Vehicles最新文献_第2页

Computing Safe Stop Trajectories for Autonomous Driving Utilizing Clustering and Parametric Optimization 利用聚类和参数优化计算自动驾驶的安全停车轨迹

Vehicles Pub Date : 2024-03-24 DOI: 10.3390/vehicles6020027

Johannes Langhorst, Kai Wah Chan, Christian Meerpohl, Christof Büskens

{"title":"Computing Safe Stop Trajectories for Autonomous Driving Utilizing Clustering and Parametric Optimization","authors":"Johannes Langhorst, Kai Wah Chan, Christian Meerpohl, Christof Büskens","doi":"10.3390/vehicles6020027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6020027","url":null,"abstract":"In the realm of autonomous driving, ensuring a secure halt is imperative across diverse scenarios, ranging from routine stops at traffic lights to critical situations involving detected system boundaries of crucial modules. This article presents a novel methodology for swiftly calculating safe stop trajectories. We utilize a clustering method to categorize lane shapes to assign encountered traffic situations at runtime to a set of precomputed resources. Among these resources, there are precalculated halt trajectories along representative lane centers that serve as parametrizations of the optimal control problem. At runtime, the current road settings are identified, and the respective precomputed trajectory is selected and then adjusted to fit the present situation. Here, the perceived lane center is considered a change in the parameters of the optimal control problem. Thus, techniques based on parametric sensitivity analysis can be employed, such as the low-cost feasibility correction. This approach covers a substantial number of lane shapes and exhibits a similar solution quality as a re-optimization to generate a trajectory while demanding only a fraction of the computation time.","PeriodicalId":509694,"journal":{"name":"Vehicles","volume":" 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140385515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis and Preliminary Design of Variable Flux Reluctance Machines: A Perspective from Working Field Harmonics 变磁通磁阻机的分析和初步设计：工作场谐波透视

Vehicles Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.3390/vehicles6010026

Xiangpei Gu, N. Bianchi, Zhuoran Zhang

引用次数: 0

An Analysis of the Correct Frequency of the Service Inspections of German Passenger Cars—A Case Study on Kazakhstan and Poland 德国客车服务检查正确频率分析--哈萨克斯坦和波兰案例研究

Vehicles Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.3390/vehicles6010025

S. Nurkusheva, M. Bembenek, Maciej Berdychowski, Bożena Gajdzik, R. Wolniak

{"title":"An Analysis of the Correct Frequency of the Service Inspections of German Passenger Cars—A Case Study on Kazakhstan and Poland","authors":"S. Nurkusheva, M. Bembenek, Maciej Berdychowski, Bożena Gajdzik, R. Wolniak","doi":"10.3390/vehicles6010025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6010025","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a case study on estimating the real service inspection intervals for German-brand passenger cars in Kazakhstan and Poland. This study aimed to identify disparities between the official recommendations of manufacturers for car maintenance and the real data collected in these two countries. The following passenger cars were examined: Audi A6, Q5, and Q8; Porsche Cayenne and Cayenne coupe; and Volkswagen Passat, Polo, Teramont, Tiguan, Touareg, Arteon, Golf, T-Cross, Tiguan all space, Touran, T-Roc, and Up. To assess the difference between real and recommended values, the manufacturer criteria of a recommended mileage of 15,000 and 30,000 km or a time frame of 365 and 730 days to the first service inspection were applied. The data analysis showed that in Kazakhstan, 31.4% of cars did not meet the warranty conditions, while in Poland, it was 21.0%. The dominant criterion that was not met was the time criterion. The assessment of these factors emphasizes the importance of customizing vehicle maintenance schedules to the specific conditions and driving behaviors prevalent in each country. The practical contribution of the article lies in uncovering the discrepancies between official manufacturer recommendations for car maintenance and the actual data collected in Kazakhstan and Poland. By identifying specific models, Volkswagen Touareg and Tiguan in Kazakhstan and Volkswagen Up in Poland, for which the maintenance intervals deviated significantly from those recommended, this study offers valuable insights for optimizing service schedules and improving the efficiency of maintenance practices in these countries. From a scientific perspective, this article contributes by providing empirical evidence of real-world maintenance behaviors for German-brand passenger cars.","PeriodicalId":509694,"journal":{"name":"Vehicles","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140230584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Curb-Detection Network with a Tri-Plane BEV Encoder Module for Autonomous Delivery Vehicles 带有三平面 BEV 编码器模块的路缘检测网络，适用于自主配送车辆

Vehicles Pub Date : 2024-03-16 DOI: 10.3390/vehicles6010024

Lu Zhang, Jinzhu Wang, Xichan Zhu, Zhixiong Ma

引用次数: 0

Coil Parameter Analysis for Inductively Coupled Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles 电动汽车电感耦合无线充电线圈参数分析

Vehicles Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.3390/vehicles6010021

