{"title":"Impact of Intelligent Technologies on IoV Security: Integrating Edge Computing and AI","authors":"Awais Bilal, Kashif Sharif, Fan Li, Sadaf Bukhari, Liehuang Zhu, Chang Xu, Sujit Biswas","doi":"10.1145/3816144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3816144","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid development and integration of intelligent technologies in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) have revolutionized transportation systems by enhancing connectivity, automation, and safety. However, the complexity and connectivity of IoV networks also introduce security challenges, including data privacy concerns, cyber threats, and system vulnerabilities. This paper surveys the role of Edge Computing (EC), Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL) in strengthening IoV security frameworks. It examines the synergy between these technologies, highlighting their individual capabilities and their collective impact on enhancing threat detection, response times, and adaptive security. Through real world case studies and practical deployments, we demonstrate how EC, ML, and DL are currently improving security and operational efficiency in IoV systems. The paper also identifies key research gaps and future directions for further advancements in IoV security, including the need for scalable, privacy preserving solutions and robust defense mechanisms against emerging cyber threats. By integrating EC, ML, and DL, this work lays the groundwork for developing adaptive, efficient, and resilient IoV security infrastructures capable of addressing evolving challenges in the transportation ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":50926,"journal":{"name":"ACM Computing Surveys","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148538225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ajay Kumar, Seema Bawa, Neeraj Kumar, Rajkumar Buyya, Abdullah Mohammed Almuhaideb
{"title":"High Availability Ultra-Large Cloud-Oriented Storage Systems: A Review, Mind Mapping and Open Research Directions","authors":"Ajay Kumar, Seema Bawa, Neeraj Kumar, Rajkumar Buyya, Abdullah Mohammed Almuhaideb","doi":"10.1145/3831665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3831665","url":null,"abstract":"Cloud computing paradigm enables the delivery of computing, storage, and applications as services as subscription-oriented services to end users over the Internet. It reduces the need for highly expensive computing infrastructure, dedicated storage servers, and software applications to be procured, deployed, and managed as in house capabilities. The amount of data generated by enterprise and business applications has increased exponentially. Addressing and dealing with enormous datasets is a challenging and very time-consuming task that necessitates a high level of computing infrastructure to enable proper data processing and analysis. This study aims to compare and analyze the different aspects of ultra-large data storage systems in cloud computing. The description, features, and classification of cloud storage systems are discussed, along with certain cloud computing considerations. Relationships between big data and cloud computing are also explored, as are ultra-large storage systems and Hadoop technology. Furthermore, research concerns such as dynamicity, scalability, availability, data integrity, self-organizing, data quality, data diversity, privacy, and legal and regulatory issues have been investigated. The sole motivation of this study has been thoroughly explained with the help of a mind-mapping diagram of cloud-oriented data storage (CODS) elements. The seven major elements of CODS—the data model, data consistency, data replication, data scalability, data integration, data virtualization, and transaction—have been systematically discussed in this study. This study also highlights some open research issues related to ultra-large storage systems, which summarize sufficient research efforts.","PeriodicalId":50926,"journal":{"name":"ACM Computing Surveys","volume":"182 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148522587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Systematic Review and Taxonomy of VR Usability Heuristics: Trends, Challenges, and Directions","authors":"Mohd Kamal Othman, Rahimah Mat, Norehan Zulkiply","doi":"10.1145/3832771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3832771","url":null,"abstract":"As Virtual Reality (VR) becomes prevalent in high-stakes and everyday applications, ensuring seamless user experiences (UX) is essential. While Heuristic Evaluation (HE) is a highly valuable usability inspection method, its application across VR domains and devices remains fragmented and underexplored. This review examines VR usability research from 2004 to 2025, drawing on 53 rigorously selected studies. We propose a methodological taxonomy categorising heuristic approaches into four distinct types: VR-Specific and Custom Heuristics (41.5%), Combinations and Mixed-Methods (26.4%), Traditional/General Heuristics (24.5%), and Unspecified evaluations (7.6%). While Core HCI and Technology remain the foundational domain, HE has rapidly expanded into Education, Industrial Training, and Healthcare. Hardware usage predominantly involves immersive Wearables (HMDs), with hybrid 2D/3D systems emerging strategically in clinical and industrial contexts. Crucially, traditional 2D heuristics often fail to capture VR's unique spatial, physical, and cognitive complexities, including simulator sickness, multi-user latency, and spatial UI clutter. Recent literature (2024–2025) reveals a critical shift toward mixed-method evaluations, pairing HE with standardised metrics such as the System Usability Scale (SUS), and validated, domain-specific frameworks (e.g., for wearable VR educational apps). By addressing these gaps, adopting mixed methods, and refining frameworks, the community can deliver intuitive, safe, and user-centred VR experiences, unlocking its full transformative potential.","PeriodicalId":50926,"journal":{"name":"ACM Computing Surveys","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148498682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roberto Oliveira, Anibal Hernández, Mônica Garbin, Julio Dos Reis, Rodolfo Azevedo
