Advances in Parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Seroprevalence and incidence of human toxocarosis in Russia.","authors":"Lyudmila V Akhmadishina,&nbsp;Maria N Ruzina,&nbsp;Maria A Lukasheva,&nbsp;Karen K Kyuregyan,&nbsp;Mikhail I Mikhailov,&nbsp;Alexander N Lukashev","doi":"10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Overall incidence of toxocariasis in Russia is low and varies between 1.6 and 2.7 per 100,000, while in several hyper-endemic regions, such as Altay, Kurgan, Perm and Udmurtia, it reaches 43 per 100,000. The seroprevalence of toxocariasis in published references was on average 16% and varied across the regions of Russia from negligible in North Siberia to 40% in southern regions of West Siberia. Seroprevalence in adults in five regions of Russia identified in this study was on average 20%, and varied from 3% in Yakutia (north of East Siberia) to 36% in Rostov-on-Don, South Russia. There was no correlation between seroprevalence and reported incidence of toxocariasis; however, the pattern of seroprevalence variation could be linked to Toxocara prevalence in dogs. Toxocariasis seroprevalence has more than doubled over the last 20 years. Diagnostic antibody titres (1:800 or more) were found in 3.6% of sera, suggesting about five million of acute Toxocara invasions per year.</p>","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":"109 ","pages":"419-432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37911963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxocara: Seroprevalence in Mexico.","authors":"Martha Ponce-Macotela,&nbsp;Mario Noé Martínez-Gordillo","doi":"10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Mexico, toxocariasis, like some other parasitosis in humans, is not a disease of conventional surveillance or immediate notification. Seroprevalence studies are scarce, six dealing with paediatric populations and eight dealing with adults; the reports were only from four states in Mexico. There were 1596 children, and the seroprevalence was 13.8%. In the case of adults, there were 1827 subjects, and seroprevalence was 4.7%. There is a significant positive association between seroprevalence and the paediatric population P<0.0001 (OR, 3.285; 95% CI, 2.541-4.279). It is advisable to perform competitive ELISAs and add another diagnostic test, such as Western blot or the detection of circulating antigens to reduce diagnostic uncertainty. This neglected parasitosis can be confused with retinoblastoma. Therefore, there is a risk of ocular enucleation. It is necessary to sensitise the authorities of the Ministry of Health and decision-makers, to provide economic support for epidemiological surveillance of this zoonotic parasite.</p>","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":"109 ","pages":"341-355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37913042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidating the molecular and developmental biology of parasitic nematodes: Moving to a multiomics paradigm.","authors":"Guangxu Ma,&nbsp;Tao Wang,&nbsp;Pasi K Korhonen,&nbsp;Andreas Hofmann,&nbsp;Paul W Sternberg,&nbsp;Neil D Young,&nbsp;Robin B Gasser","doi":"10.1016/bs.apar.2019.12.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2019.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the past two decades, significant progress has been made in the sequencing, assembly, annotation and analyses of genomes and transcriptomes of parasitic worms of socioeconomic importance. This progress has somewhat improved our knowledge and understanding of these pathogens at the molecular level. However, compared with the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the areas of functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics of parasitic nematodes are still in their infancy, and there are major gaps in our knowledge and understanding of the molecular biology of parasitic nematodes. The information on signalling molecules, molecular pathways and microRNAs (miRNAs) that are known to be involved in developmental processes in C. elegans and the availability of some molecular resources (draft genomes, transcriptomes and some proteomes) for selected parasitic nematodes provide a basis to start exploring the developmental biology of parasitic nematodes. Indeed, some studies have identified molecules and pathways that might associate with developmental processes in related, parasitic nematodes, such as Haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm). However, detailed information is often scant and 'omics resources are limited, preventing a proper integration of 'omic data sets and comprehensive analyses. Moreover, little is known about the functional roles of pheromones, hormones, signalling pathways and post-transcriptional/post-translational regulations in the development of key parasitic nematodes throughout their entire life cycles. Although C. elegans is an excellent model to assist molecular studies of parasitic nematodes, its use is limited when it comes to explorations of processes that are specific to parasitism within host animals. A deep understanding of parasitic nematodes, such as H. contortus, requires substantially enhanced resources and the use of integrative 'omics approaches for analyses. The improved genome and well-established in vitro larval culture system for H. contortus provide unprecedented opportunities for comprehensive studies of the transcriptomes (mRNA and miRNA), proteomes (somatic, excretory/secretory and phosphorylated proteins) and lipidomes (e.g., polar and neutral lipids) of this nematode. Such resources should enable in-depth explorations of its developmental biology at a level, not previously possible. The main aims of this review are (i) to provide a background on the development of nematodes, with a particular emphasis on the molecular aspects involved in the dauer formation and exit in C. elegans; (ii) to critically appraise the current state of knowledge of the developmental biology of parasitic nematodes and identify key knowledge gaps; (iii) to cover salient aspects of H. contortus, with a focus on the recent advances in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and lipidomics as well as in vitro culturing systems; (iv) to review recent advances in our knowledge and understanding of the mol","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":"108 ","pages":"175-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.apar.2019.12.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37836338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canine Toxocariosis: Its prevalence, incidence and occurrence in the Indian subcontinent.","authors":"Manigandan Lejeune,&nbsp;V Gnani Charitha,&nbsp;C Mathivathani,&nbsp;V C Rayulu,&nbsp;Dwight D Bowman","doi":"10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxocariosis is an important neglected tropical helminth disease of zoonotic significance for which canids are the definitive hosts. Dogs are also considered the sentinel host for the occurrence of T. canis infections in humans. Therefore, understanding its prevalence in canine population is imperative for any effective disease control in humans. A comprehensive review of literature on the prevalence of T. canis in canids was lacking from the Indian subcontinent which necessitated our efforts to compile available data published on this topic. Data on prevalence, incidence and occurrence of this helminths in canids were presented in this review as tabular format for easy comprehension. Moreover, the data were categorized based on the region where the studies were conducted with an aim to understand the spatial distribution of this parasite in the subcontinent. Factors influencing the regional prevalence/occurrence of T. canis such as type of canids (stray or pet), age, sex, breed, season and the choice of analytical methods were also discussed. In addition, data on the prevalence of T. canis in environmental samples and in zoo canids were also compiled and presented. We anticipate such an exhaustive review of literature available mostly in the journals published from the subcontinent would become a point source of information necessary for prioritizing future surveillance efforts in this region and for making informed policy decision to control this zoonotic helminth infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":"109 ","pages":"819-842"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37911372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global prevalence of Toxocara infection in cats.","authors":"Ali Rostami,&nbsp;Mahdi Sepidarkish,&nbsp;Guangxu Ma,&nbsp;Tao Wang,&nbsp;Maryam Ebrahimi,&nbsp;Yadolah Fakhri,&nbsp;Hamed Mirjalali,&nbsp;Andreas Hofmann,&nbsp;Calum N L Macpherson,&nbsp;Peter J Hotez,&nbsp;Robin B Gasser","doi":"10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zoonotic parasites, including Toxocara species, of pet and stray cats are of public health importance. Justification for, and the design and implementation of prevention and control of human toxocariasis may benefit from an understanding of the zoonotic potential and prevalence of parasites in this definitive host species. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies, conducted to estimate the prevalence of Toxocara infection(s) in cats by geographical location, type (rural vs urban and stray vs pet), gender and age. Pooled data were assessed using a random effects-model as well as several meta-regression and stratified analyses conducted. Of 1733 peer-reviewed articles, 143 were included in this review and represented 2,158,069 cats from 51 countries. The global pooled (95% CI) prevalence of Toxocara infection in cats was 17.0% (16.1-17.8%), being highest in African (43.3%, 28.3-58.4%) and lowest in South American (12.6%, 8.2-17.0%) countries. In other WHO regions, prevalence rates of Toxocara were as follows: Eastern Mediterranean (21.6%, 15.1-28.1%), North America (18.3%, 15.4-21.2%), Europe (17.8%, 15.9-19.7%), Western Pacific (17.3%, 14.7-19.9%), and South-East Asia (14.9%, 9.8-20.1%). Prevalence of Toxocara was higher in low-income tropical countries and also in stray (28.6%, 25.1-32.1%) and young (≤12 months of age) (27.7%, 23.4-32.0%) cats than in pet (11.6%, 10.7-12.5%) and older cats (>12 months of age) (23.8%, 14.8-32.7%). This review indicates that ~118-150 million cats worldwide serve as definitive hosts of Toxocara, shedding eggs and thus contributing to the public health risk of human infection. Prevention and control of this zoonosis in cats should receive greater attention by health officials and cat owners, particularly in countries where risk factors and prevalence are highest.