Rapid Prototyping Journal最新文献

{"title":"Sintering parameter optimization by inverse analysis in direct metal deposition of Inconel 718","authors":"Mahmoud Afshari, M. Khandaei, Reza Shoja Razavi, Seyed Masoud Barekat","doi":"10.1108/rpj-04-2024-0158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-04-2024-0158","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The net power delivered to the surface of parts (i.e. the actual heat flux) is a key parameter in the laser melting process and its exact control has a great impact on the numerical solutions. In this paper, the impact of laser additive manufacturing parameters including laser power, scanning speed and powder injection rate on thermal efficiency, net power delivered to the part and power loss due to powder flow has been investigated.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The response surface method was applied to measure the net laser power in laser deposited Inconel 718 using k-type thermocouples. The temperature history obtained by thermocouples was used to calculate the net power delivered by inverse analysis method. The applied model is Rosenthal's optimized model, in which all the thermal properties of the material are considered to vary with temperature.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The results indicated that the thermal efficiency, power delivered to the part and power loss can be optimized simultaneously at laser power of 400 W, scanning speed of 2 mm/s and powder injection rate of 200 mg/s. The microstructure analysis indicated that a high-quality sample without microstructural defects was formed under optimal condition of parameters. Moreover, the primary dendrite arm spacing for the optimal sample was higher than that obtained for other samples.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The novelty of this research summarized as follows: Prediction of the thermal efficiency and power loss during the laser metal deposition of Inconel 718 superalloy using the inverse analysis. Finding the optimal values of thermal efficiency, power delivered to the surface and power loss in the laser metal deposition of Inconel 718 superalloy. Investigating the effect of laser power, powder injection rate and scanning speed on the thermal efficiency and power loss of Inconel 718 superalloy during the laser metal deposition.\u0000","PeriodicalId":509442,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141642039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design for additive manufacturing of topology-optimized structures based on deep learning and transfer learning","authors":"Maede Mohseni, Saeed Khodaygan","doi":"10.1108/rpj-02-2024-0102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-02-2024-0102","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose\u0000This paper aims to improve the manufacturability of additive manufacturing (AM) for topology-optimized (TO) structures. Enhancement of manufacturability focuses on modifying geometric constraints and classifying the building orientation (BO) of AM parts to reduce stresses and support structures (SSs). To this end, artificial intelligence (AI) networks are being developed to automate design for additive manufacturing (DfAM).\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This study considers three geometric constraints for their correction by convolutional autoencoders (CAEs) and transfer learning (TL). Furthermore, BOs of AM parts are classified using generative adversarial (GAN) and classification networks to reduce the SS. To verify the results, finite element analysis (FEA) is performed to compare the stresses of modified components with the original ones. Moreover, one sample is produced by the laser-based powder bed fusion (LB-PBF) in the BO predicted by the AI to observe its SSs.\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000CAE and TL resulted in promoting the manufacturability of TO components. FEA demonstrated that enhancing manufacturability leads to a 50% reduction in stresses. Additionally, training GAN and pre-training the ResNet-18 resulted in 80%, 95% and 96% accuracy for training, validation and testing. The production of a sample with LB-PBF demonstrated that the predicted BO by ResNet-18 does not require SSs.\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This paper provides an automatic platform for DfAM of TO parts. Consequently, complex TO parts can be designed most feasibly and manufactured by AM technologies with minimal material usage, residual stresses and distortions.\u0000","PeriodicalId":509442,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141641497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature and strain rate-dependent compression properties of 3D-printed PLA: an experimental and modeling analysis","authors":"Shrushti Maheshwari, Anand Kumar, Pyaarjeet Singh Chaurasia, T. Niranjan, Zafar Alam, Sarthak S. Singh","doi":"10.1108/rpj-01-2024-0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2024-0034","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This study aims to investigate the compression characteristics of the 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) samples at temperatures below the glass transition temperature (Tg) with varying strain rates and develop a thermo-mechanical viscoplastic constitutive model to predict the finite strain compression response using a single set of material parameters. Also, the micro-mechanical damage processes are linked to the global stress–strain response at varied strain rates and temperatures through scanning electron microscopy (SEM).\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000Tg of PLA was determined using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. Compression experiments were conducted at strain rates of 2 × 10–3/s and 2 × 10–2/s at 25°C, 40°C and 50°C. The failure mechanisms were examined using SEM. A finite strain thermo-mechanical viscoplastic constitutive model was developed to analyze the deformations at the considered strain rates and temperatures.