Advances in Parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Macroscopic and microscopic imaging modalities for diagnosis and monitoring of urogenital schistosomiasis.","authors":"Shelly Xie,&nbsp;Eglal Shalaby-Rana,&nbsp;Austin Hester,&nbsp;Jared Honeycutt,&nbsp;Chi-Ling Fu,&nbsp;Deborah Boyett,&nbsp;Wen Jiang,&nbsp;Michael H Hsieh","doi":"10.1016/bs.apar.2021.01.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2021.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urogenital schistosomiasis remains a major global challenge. Optimal management of this infection depends upon imaging-based assessment of sequelae. Although established imaging modalities such as ultrasonography, plain radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), narrow band imaging, and computerized tomography (CT) have been used to determine tissue involvement by urogenital schistosomiasis, newer refinements in associated technologies may lead to improvements in patient care. Moreover, application of investigational imaging methods such as confocal laser endomicroscopy and two-photon microscopy in animal models of urogenital schistosomiasis are likely to contribute to our understanding of this infection's pathogenesis. This review discusses prior use of imaging in patients with urogenital schistosomiasis and experimentally infected animals, the advantages and limitations of these modalities, the latest radiologic developments relevant to this infection, and a proposed future diagnostic standard of care for management of afflicted patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":"112 ","pages":"51-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38927749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enterocytozoon bieneusi of animals-With an 'Australian twist'.","authors":"Yan Zhang,&nbsp;Anson V Koehler,&nbsp;Tao Wang,&nbsp;Robin B Gasser","doi":"10.1016/bs.apar.2020.10.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a microsporidian microorganism that causes intestinal disease in animals including humans. E. bieneusi is an obligate intracellular pathogen, typically causing severe or chronic diarrhoea, malabsorption and/or wasting. Currently, E. bieneusi is recognised as a fungus, although its exact classification remains contentious. The transmission of E. bieneusi can occur from person to person and/or animals to people. Transmission is usually via the faecal-oral route through E. bieneusi spore-contaminated water, environment or food, or direct contact with infected individuals. Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes are usually identified and classified by PCR-based sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. To date, ~600 distinct genotypes of E. bieneusi have been recorded in ~170 species of animals, including various orders of mammals and reptiles as well as insects in >40 countries. Moreover, E. bieneusi has also been found in recreational water, irrigation water, and treated raw- and waste-waters. Although many studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of E. bieneusi, prevalence surveys of animals and humans are scant in some countries, such as Australia, and transmission routes of individual genotypes and related risk factors are poorly understood. This article/chapter reviews aspects of the taxonomy, biology and epidemiology of E. bieneusi; the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of microsporidiosis; critically appraises the naming system for E. bieneusi genotypes as well as the phylogenetic relationships of these genotypes; provides new insights into the prevalence and genetic composition of E. bieneusi populations in animals in parts of Australia using molecular epidemiological tools; and proposes some areas for future research in the E. bieneusi/microsporidiosis field.</p>","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":"111 ","pages":"1-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.10.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38849571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control and elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Oceania: Prevalence, geographical distribution, mass drug administration, and surveillance in Samoa, 1998-2017.","authors":"Patricia M Graves, Hayley Joseph, Shaun P Coutts, Helen J Mayfield, Fuatai Maiava, Tile Ann Ah Leong-Lui, Palanitina Tupuimatagi Toelupe, Vailolo Toeaso Iosia, Siatua Loau, Paulo Pemita, Take Naseri, Robert Thomsen, Alvaro Berg Soto, Thomas R Burkot, Peter Wood, Wayne Melrose, Padmasiri Aratchige, Corinne Capuano, Sung Hye Kim, Masayo Ozaki, Aya Yajima, Patrick J Lammie, Eric Ottesen, Lepaitai Hansell, Rasul Baghirov, Colleen L Lau, Kazuyo Ichimori","doi":"10.1016/bs.apar.2021.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.apar.2021.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a major public health problem globally and in the Pacific Region. The Global Programme to Eliminate LF has made great progress but LF is persistent and resurgent in some Pacific countries and territories. Samoa remains endemic for LF despite elimination efforts through multiple two-drug mass drug administrations (MDA) since 1965, including renewed elimination efforts started in 1999 under the Pacific Programme for Elimination of LF (PacELF). Despite eight rounds of national and two rounds of subnational MDA under PacELF, Samoa failed transmission assessment surveys (TAS) in all three evaluation units in 2017. In 2018, Samoa was the first to distribute countrywide triple-drug MDA using ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine (DEC), and albendazole. This paper provides a review of MDAs and historical survey results from 1998 to 2017 in Samoa and highlights lessons learnt from LF elimination efforts, including challenges and potential ways to overcome them to successfully achieve elimination.