</p>","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":"109 ","pages":"615-639"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37911899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. antibodies in humans in Africa: A review.","authors":"Felix Lötsch,&nbsp;Martin Peter Grobusch","doi":"10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Human toxocariasis occurs worldwide and is caused by nematodes of the species of the genus Toxocara. Infection occurs by the ingestion of eggs and is usually asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic. However, severe manifestations occur. The burden of disease and its public health impact remain ill-defined. The aim of this review was to summarize all available data on the seroprevalence of toxocariasis on the African continent and factors associated with seropositivity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-seven original papers published between 1991 and 2017 were identified that provided data suitable for this review. Case-control studies were included and the seroprevalence in the (healthy) control group was used as a surrogate parameter.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Antibodies against Toxocara spp. were found to be frequent in most populations and regions in Africa with the exception of two publications, one from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and one from Djibouti, where all participants were seronegative. The highest proportion of participants with antibodies was found on the island of La Réunion with 359 out 387 study participants being positive (92.8%). Factors associated with seropositivity were reported across studies, including-among others-older age, contact with soil via geophagia, agricultural activity or playing with soil, contact with animals, especially dogs, and low socio-economic status, defined as absence of water supply or poor housing. Three Egyptian studies found male gender to be associated with toxocariasis, whereas in La Réunion females were at increased risk.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Exposure to toxocariasis seems to be very frequent and common in large parts of the African continent. However, no data are available for most countries. The public health impact of human toxocariasis and the frequency of severe manifestations remain unclear.</p>","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":"109 ","pages":"483-499"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37911967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engagement of the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases in control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in China.","authors":"Hui-Hui Zhu,&nbsp;Chang-Hai Zhou,&nbsp;Mi-Zhen Zhang,&nbsp;Ji-Lei Huang,&nbsp;Ting-Jun Zhu,&nbsp;Men-Bao Qian,&nbsp;Ying-Dan Chen,&nbsp;Shi-Zhu Li,&nbsp;Xiao-Nong Zhou","doi":"10.1016/bs.apar.2020.04.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.04.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil-transmitted helminthiases (STHs) have been widely transmitted in China and the control of STHs was initiated by NIPD-CTDR since its foundation. Three national surveys on STHs have been carried out in China, and the infection rate has dropped from 53.58% in the first national survey (1988-92) to 4.49% in the third national survey (2014-16) due to strong interventions including mass drug administration, health education and environment improvement. National surveillance of STHs started in 2006 and has been implemented successively until now, which allows to understand the endemic status and trends of STHs prevalence in China. Surveillance has been expanded to 30 provinces of China since 2016. Integrated pilot programmes have been implemented between 2006 and 2009, in which an integrated strategy, with health education and control of infection sources as key components, was adopted. Since 2019, new control pilots have been started, which will be continued for five successive years to further explore appropriate control strategies in the current \"new era\". With the decline of infection rate of STHs, China is approaching the elimination stage for STHs. In order to achieve this final target, poverty alleviation programmes should be integrated with precise control measures, according to real situations.</p>","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"217-244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.04.008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38070087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological big data and analytical tools applied in the control programmes on parasitic diseases in China: NIPD's sustained contributions in 70 years.","authors":"Shang Xia,&nbsp;Jin-Xin Zheng,&nbsp;Xin-Yi Wang,&nbsp;Jing-Bo Xue,&nbsp;Jian-Hong Hu,&nbsp;Xue-Qiang Zhang,&nbsp;Xiao-Nong Zhou,&nbsp;Shi-Zhu Li","doi":"10.1016/bs.apar.2020.04.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.04.