evaluation of Semimembranosus muscle quality in the Nero di Lomellina pig: a contribution to porcine biodiversity","authors":"Margherita Pallaoro ,&nbsp;Lucia Aidos ,&nbsp;Giorgio Mirra ,&nbsp;Mirko Sergio ,&nbsp;Raffaella Rossi ,&nbsp;Eleonora Buoio ,&nbsp;Annamaria Costa ,&nbsp;Mauro Di Giancamillo ,&nbsp;Silvia Mazzola ,&nbsp;Silvia Modina ,&nbsp;Alessia Di Giancamillo","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152677","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study provides a morphological characterization of the thigh and <em>Semimembranosus</em> muscle (SM) of the Nero di Lomellina (NL) pig, considering two different rearing periods, December-October (rearing period 1) and September-July (rearing period 2), and using a commercial crossbreed (CH) as a reference.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Fat content in the thigh was evaluated using computed tomography, while SM characteristics were assessed by comparing muscle fiber area, density, and total number. Fiber type composition was determined by immunofluorescence and molecular analyses through the localization and expression of myosin isoforms, including MyHC I, MyHC IIb, and MyHC IIa/x (red slow oxidative, white fast glycolytic, and intermediate fast oxidative glycolytic fibers, respectively). Additionally, physicochemical analyses were conducted to assess muscle quality.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results showed that both breeds had higher intermuscular fat deposition in the rearing period 2. In period 1, NL pigs exhibited larger muscle fibers than CH pigs, whereas no differences were observed in period 2. Immunofluorescence revealed that CH pigs in period 2 had a higher proportion of red and intermediate fibers, while NL pigs showed no significant changes in fiber composition related to the rearing period. Conclusions: In conclusion, lower temperatures in period 2 promoted an oxidative phenotype in CH, whereas NL pigs showed greater stability across rearing periods and better adaptability to temperature fluctuations. These findings suggest that NL pigs exhibit greater resilience to environmental changes, supporting previous studies on breed-specific responses to temperature variation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152677"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144116309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrergic innervation of the cardiac small intensely fluorescent cells in rats","authors":"Ignas Sabeckis ,&nbsp;Kristina Rysevaite-Kyguoliene ,&nbsp;Deimante Sabeckiene ,&nbsp;Yuliia Onashko ,&nbsp;Neringa Pauziene ,&nbsp;Dainius H. Pauza","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study aims to analyse the innervation of the small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells within the rat heart, seeking to examine the supposable neuroanatomical basis for the paradoxical increase of the sympathetic activity of the heart following electrical stimulation of the vagal nerves.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Neuronal markers and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to analyse cardiac SIF cells and their innervation in 12 rats.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings of the present study demonstrate the limited number of nerve fibres (NFs) adjacent to SIF cells. These NFs were of nitrergic phenotype and negative to adrenergic and cholinergic neuronal markers. We revealed two morphologic patterns of these NFs networking SIF cells. The first type of nitrergic NFs surrounded the SIF cells tightly, and their axons contained numerous varicosities. The second pattern had nitrergic axons with fewer or no varicosities on their terminals. Since most SIF cells identified in the rat hearts (∼80 %) had no nerve fibres targeting them, the innervated SIF cells may be considered as particular catecholaminergic cells mediating between the heart neural regulation and the endocrine mechanism of SIF cells.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Since our earlier data demonstrate the absolute prevalence of nitric oxide synthesising neurons in the rat vagal sensory ganglia, we conclude that nitrergic nerve axons basketed SIF cells are the vagal sensory axons presumably controlling the cardiac SIF cells in rats.</div></div><div><h3>Ethics</h3><div>On behalf of all authors, herewith I declare that the study described in the submitted manuscript was performed according to all ethic requirements under permission No. LT-61–19–004 issued by the State Service for Food and Veterinary.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152675"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between visualization of retromolar foramen and canal and mandibular canal morphology and gonial angle","authors":"Shigeo Osato ,&nbsp;Tadakazu Miyao ,&nbsp;Irika Miyao ,&nbsp;Yukari Nakajima","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The characteristics of the mandibular canal morphology and the gonial angle (GA) in the mandible where the retromolar foramen and canal (RMF/RMC) are observed remain unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study examined the visualization of the RMF/RMC using various methods and assessed the associations of their variations with mandibular canal morphology and GA.