Viswanath Chakibanda, Venkata Lakshmi Narayana Komanapalli

{"title":"Coil Parameter Analysis for Inductively Coupled Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles","authors":"Viswanath Chakibanda, Venkata Lakshmi Narayana Komanapalli","doi":"10.3390/vehicles6010021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6010021","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless charging (WC) has gained popularity for the charging of electric vehicles in recent years of research, particularly dynamic wireless charging systems (DWCSs). Among the different topologies of DWCSs, this paper focuses on an inductively coupled wireless charging system (ICWCS). In this ICWCS, double-D (DD) coils create horizontal and vertical flux components between different pad configurations, which show optimal features in contrast to circular pad coils. In this work, the three-dimensional (3D) finite element technique (FEM) is used to establish the proposed design to observe the coupling coefficient, while the system design’s performance is evaluated using a circuit simulator. In the simulation, the proposed DD coil configuration is used for both the transmitter and receiver sides. It provides the maximum coupling coefficient and efficiency at perfect alignment when using an in-between air gap of 166 mm and six I-type ferrite bars on the transmitter side and five I-type ferrite bars on the receiver side. The coupling coefficient and system parameters, such as power and efficiency, are considered for different misalignments in the proposed configuration. The results of this work satisfy the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J2954 Class 3 criteria. The best results obtained are on account of optimizing the ferrite core, which is achieved by varying its length and width. While varying the ferrite core’s dimensions, 0.2451, as the optimal k value, is obtained at the effective width and length of 57.5 mm and 400 mm, respectively. The simulation results of the Ansys Maxwell 3D software prove the feasibility of the proposed structure.","PeriodicalId":509694,"journal":{"name":"Vehicles","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140419583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A fsQCA-Based Framework for Cybersecurity of Connected and Automated Vehicles: Implications for Sustainable Development Goals 基于 fsQCA 的互联和自动驾驶汽车网络安全框架：对可持续发展目标的影响

Vehicles Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.3390/vehicles6010022

Koppiahraj Karuppiah, Bathrinath Sankaranarayanan, Syed Mithun Ali, Ramesh Priyanka

{"title":"A fsQCA-Based Framework for Cybersecurity of Connected and Automated Vehicles: Implications for Sustainable Development Goals","authors":"Koppiahraj Karuppiah, Bathrinath Sankaranarayanan, Syed Mithun Ali, Ramesh Priyanka","doi":"10.3390/vehicles6010022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6010022","url":null,"abstract":"Connected and automated vehicles (CAV) are increasingly recognized as a critical component of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), contributing to advances in transportation safety and mobility. However, the implementation of CAV in a real-world environment comes with various threats, and cybersecurity is among the most vulnerable. As the technology becomes more advanced and complex, it is essential to develop a comprehensive cybersecurity framework that can address these concerns. This research proposes a novel framework based on complexity theory and employs the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) technique to identify combinations of security attacks that lead to achieving cybersecurity in CAV. Compared to structural equation modelling (SEM), the fsQCA method offers the advantage of demonstrating all possible ways to achieve the outcome. The study’s findings suggest that in-vehicle networks and data storage security are the most crucial factors in ensuring the cybersecurity of CAV. The results can be useful for automotive designers in reducing the potential for attacks while developing secure networks.","PeriodicalId":509694,"journal":{"name":"Vehicles","volume":"27 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140423040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Overview of the Efficiency of Roundabouts: Design Aspects and Contribution toward Safer Vehicle Movement 环岛效率概述：设计方面以及对提高车辆通行安全的贡献

Vehicles Pub Date : 2024-02-25 DOI: 10.3390/vehicles6010019

K. Gkyrtis, Alexandros Kokkalis

{"title":"An Overview of the Efficiency of Roundabouts: Design Aspects and Contribution toward Safer Vehicle Movement","authors":"K. Gkyrtis, Alexandros Kokkalis","doi":"10.3390/vehicles6010019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6010019","url":null,"abstract":"Transforming intersections into roundabouts has shown that a sufficient degree of road safety and traffic capacity can be achieved. Because of the lower speeds at the area of a roundabout, drivers tend to become more easily adaptive to any kind of conflict with the surrounding environment. Despite the contribution to safety, the design elements of roundabouts are not uniformly fixed on a worldwide scale because of different traffic volumes, vehicle dimensions, drivers’ attitude, etc. The present study provides a brief overview of the contribution of roundabouts to road safety and the interactions between safety and the design elements of roundabouts. In addition, discussion points about current challenges and prospects are elaborated, including findings from the environmental assessment of roundabouts; their use and performance on the era of autonomous vehicles that will dominate in the near future; as well as the role and importance of simulation studies towards the improvement of the design and operation of roundabouts in favor of safer vehicle movement. The criticality of roundabouts, in terms of their geometric design as well as the provided road safety, lies upon the fact that roundabouts are currently used for the conventional vehicle fleet, which will be gradually replaced by new vehicle technologies. Such an action will directly impact the criteria for road network design and/or redesign, thereby continuously fostering new research initiatives.","PeriodicalId":509694,"journal":{"name":"Vehicles","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140432448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysing the Effect of Chassis Torsional Flexibility on the Rollover Threshold of a Multi-Purpose Agricultural Vehicle 分析底盘扭转柔性对多用途农用车翻滚阈值的影响