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000Tg of PLA was determined as 55°C. While the yield and post-yield stresses drop with increasing temperature, their trend reverses with an increased strain rate. SEM imaging indicated plasticizing effects at higher temperatures, while filament fragmentation and twisting at higher strain rates were identified as the dominant failure mechanisms. Using a non-linear regression analysis to predict the experimental data, an overall R2 value of 0.98 was achieved between experimental and model prediction, implying the robustness of the model’s calibration.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000In this study, a viscoplastic constitutive model was developed that considers the combined effect of temperature and strain rate for FDM-printed PLA experiencing extensive compression. Using appropriate temperature-dependent modulus and flow rate properties, a single set of model parameters predicted the rise in the gap between yield stress and degree of softening as strain rates and temperatures increased.\u0000","PeriodicalId":509442,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141643690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extreme roughness reduction and ultrafine quality of innovative dual function material extrusion 3D printer","authors":"Muhammad Ibnu Rashyid, Mahendra Jaya, M. Muflikhun","doi":"10.1108/rpj-02-2024-0095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-02-2024-0095","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This paper aims to use hybrid manufacturing (HM) to overcome several drawbacks of material extrusion three-dimensional (3D) printers, such as low dimension ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 µm, resulting in a noticeable staircase effect and elevated surface roughness.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000Subtractive manufacturing (SM) through computer numerical control milling is renowned for its precision and superior surface finish. This study integrates additive manufacturing (AM) and SM into a single material extrusion 3D printer platform, creating a HM system. Two sets of specimens, one exclusively printed and the other subjected to both printing and milling, were assessed for dimension accuracy and surface roughness.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The outcomes were promising, with postmilling accuracy reaching 99.94%. Significant reductions in surface roughness were observed at 90° (93.4% decrease from 15.598 to 1.030 µm), 45° (89% decrease from 26.727 to 2.946 µm) and the face plane (71% decrease from 12.176 to 3.535 µm).\u0000\u0000\u0000Practical implications\u0000The 3D printer was custom-built based on material extrusion and modified with an additional milling tool on the same gantry. An economic evaluation based on cost-manufacturing demonstrated that constructing this dual-function 3D printer costs less than US$560 in materials, offering valuable insights for researchers looking to replicate a similar machine.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The modified general 3D printer platform offered an easy way to postprocessing without removing the workpiece from the bed. This mechanism can reduce the downtime of changing the machine. The proven increased dimension accuracy and reduced surface roughness value increase the value of 3D-printed specimens.\u0000","PeriodicalId":509442,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141641323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping and prospective of additive manufacturing in the context of Industry 4.0 and 5.0","authors":"Manuel Rodríguez-Martín, Rosario Domingo, João Ribeiro","doi":"10.1108/rpj-11-2023-0410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-11-2023-0410","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose\u0000This study aims to investigate the scientific impact of additive manufacturing in recent years, considering its evolution as an Industry 4.0 technology and also in the current context of Industry 5.0. For this aim, advanced statistics and scientometric tools have been used.\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This study aims to explore the trends and impacts of additive manufacturing, focusing on its evolution and its relationship with Industry 4.0 and 5.0. For this purpose, a scientometric study and a meta-analysis of data extracted from the scientific Scopus database have been carried out. R programming and specific bibliometric software have been used to conduct the research. Initially, the data were evaluated from various perspectives, including sources, topics and impact indexes, to assess trends derived from the volume of publications, the impact of sources and affiliations, as well as the production segmented by country and the relationships between authors from different countries. Subsequently, a meta-analysis on keywords has been carried out using two distinct clustering methodologies: link strength and fractionalization. The results obtained were compared to establish a specific taxonomy of the AM subtopics, considering AM as a single body of knowledge related to Industries 4.0 and 5.0 paradigms. The analyses carried out have shown the impact and strong evolution of additive manufacturing as a field of knowledge at the world level, both from the point of view of manufacturing processes and from the point of view of materials science. In addition, some differences have been detected depending on the country. As a result of the meta-analysis, four different subtopics have been detected, some of which are highly related to other technologies and approaches in Industries 4.0 and 5.0 paradigms. Additionally, it establishes a comprehensive taxonomy for AM research, serving as a foundational reference for future studies aimed at exploring the evolution and transformative impact of this technology.