{"title":"Automatic Question Generation with Large Language Models: A Survey","authors":"Roberto Oliveira, Anibal Hernández, Mônica Garbin, Julio Dos Reis, Rodolfo Azevedo","doi":"10.1145/3832773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3832773","url":null,"abstract":"Test-based learning is effective in fostering knowledge retention, but manually creating assessment questions remains time-consuming and limits personalized student practice. The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has introduced new possibilities for Automatic Question Generation (AQG). Motivated by this context, this survey provides a comprehensive overview of AQG using LLMs, focusing on educational applications. Following the PRISMA methodology, we reviewed 132 studies published between 2023 and 2025. Our contributions include a taxonomy of question types by response openness, an analysis of AQG efforts across knowledge fields, educational levels, evaluation strategies, and difficulty control. We also identify recurring challenges and research opportunities.","PeriodicalId":50926,"journal":{"name":"ACM Computing Surveys","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148498725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cybercrime as a Service: A Scoping Review","authors":"Ema Mauko, Shane Johnson, Enrico Mariconti","doi":"10.1145/3833078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3833078","url":null,"abstract":"Cloud computing has drastically altered the ways in which it is possible to deliver information technologies in a service-led structure; however, this has also been reflected in the cybercrime domain. Cybercrime as a Service is an economic model where a technically skilled actor offers a given cyberattack as an end-to-end service to non-technical actors who pay a subscription fee for said service. The services, which can vary in scope, targets, and delivery modes, include everything from vulnerability discoveries, delivery of the attack, and the attack itself to financial rewards to the subscriber. In this scoping literature review, we analysed 195 articles from both academic and grey literature with a view of investigating the services articles studied, the methodological approach and how the CaaS model is predicted to develop in the future. Our review indicates that further commercialisation of the model will further lower the barrier of entry to the cybercrime realm, increase the sophistication of the attacks and increase the resilience of the service providers and their ecosystem, which will result in harder shutdowns of services by the authorities. Furthermore, as the model becomes more accessible, groups such as organised crime groups and extremist actors may use it as well, which may have implications for criminal activity in both cyber and physical domains.","PeriodicalId":50926,"journal":{"name":"ACM Computing Surveys","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148498681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaoqing Liu, Zhiwen Yu, Yishan Yao, Kaixiang Yang, Huanqiang Zeng, C. L. Philip Chen
{"title":"A Comprehensive Survey of Cross-Modal Retrieval: Breaking Through Modal Barriers","authors":"Xiaoqing Liu, Zhiwen Yu, Yishan Yao, Kaixiang Yang, Huanqiang Zeng, C. L. Philip Chen","doi":"10.1145/3829354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3829354","url":null,"abstract":"In the digital era of rapidly expanding multimedia content, effectively retrieving and utilizing information from multimodal data has become crucial. Cross-Modal Retrieval (CMR) overcomes the limitations of single-modality data by enabling mutual retrieval across different modalities, offering richer and more flexible information access for users. CMR bridges the semantic gap between modalities, facilitating the connection and understanding of diverse data types, which plays a vital role in multimodal research. In the survey, we offer a comprehensive examination of cross-modal retrieval, starting with the fundamental concepts and significance of the field. It delves into various methods including supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised, categorized by the level of supervision. Additionally, the review explored the emerging trend of cross-modal retrieval under the low-quality data conditions. Finally, we discuss long-standing challenges such as scalability and efficiency in managing large-scale multimedia datasets and explore potential future research challenges in realistic application scenarios.","PeriodicalId":50926,"journal":{"name":"ACM Computing Surveys","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148462037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Survey of Commonsense Reasoning in LLMs","authors":"Nicole Teo, Donghao Huang, Zhaoxia Wang","doi":"10.1145/3832753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3832753","url":null,"abstract":"Commonsense reasoning plays a crucial role in natural language processing by enabling systems to determine causation and assess the plausibility of various scenarios. Despite significant research focused on formalizing commonsense knowledge and integrating it with mathematical logic, replicating such reasoning in artificial intelligence systems—such as large language models (LLMs)—remains a formidable challenge. Despite these challenges, LLMs demonstrate