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>RMFs/RMCs were visualized using digital macro photography, digital panoramic radiography, and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in 54 sides of 27 dried dentate mandibles. The diameter and canal morphology (A–E types) of the RMF/RMC, GA, inclination angle of the mandibular canal (IAMC), curvature of the mandibular canal (CMC), and mental angle were analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>RMFs were identified in seven (25.93 %) mandibles and nine (16.67 %) sides, while RMF cecums were observed in three (11.11 %) mandibles and three (5.56 %) sides using CBCT. RMFs appeared as a single foramen on one side, with a mean diameter of 0.94 ± 0.37 mm and greater in males (by 0.56 mm). RMCs of Types A-div.1 and B-div.1 were identified. Males had significantly greater D1 height and D2 horizontal distance than females. IAMC of the RMF/RMC presence group significantly exceeded that of the RMF/RMC absence group by 6.04°. In both groups, GA was significantly negatively correlated with IAMC (<em>r</em> = -0.83 and −0.55, respectively); the correlation between GA and CMC was significantly higher in the presence group than in the absence group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>RMF/RMC visualization was significantly better with CBCT. This study enhances our anatomical knowledge and aids surgical and anesthetic procedures regarding the retromolar area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152673"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144044574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Site of insertion of flexor digitorum profundus tendon and volar plate at the distal phalanx in relation to a volar spur – A radiological-anatomical study","authors":"Paul L. Hoppe ,&nbsp;Paata Pruidze ,&nbsp;Stefan Hajdu ,&nbsp;Wolfgang J. Weninger ,&nbsp;Gabriel Halát","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study aimed to differentiate between the attachment sites of the volar plate and the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon by specific measurements in lateral radiographs. Furthermore, their relation to a volar spur was assessed.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We dissected the attachments of the volar plate and the FDP tendon in 200 distal phalanges of male and female body donors. The margins of the attachments were marked with cannulas for subsequent radiological evaluation. The location of a not yet described volar spur at the base of the distal phalanx was assessed hypothesizing a potential correlation to the FDP tendon attachment.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analyzed phalanges were 16.8 ± 1.5 mm long and 5.6 ± 0.7 mm deep. The volar spur was identifiable in all specimens and was located 3.5 ± 0.6 mm from the volar articular line. The distances from the articular line to the volar spur and to the proximal margin of the FDP tendon showed strong correlation (0.560, p &lt; 0.001). The proximal margin of the FDP tendon attachment was located at 47.4 % ± 10.6 % of the distance between the articular line and the volar spur.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The volar spur at the volar base of the distal phalanx facilitates the identification of the FDP tendon attachment and its differentiation from the volar plate attachment. This may be essential in the characterization of bony volar plate avulsion in the distal phalanx. Furthermore, the volar spur may serve intraoperatively as radiological reference of the centroid of the FDP tendon attachment facilitating correct repair placement in FDP tendon avulsions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152674"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overview of the applications of AI for detecting anatomical configurations in endodontics","authors":"Eman M. Fouad ,&nbsp;Ashraf Abu-Seida ,&nbsp;Khaled A. Alsheshtawi","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Artificial intelligence (AI), which uses algorithms to replicate human intellect, allows robots to learn from data and complete complex tasks on their own.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Mini-narrative review.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This mini-narrative review evaluates AI’s potential to improve the detection of anatomical features of root and canal systems, focusing on its benefits, challenges, and future applications.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify studies on AI applications in detecting anatomical features of root and root canal systems in endodontics. Inclusion criteria encompassed all relevant literature focused on anatomical feature detection, with no restrictions on time or language. Studies were excluded if they were unrelated to the topic or focused on pathological rather than anatomical feature detection.