</p>","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"27-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39558565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A perspective on the discovery of selected compounds with anthelmintic activity against the barber's pole worm-Where to from here?","authors":"Yaqing Jiao,&nbsp;Sarah Preston,&nbsp;Andreas Hofmann,&nbsp;Aya Taki,&nbsp;Jonathan Baell,&nbsp;Bill C H Chang,&nbsp;Abdul Jabbar,&nbsp;Robin B Gasser","doi":"10.1016/bs.apar.2019.12.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2019.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parasitic roundworms (nematodes) cause substantial morbidity and mortality in animals worldwide. Anthelmintic treatment is central to controlling these worms, but widespread resistance to most of the commercially available anthelmintics for veterinary and agricultural use is compromising control, such that there is an urgency to discover new and effective drugs. The purpose of this article is to review information on parasitic nematodes, the treatment and control of parasitic nematode infections and aspects of discovering new anthelmintics in the context of anthelmintic resistance problems, and then to discuss some progress that our group has made in identifying selected compounds with activity against nematodes. The focus of our recent work has been on discovering new chemical entities and known drugs with anthelmintic activities against Haemonchus contortus as well as other socioeconomically important parasitic nematodes for subsequent development. Using whole worm-based phenotypic assays, we have been screening compound collections obtained via product-development-partnerships and/or collaborators, and active compounds have been assessed for their potential as anthelmintic candidates. Following the screening of 15,333 chemicals from five distinct compound collections against H. contortus, we have discovered one new chemical entity (designated SN00797439), two human kinase inhibitors (SNS-032 and AG-1295), 14 tetrahydroquinoxaline analogues, one insecticide (tolfenpyrad) and two tolfenpyrad (pyrazole-5-carboxamide) derivatives (a-15 and a-17) with anthelmintic activity in vitro. Some of these 20 'hit' compounds have selectivity against H. contortus in vitro when compared to particular human cell lines. In our opinion, some of these compounds could represent starting points for 'lead' development. Accordingly, the next research steps to be pursued include: (i) chemical optimisation of representative chemicals via structure-activity relationship (SAR) evaluations; (ii) assessment of the breadth of spectrum of anthelmintic activity on a range of other parasitic nematodes, such as strongyloids, ascaridoids, enoplids and filarioids; (iii) detailed investigations of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) of optimised chemicals with broad nematocidal or nematostatic activity; and (iv) establishment of the modes of action of lead candidates.</p>","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":"108 ","pages":"1-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.apar.2019.12.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37836336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug resistance in Giardia: Mechanisms and alternative treatments for Giardiasis.","authors":"Raúl Argüello-García,&nbsp;David Leitsch,&nbsp;Tina Skinner-Adams,&nbsp;M Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres","doi":"10.1016/bs.apar.2019.11.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2019.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of chemotherapeutic drugs is the main resource against clinical giardiasis due to the lack of approved vaccines. Resistance of G. duodenalis to the most used drugs to treat giardiasis, metronidazole and albendazole, is a clinical issue of growing concern and yet unknown impact, respectively. In the search of new drugs, the completion of the Giardia genome project and the use of biochemical, molecular and bioinformatics tools allowed the identification of ligands/inhibitors for about one tenth of ≈150 potential drug targets in this parasite. Further, the synthesis of second generation nitroimidazoles and benzimidazoles along with high-throughput technologies have allowed not only to define overall mechanisms of resistance to metronidazole but to screen libraries of repurposed drugs and new pharmacophores, thereby increasing the known arsenal of anti-giardial compounds to some hundreds, with most demonstrating activity against metronidazole or albendazole-resistant Giardia. In particular, cysteine-modifying agents which include omeprazole, disulfiram, allicin and auranofin outstand due to their pleiotropic activity based on the extensive repertoire of thiol-containing proteins and the microaerophilic metabolism of this parasite. Other promising agents derived from higher organisms including phytochemicals, lactoferrin and propolis as well as probiotic bacteria/fungi have also demonstrated significant potential for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes in giardiasis. In this context the present chapter offers a comprehensive review of the current knowledge, including commonly prescribed drugs, causes of therapeutic failures, drug resistance mechanisms, strategies for the discovery of new agents and alternative drug therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":"107 ","pages":"201-282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.apar.2019.11.