significant promise and exhibit ongoing progress in reasoning capabilities. This paper surveys the current state of commonsense reasoning in LLMs, including datasets, models, benchmarks, enhancements, opportunities, and challenges—highlighting both advancements and limitations. We discuss the role of commonsense reasoning in LLMs, how they strive to emulate human-like reasoning, and why they often struggle to capture the nuanced inferences associated with commonsense understanding of the physical and social world. This survey emphasizes the need for continued investigation and optimization, including the integration of mechanisms to enhance the reliability of these models. Overall, while LLMs are making strides in commonsense reasoning, overcoming their limitations requires further research and development to fully harness their potential.","PeriodicalId":50926,"journal":{"name":"ACM Computing Surveys","volume":"231 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148461911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Survey on the Use of Machine Learning within Computer Algebra","authors":"Uzma Shafiq, Matthew England, Nayyar Zaidi","doi":"10.1145/3831699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3831699","url":null,"abstract":"This survey explores the use of Machine Learning (ML) in the field of Computer Algebra (CA), both to optimise existing CA algorithms, and to perform symbolic computation directly. Traditional symbolic methods, while mathematically rigorous, often are computationally expensive thus limiting their use in real-world applications. Recent advances have shown that data-driven techniques can address these limitations by guiding heuristic decisions, selecting optimal algorithms, predicting structural properties of algebraic objects, or even making direct symbolic computations. We take a systematic literature review approach and uncover work in CA applications including cylindrical algebraic decomposition, Gröbner basis computation, symbolic integration, and many more. The survey compares the different ML approaches that have been employed for these tasks, ranging from decision trees to transformers. Issues uncovered by the survey include the lack of benchmark datasets for CA, which hinders the comparison of methods and the generalizability of ML models. The survey identifies the potential for explainable AI tools to help develop trust in decisions, and to drive forward CA research itself.","PeriodicalId":50926,"journal":{"name":"ACM Computing Surveys","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148461912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Quarter of a Century of Neuromorphic Architectures on FPGAs - An Overview","authors":"Wiktor Szczerek, Artur Podobas","doi":"10.1145/3831666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3831666","url":null,"abstract":"Neuromorphic computing is a relatively new discipline of computer science, where the principles of biological brain’s computation and memory are used to create a new way of processing information, based on networks of spiking neurons. Those networks can be implemented as both analog and digital implementations, where for the latter, the Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are a frequent choice, due to their inherent flexibility, allowing the researchers to easily design hardware neuromorphic architecture (NMAs). Moreover, digital NMAs show good promise in simulating various spiking neural networks because of their inherent accuracy and resilience to noise, as opposed to analog implementations. This paper presents an overview of digital NMAs implemented on FPGAs, with a goal of providing useful references to various architectural design choices to the researchers interested in digital neuromorphic systems. We present a taxonomy of NMAs that highlights groups of distinct architectural features, their advantages and disadvantages and identify trends and predictions for the future of those architectures.","PeriodicalId":50926,"journal":{"name":"ACM Computing Surveys","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148440800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent Advances in Transformer and Large Language Models for UAV Applications","authors":"Hamza Kheddar, Yassine Habchi, Mohamed Chahine Ghanem, Mustapha Hemis, Dusit (Tao) Niyato","doi":"10.1145/3828658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3828658","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid advancement of Transformer-based models has reshaped the landscape of uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) systems by enhancing perception, decision-making, and autonomy. This review paper systematically categorizes and evaluates recent developments in Transformer architectures applied to UAVs, including attention mechanisms, convolutional neural network (CNN)-Transformer hybrids, reinforcement learning (RL)-Transformers, and large language models (LLMs). Unlike previous surveys, this work presents a unified taxonomy of Transformer-based UAV models, highlights emerging applications such as precision agriculture and autonomous navigation, and provides comparative analyses through structured tables and performance benchmarks. The paper also reviews key datasets, simulators, and evaluation metrics used in the field. Furthermore, it identifies existing gaps in the literature, outlines critical challenges in computational efficiency and real-time deployment, and offers future research directions. This comprehensive synthesis aims to guide researchers and practitioners in understanding and advancing Transformer-driven UAV technologies.","PeriodicalId":50926,"journal":{"name":"ACM Computing Surveys","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148432199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}