\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The analyses carried out have shown the impact and strong evolution of additive manufacturing as a field of knowledge at the world level, both from the point of view of manufacturing processes and from the point of view of materials science. In addition, some differences have been detected depending on the country. As a result of the meta-analysis, four different subtopics have been detected: one of them directly related to the use of recently developed Industry 4.0 technologies in additive manufacturing. The results provide a starting point for prospective studies to understand the evolution and disruption of this technology.\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The paper is original and is based on data systematically extracted from scientific databases. Then, a specific methodology based on different advanced tools was applied for scientometric evaluation and meta-analysis.\u0000","PeriodicalId":509442,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141646522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of liquid photopolymer 3D printing resins exposed to accelerated aging for cultural heritage purposes","authors":"María Higueras, Ana Carrasco-Huertas, A. I. Calero-Castillo, Manuel Moreno Alcaide, Francisco José Collado Montero","doi":"10.1108/rpj-01-2024-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2024-0015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This paper aims to study the suitability of a selection of 3D printing liquid photopolymer resins for their application in the cultural heritage context.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The main concerns regarding the conservation and restoration of cultural assets are the chemical composition and long-term behavior of the new materials that will be in contact with the original object. Because of this, four different LED curing resins were exposed to an accelerated aging procedure and tested to identify the materials which demonstrated a better result. Some specific properties of the material (color, glossiness, pH and volatile organic compound emissions) were measured before and after the exposure.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000Some of the properties measured reported good results demonstrating a decent stability against the selected aging conditions. The main changes were produced in the colorimetric aspect, probably indicating other chemical reactions in the material. Likewise, a case study could be also executed to demonstrate the usefulness of these materials in the cultural field.\u0000\u0000\u0000Research limitations/implications\u0000It is necessary to study in more detail the long-lasting behavior of the materials employed with these technologies. Further analysis should be carried out highlighting the chemical composition and degradation process of the materials proposed.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This paper contributes to the introduction of curing 3D printing resins in the restoration methodologies of cultural assets. For this, the study of a selection of properties represents the first stage to suggest or reject their use.\u0000","PeriodicalId":509442,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141654131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 3D-printed, dynamic, patient-specific knee simulator","authors":"Michele Conconi, N. Sancisi, Reid Backus, Christian Argenti, Albert J Shih","doi":"10.1108/rpj-11-2023-0388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-11-2023-0388","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose\u00003D-printed devices proved their efficacy across different clinical applications, helping personalize medical treatments. This paper aims to present the procedure for the design and production of patient-specific dynamic simulators of the human knee. The scope of these simulators is to improve surgical outcomes, investigate the motion and load response of the human knee and standardize in-vitro experiments for testing orthopedic devices through a personalized physical representation of the patient’s joint.\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This paper tested the approach on three volunteers. For each, a patient-specific mathematical joint model was defined from an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee. The model guided the CAD design of the simulators, which was then realized through stereolithography printing. Manufacturing accuracy was tested by quantifying the differences between 3D-printed and CAD geometry. To assess the simulator functionality, its motion was measured through a stereophotogrammetric system and compared with the natural tibio-femoral motion of the volunteers, measured as a sequence of static MRI.\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The 3D-printing accuracy was very high, with average differences between ideal and printed parts below ± 0.1 mm. However, the assembly of different 3D-printed parts resulted in a higher average error of 0.97 mm and peak values of 2.33 mm. Despite that, the rotational and translational accuracy of the simulator was about 5° and 4 mm, respectively.\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000Although improvements in the production process are needed, the proposed simulators successfully replicated the individual articular behavior. The proposed approach is general and thus extendible to other articulations.\u0000","PeriodicalId":509442,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141661550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Additive manufacturing of copper parts using extrusion and sinter-based technology: evaluation of the influence of printing parameters and debinding method","authors":"A. Pellegrini, F. Lavecchia, M. G. Guerra","doi":"10.1108/rpj-02-2024-0081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-02-2024-0081","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose\u0000This work is focused on the realization of copper parts using the material extrusion additive manufacturing debinding and sintering (MEX+D&S) technology.