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>AI has significantly improved the detection of root and canal anatomy, including minor constrictions, working length, second mesio-buccal canals, and complex systems like C-shaped canals, with diagnostic accuracy comparable to or surpassing experienced practitioners. While challenges remain in technology, ethics, and regulation, AI enhances precision, efficiency, and patient outcomes. Addressing these hurdles will further advance its integration into endodontic practice and shape its future positively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152671"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143931836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guided bone regeneration using beta-tricalcium phosphate and leucocyte platelet-rich fibrin versus a novel biodegradable urethane composite in critical-size osseous defects in rabbit tibia: Histologic results of a pilot study","authors":"Claudiu Călin ,&nbsp;Oana Dima ,&nbsp;Diana L. Ancuta ,&nbsp;Cristin Coman ,&nbsp;Cornelis H. Pameijer ,&nbsp;Friedrich Paulsen ,&nbsp;Maximilian Sprenger ,&nbsp;Tiberiu Nita ,&nbsp;Andreea C. Didilescu","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152672","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152672","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Insufficient bone volume is a major problem in implant dentistry, which can be counteracted by using guided bone regeneration technique. Among the materials recently tested, synthetic polymers have been recommended as showing excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of this pilot study was to analyze and compare through means of histology the healing of the bone tissue in critical size osseous defects in New-Zealand rabbit tibiae after application of beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) alone, β-TCP combined with leucocyte platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) and an injectable experimental bone cement (EBC) represented by a dual-curable degradable synthetic polymer.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Two New-Zealand rabbits were used. Three standardized osseous defects of 5 mm diameter were created in each tibia. Each defect was filled with either β-TCP alone (control), β-TCP combined with L-PRF (test) or with EBC (test). The animals were sacrificed at 25 and 70 days; the tibia samples were removed, fixed in 10 % formaldehyde and stained with AZAN.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>While at 25 days β-TCP produced sparse bone formation, at 70 days mature bone formation was visible in all areas of the defect with minimum remaining graft particles; at 25 days, β-TCP combined with L-PRF produced broad areas of bone lamellae, while at 70 days bone tissue formation was limited; at both 25 and 70 days, the EBC was stable and not penetrated by bone cells, while a narrow band of connective tissue could be seen superjacent and inferior to it.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Among the tested biomaterials, β-TCP was capable of generating bone formation at both healing time-points, while the addition of L-PRF seemed to provide a synergistic effect only in the early phase of bone healing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152672"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143934855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of isolated keratin 3 knockdown on gene expression of primary limbal epithelial cells without and with inflammatory stimuli","authors":"Swarnali Kundu ,&nbsp;Maryam Amini ,&nbsp;Tanja Stachon ,&nbsp;Fabian Fries ,&nbsp;Berthold Seitz ,&nbsp;Zhen Li ,&nbsp;Shuailin Li ,&nbsp;Shanhe Liu ,&nbsp;Shao-Lun Shu ,&nbsp;Shweta Suiwal ,&nbsp;Nóra Szentmáry","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Studies have shown that keratin 3 (KRT3) expression is reduced in paired box 6 (PAX6) haploinsufficient primary limbal epithelial cells (LECs). The downregulation of KRT3 expression due to PAX6 haploinsufficiency is likely a critical factor in the development and progression of aniridia associated keratopathy (AAK). In addition, the ocular surface of congenital aniridia patients exhibits an inflammatory environment. The objective of this study was to investigate the isolated effect of KRT3 knockdown, achieved via siRNA silencing in healthy LECs, on PAX6 and other related gene expressions, both under normal and inflammatory conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>To achieve KRT3 knockdown, human primary LECs were transfected with KRT3 siRNA using Lipofectamine 2000. Inflammatory conditions were induced 48 hours after transfection by treating the cells with 2 mg/mL of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or 1 ng/mL of IL-1β. Subsequently, gene and protein expression levels were analysed using qPCR, Western blotting, and ELISA.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Following KRT3 knockdown at protein level, there was DSG1, ADH7 and PPAR<em>γ</em> upregulation and MAPK1 downregulation solely at transcriptional level (p ≤ 0.031). Nevertheless, IL-6 downregulation could be observed both at transcriptional and at protein levels (p ≤ 0.003). Following KRT3 siRNA knockdown, LPS induced inflammation decreased PPAR<em>γ</em> mRNA level and IL-1β induced inflammation decreased DSG1 and ADH7 mRNA levels without changes at protein levels (p ≤ 0.014). In contrast, in control knockdown LECs, IL-1β induced inflammation significantly decreased KRT3 mRNA and protein levels and IL-6 protein level (p ≤ 0.02).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In normal LECs, inflammatory stimuli slow differentiation and simultaneously induce IL-6 production. These mechanisms are absent in KRT3 knockdown LECs. As a result, despite the presence of inflammation, KRT3 knockdown LECs continue their differentiation unaltered while maintaining inflammatory IL-6 protein secretion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152670"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}