Vehicles Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.3390/vehicles6010018

Mattia Belloni, M. Vignati, E. Sabbioni

{"title":"Analysing the Effect of Chassis Torsional Flexibility on the Rollover Threshold of a Multi-Purpose Agricultural Vehicle","authors":"Mattia Belloni, M. Vignati, E. Sabbioni","doi":"10.3390/vehicles6010018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6010018","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-purpose agricultural tractors are vehicles that are usually involved in different operations, including road maintenance in small villages and cultivation of small agricultural plots, particularly in mountainous areas. These vehicles typically feature narrow tracks to enhance manoeuvrability, making rollover stability a critical consideration in operational settings. This characteristic arises from the interplay between the suspension and vehicle chassis. This paper introduces a numerical multi-body model designed to replicate the dynamics of a multi-purpose tractor with a torsional chassis. Model parameters were derived through experimental measurements conducted on an actual vehicle. Static measurements were performed to assess tire and suspension stiffness while tilting tests were performed to establish the static rollover limit of the vehicle. Dynamic tests conducted on a four-post test rig characterised the vehicle’s dynamics. The validated model was utilised to explore the vehicle’s stability by reproducing the static rollover tests and simulating the vehicle’s performance under working conditions on a banked road. The vehicle rollover stability was studied by performing a sensitivity analysis that considered both chassis torsional stiffness and suspension stiffness under different loading conditions. The results indicate a trade-off between frame and suspension stiffnesses that enhances overall vehicle stability.","PeriodicalId":509694,"journal":{"name":"Vehicles","volume":"57 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140442387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparative Assessment for Holistic Evaluation of Drive Systems 驱动系统整体评估的比较评估

Vehicles Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.3390/vehicles6010017

Raphael Mieth, Frank Gauterin

{"title":"Comparative Assessment for Holistic Evaluation of Drive Systems","authors":"Raphael Mieth, Frank Gauterin","doi":"10.3390/vehicles6010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6010017","url":null,"abstract":"The development of vehicle drive systems targets different goals, which are partly contradictory. While the focus is often on increasing efficiency and—depending on the type of drive system—performance, the aim is to simultaneously reduce costs, weight, and volume as much as possible. This goal generally presents a conflict of objectives; for example, a gain in efficiency usually correlates with higher costs, or an increase in performance reduces the maximum achievable efficiency. Therefore, each drive system represents a compromise among these goals, and depending on the main focus, the development can be influenced. The methods presented in this work serve as a methodological framework for the evaluation of vehicle drive systems. The procedure involves evaluating different drive concepts based on defined criteria and comparing these evaluations with one another. These criteria can be selected freely and weighted differently, depending on the individual focus. In the sense of a holistic assessment, a system evaluation factor ultimately serves as an indicator, which is composed of the rating values of the individual criteria, taking into account their specific weightings. With the help of the novel method presented in this paper, the complexity of comparing differently designed powertrains is reduced, and a holistic assessment covering relevant viewpoints is possible. Such an all-encompassing view is helpful in the early development phase and is required as an evaluation basis for further, groundbreaking decisions in concept development.","PeriodicalId":509694,"journal":{"name":"Vehicles","volume":"118 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139780996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparative Assessment for Holistic Evaluation of Drive Systems 驱动系统整体评估的比较评估

Vehicles Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.3390/vehicles6010017

Raphael Mieth, Frank Gauterin

{"title":"Comparative Assessment for Holistic Evaluation of Drive Systems","authors":"Raphael Mieth, Frank Gauterin","doi":"10.3390/vehicles6010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6010017","url":null,"abstract":"The development of vehicle drive systems targets different goals, which are partly contradictory. While the focus is often on increasing efficiency and—depending on the type of drive system—performance, the aim is to simultaneously reduce costs, weight, and volume as much as possible. This goal generally presents a conflict of objectives; for example, a gain in efficiency usually correlates with higher costs, or an increase in performance reduces the maximum achievable efficiency. Therefore, each drive system represents a compromise among these goals, and depending on the main focus, the development can be influenced. The methods presented in this work serve as a methodological framework for the evaluation of vehicle drive systems. The procedure involves evaluating different drive concepts based on defined criteria and comparing these evaluations with one another. These criteria can be selected freely and weighted differently, depending on the individual focus. In the sense of a holistic assessment, a system evaluation factor ultimately serves as an indicator, which is composed of the rating values of the individual criteria, taking into account their specific weightings. With the help of the novel method presented in this paper, the complexity of comparing differently designed powertrains is reduced, and a holistic assessment covering relevant viewpoints is possible. Such an all-encompassing view is helpful in the early development phase and is required as an evaluation basis for further, groundbreaking decisions in concept development.","PeriodicalId":509694,"journal":{"name":"Vehicles","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139840963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0