\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000A highly filled filament with 90 Wt.% of copper is used to realize nine different combinations varying the printing speed and the flow rate. The following thermal debinding and sintering are performed at 483 °C and 1057 °C, respectively, burying the samples in specific refractory powder and carbon. The green and sintered density are measured and an inspection at optical microscope is implemented for a detailed internal analysis of the defects.\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The samples, that reported the highest values of the green density, become the worst in the sintered condition due to evident swelling defect generated by the entrapped polymer during the thermal debinding. On the other hand, the parts with the lower values of green density allowed to achieve a satisfying density value without significant external defects.\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The realization of copper parts through laser-based additive manufacturing technologies shows several troubles related to the rapid heat transfer and the high reflectivity of copper, which is a hinder of the absorption of the laser power. The MEX+D&S becomes an easier and economical alternative for the realization of copper parts. The internal inspection of the samples revealed the need for the improvement on the process chain, adopting a different debinding process to open channels during the thermal debinding to avoid the entrapment of the polymer.\u0000","PeriodicalId":509442,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141663412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigations into 4D printed PLA/graphite composite with thermal induced shape memory effect","authors":"Kunal Arora, Mohit Kumar, Varun Sharma","doi":"10.1108/rpj-12-2023-0429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-12-2023-0429","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose\u0000The paper aims to fabricate shape memory composites using polylactic acid (PLA) matrix and graphite. Shape memory polymers are a promising family of materials for biomedical applications because of their favourable mechanical properties, fast reactions and good biocompatibility. For most SMPs, however, achieving controllable sequential shape change is challenging.\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000In the present work, 4D printing technology is used to fabricate shape memory composites using polylactic acid (PLA) matrix and graphite. A comparative study of pure PLA and graphite’s different weight % composition has been done.\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000By carefully managing the deformation state, PLA with graphite shape memory composites produced controllable sequential deformation with an amazing shape memory effect. Surface morphology, thermal properties, melt flow index and shape recovery tests have all been carried out to assess the qualities of manufactured samples.\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This is a one-of-a-kind to fabricate shape memory composites using graphite and a PLA matrix. Thus, this research attempts to deliver the possible use of PLA/graphite composites fabricated using 4D printing in robotics and biomedical devices.\u0000\u0000Graphical Abstract\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":509442,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141668876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Additive manufacturing of duplex stainless steel by DED-LB/M and PBF-LB/M – process-material-property relationships","authors":"Andreas Maier, Manuel Rühr, Katja Tangermann-Gerk, Marcel Stephan, S. Roth, Michael Schmidt","doi":"10.1108/rpj-02-2024-0099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-02-2024-0099","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000Additive manufacturing (AM) of duplex stainless steels (DSS) is still challenging in terms of simultaneously generating structures with high build quality and adequate functional properties. This study aims to investigate comprehensive process-material-property relationships resulting from both laser-directed energy deposition (DED-LB/M) and laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) of DSS 1.4462 in as-built (AB) and subsequent heat-treated (HT) states.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000Cuboid specimens made of DSS 1.4462 were generated using both AM processes. Porosity and microstructure analyses, magnetic-inductive ferrite and Vickers hardness measurements, tensile and Charpy impacts tests, fracture analysis, critical pitting corrosion temperature measurements and Huey tests were performed on specimens in the AB and HT states.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000Correlations between the microstructural aspects and the resulting functional properties (mechanical properties and corrosion resistance) were demonstrated and compared. The mechanical properties of DED-LB/M specimens in both material conditions fulfilled the alloy specifications of 1.4462. Owing to the low ductility and toughness of PBF-LB/M specimens in the AB state, a post-process heat treatment was required to exceed the minimum alloy specification limits. Furthermore, the homogenization heat treatment significantly improved the corrosion resistance of DED- and PBF-processed 1.4462.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This study fulfills the need to investigate the complex relationships between process characteristics and the resulting material properties of additively manufactured DSS.\u0000","PeriodicalId":509442,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141683715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}