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The analysis of epidemiological data has played an important role for the academic research carried out by the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, China CDC, since its foundation in 1950s. Those researches, e.g., the temporal-spatial patterns of disease transmission and the identification of risk factors, have contributed significantly to the national parasitic disease control and elimination programmes in China. With the development and application of epidemiological data analysis in the last decade, all research results improve our understanding of parasitic diseases epidemiology and related health issues through the application platform of epidemiological big data and analytical tools. In particular, implementation research on analytical predictions on disease outbreak or epidemic risks have provided references to the scientific guidance on effective preventions and interventions in the parasitic disease elimination in China, such as fliariasis, malaria and schistosomiasis. This review has reflected the function of data accumulation and application of temporospatial tools in parasitic diseases control, and the ways of the NIPD's sustained contributions to the disease control programmes in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"319-347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.04.009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38070091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of Giardia intestinalis: Intestinal epithelial cell interactions.","authors":"Samantha J Emery-Corbin,&nbsp;Jana Grüttner,&nbsp;Staffan Svärd","doi":"10.1016/bs.apar.2019.11.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2019.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Giardia intestinalis is a unicellular protozoan parasite that infects the small intestines of humans and animals. Giardiasis, the disease caused by the parasite, occurs globally across socioeconomic boundaries but is mainly endemic in developing countries and particularly within young children, where pronounced effects manifests in a failure to thrive condition. The molecular pathogenesis of Giardia has been studied using in vitro models of human and rat intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and parasites from the two major human genotypes or assemblages (A and B). High-quality, genome sequencing of representative isolates from assemblages A (WB) and B (GS) has enabled exploration of these host-parasite models using 'omics' technologies, allowing deep and quantitative analyses of global gene expression changes in IECs and parasites during their interactions, cross-talk and competition. These include a major up-regulation of immune-related genes in the IECs early after the start of interactions, as well as competition between host cells and parasites for nutrients like sugars, amino acids and lipids, which is also reflected in their secretome interactions. Unique parasite proteins dominate these interactions, with many major up-regulated genes being either hypothetical proteins or members of Giardia-specific gene families like the high-cysteine-rich membrane proteins (HCMPs), variable surface proteins (VSPs), alpha-giardins and cysteine proteases. Furthermore, these proteins also dominate in the secretomes, suggesting that they are important virulence factors in Giardia and crucial molecular effectors at the host-parasite interface.</p>","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":"107 ","pages":"139-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.apar.2019.11.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37697558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global prevalence of Toxocara infection in dogs.","authors":"Ali Rostami,&nbsp;Seyed Mohammad Riahi,&nbsp;Andreas Hofmann,&nbsp;Guangxu Ma,&nbsp;Tao Wang,&nbsp;Hamed Behniafar,&nbsp;Ali Taghipour,&nbsp;Yadolah Fakhri,&nbsp;Adel Spotin,&nbsp;Bill C H Chang,&nbsp;Calum N L Macpherson,&nbsp;Peter J Hotez,&nbsp;Robin B Gasser","doi":"10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dogs serve as the most important definitive hosts for Toxocara canis-a causative agent of human toxocariasis and one of the most widespread zoonotic helminth worldwide. The present study was undertaken to assess the global prevalence of T. canis infection in dogs. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE and SciELO were searched to identify relevant studies. A random-effects model was used to estimate the overall and the subgroup-pooled prevalences across studies, and heterogeneity was assessed via the I² test. The data were categorized according to WHO-region, different types of dogs, risk factors and environmental variables. From a total of 4370 peer-reviewed publications, 229 articles that studied 13,010,004 dogs in 60 countries met the final inclusion criteria. The overall prevalence of Toxocara infection in dogs was 11.1% (95% CI, 10.6-11.7%). The estimated prevalence in the different WHO-regions ranged from 6.4% to 19.2%: Eastern Mediterranean (19.2%, 13.7-25.5%), Africa (18.5%, 13.7-23.9%), South-East Asia (11.9%, 6.8-18.2%), North America (11.1%, 10.6-11.7%), South America (10.9%, 7.6-14.6%), Europe (10.8%, 8.9-12.9%) and Western Pacific (6.4%, 3.3-10.2%). Young (<1 year of age), stray, rural and male dogs had a significantly (P<0.001) higher prevalence of infection than older, pet, urban or female dogs. The prevalence was higher in low income countries and regions at a low geographical latitude, close to the equator, characterized as having tropical climates. From this review, it is estimated that ≥100 million dogs are infected with Toxocara around the world. This highlights the need for an increased focus on implementing affordable, appropriate control programs to reduce the public health threat of toxocariasis as a zoonosis of global importance.</p>","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":"109 ","pages":"561-583"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37911897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}