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37697560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preface.","authors":"M Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres","doi":"10.1016/S0065-308X(20)30050-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(20)30050-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":"107 ","pages":"xiii-xiv"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0065-308X(20)30050-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37697562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Series Page","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/s0065-308x(20)30081-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-308x(20)30081-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/s0065-308x(20)30081-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55898046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Series Page","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/s0065-308x(20)30100-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-308x(20)30100-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/s0065-308x(20)30100-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55898074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxocara prevalence in dogs, cats and the environment in Russia.","authors":"Alexander N Lukashev,&nbsp;Maria N Ruzina,&nbsp;Lyudmila V Akhmadishina","doi":"10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The toxocariasis incidence in Russia is relatively low (1.8 cases per 100,000 individuals) and the parasite is not a major healthcare concern. However, the proportion of primary hosts testing positive for the parasite is high and varies between 3% and 100% in dogs (on average 33%), and between 6% and 52% in cats. Higher prevalence was observed in Volga, Urals and Siberia regions. Levels of contamination of soil, children's playgrounds and sandboxes is also high, with up to 100% contamination rates determined in some studies, but more commonly prevalence of contamination around 40% was reported. There is a pronounced seasonality in the prevalence of Toxocara in primary hosts and the soil, with peaks in the summer and autumn. Most likely, a lack of permissive conditions for the development of eggs in the winter determines observed seasonal patterns, which are different than those observed in most other countries. Toxocara eggs were found in 4-10% of vegetables and greenery samples tested, suggesting that they can contribute to the transmission of Toxocara.</p>","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":"109 ","pages":"801-817"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37911371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxocara \"omics\" and the promises it holds for medicine and veterinary medicine.","authors":"Wen-Bin Zheng,&nbsp;Yang Zou,&nbsp;Xing-Quan Zhu,&nbsp;Guo-Hua Liu","doi":"10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxocariasis is one of the most neglected worldwide zoonoses that is caused by larval nematode parasites of the genus Toxocara, Toxocara canis, and to a lesser extent, Toxocara cati, whose migration mechanism is still largely unknown. Fortunately, some advanced tools have been employed, such as genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, to better understand the molecular biology and regulatory mechanisms of Toxocara. Using genomics and transcriptomics, we can identify a large number of genes that participate in the development of Toxocara and the interaction of parasites and their hosts and can predict the functions of unknown genes by comparing them with other relevant species. Using proteomics, we can identify somatic proteins and excretory and secretory (ES) proteins that perform specific biological functions in tissue degradation, pathogen invasion, immune evasion or modulation. These \"omics\" techniques also can contribute enormously to the development of new drugs, vaccines and diagnostic tools for toxocariasis. In a word, by utilizing \"omics\", we can better understand the Toxocara and toxocariasis. In this review, we summarized the representative achievements in Toxocara and the interaction between Toxocara spp. and their hosts based on expressed sequence tags (ESTs), microarray gene expression, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), hoping to better understand the molecular biology of Toxocara, and contribute to new progress in the application areas of new drugs, vaccines and diagnostic tool for toxocariasis in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":50854,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Parasitology","volume":"109 ","pages":"89-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37911796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}