American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics最新文献

{"title":"Craniofacial growth percentile curves: A clinical tool from the Craniofacial Growth Consortium Study.","authors":"Heesoo Oh, Kevin M Middleton, Manish Valiathan, Dana L Duren, Kieran P McNulty, James A McNamara, Mark Hans, Richard J Sherwood","doi":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.11.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.11.026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aimed to develop new cephalometric standards incorporating samples from across North America, focusing on creating sex-specific percentile growth curves for craniofacial cephalometric measures using the extensive longitudinal data from the Craniofacial Growth Consortium Study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study comprised 2100 subjects (1056 males and 1044 females) with 17,290 lateral cephalometric radiographs, spanning ages of 2.5-31.3 years. Twenty-four linear cephalometric measurements were calculated, including traits from the basicranium, maxilla, and mandible. For each measurement, multilevel nonlinear growth models were used to estimate growth milestones by sex, percentile growth curves were created, and a web-interface tool was developed to facilitate the practical application of these growth curves.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Growth milestones, including age at peak growth velocity and peak growth velocity, were estimated for each sex using double logistic growth models. The timing of peak growth velocity varies across different regions of the craniofacial complex. Craniofacial growth percentile curves were created and cross-validated. A web interface tool was created to allow users to retrieve individual-specific percentile scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The developed percentile growth curves and web-based tool offer a robust framework for clinicians to assess individual growth patterns, identify deviations from normative growth, and estimate future growth potential, supporting more personalized treatment planning and timing.</p>","PeriodicalId":50806,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13138386/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147357591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability of transverse changes with clear aligners and hyrax expanders from the mixed to the permanent dentition.","authors":"Andrew Tsai, Heeyeon Suh, Sandra Khong Tai, Marta Baird, Heesoo Oh","doi":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2026.01.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2026.01.017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study evaluated the longitudinal stability of transverse changes in patients treated with the Invisalign First system (IFS; Align Technology Inc, Tempe, Ariz) and hyrax expanders during the mixed dentition, followed through the permanent dentition. The objective was to determine whether expansion achieved during the mixed dentition was maintained through the transition to the permanent dentition.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective longitudinal study included 119 patients: 44 patients treated with IFS, 36 patients treated with hyrax, and 39 untreated controls. Arch width changes at the canines, premolars, and first molars were measured on digital study models at 3 time points: pre-phase 1 treatment (T1), post-phase 1 treatment (T2), and pre-phase 2 evaluation (T3). Vertical skeletal changes were evaluated in a cephalogram subgroup. Statistical analyses included analysis of variance and linear mixed-effects models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both IFS and hyrax groups showed greater maxillary arch width increases from T1 to T3 (IFS: 1.8-2.8 mm; hyrax: 2.2-3.7 mm) than controls (0.4-1.2 mm; P <0.0001). At T2, hyrax showed significantly greater interpremolar and intermolar expansion (4.1-4.8 mm) than IFS (1.9-2.8 mm), but more relapse from T2 to T3. The IFS group also showed increased mandibular arch width from T1 to T3 (1.9-2.9 mm) compared with controls (P <0.05). No significant vertical skeletal changes from T1 to T3 were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both IFS and hyrax produced maxillary arch expansion that was maintained throughout the transition from mixed to permanent dentition. The IFS also showed stable mandibular arch expansion, supporting its use for mild crowding or transverse deficiencies without long-term vertical effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":50806,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147357589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective assessment of wear time during orthodontic aligner therapy using microsensors: A randomized controlled trial","authors":"Hisham Sabbagh,&nbsp;Uwe Baumert,&nbsp;Juliana Liedtke,&nbsp;Sarah Thiem,&nbsp;Velina Venkova,&nbsp;Andrea Wichelhaus","doi":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.10.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.10.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The clinical effectiveness of aligners is impacted by wear time (WT). This study aimed to objectively assess WT using microsensors and to evaluate whether patient awareness of monitoring affects WT.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study was designed as a single-center, 2-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled trial in 43 adult patients. Orthodontic aligner treatment with an integrated microsensor was used to assess WT across 6 consecutive appointments, scheduled biweekly. Patients were randomly assigned to group 1 or 2 in a 1:1 ratio using an online randomization tool. Allocation was concealed using sequentially numbered opaque, sealed envelopes. Patients were either informed about the use of microsensors to register intraoral temperature (group 1, “unaware”) or to assess patient compliance based on the temperature data (group 2, “aware”). Operators and patients could not be blinded to the treatment allocation. However, outcome assessment was blinded. A linear mixed model was used to estimate the effect of study arm on WT per wave, with age and sex included as explanatory variables.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At follow-up, 3 patients discontinued intervention. Forty patients were included in the final analysis (male, 12; female, 28; mean age, 36.2 ± 14.2 years). The linear mixed model showed that awareness of monitoring (group 2) resulted in significantly higher WT, with an increase of 4.41 h/d (95% confidence interval, 1.88-6.93, <em>P</em> = 0.0011). WT declined significantly at later visits. No harms or adverse effects were reported or observed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Awareness of being monitored improved patient compliance and can be used as an effective strategy to enhance WT during aligner therapy in adults.</div></div><div><h3>Trial Registration</h3><div>German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00029027).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50806,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","volume":"169 3","pages":"Pages 272-284"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146087161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in the cytocompatibility, surface hardness, and surface topography of 3-dimensional–printed clear aligners after clinical use","authors":"Eun-Hack Andrew Choi ,&nbsp;Utkarsh Mangal ,&nbsp;Jeong-Hyun Ryu ,&nbsp;Jae-Hyung Kim ,&nbsp;Geelsu Hwang ,&nbsp;Hoon Kim ,&nbsp;Jung-Yul Cha ,&nbsp;Kee-Joon Lee ,&nbsp;Sung-Hwan Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.10.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.10.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>This study evaluated how clinical use affects the surface properties and cytocompatibility of 3-dimensional (3D)–printed clear aligners by comparing them against saliva-unexposed and artificial saliva–exposed groups.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Eleven aligners were collected from 5 adult patients after 10 days of use (clinically used group). Two additional groups were established: the saliva-unexposed group (immediately after postprocessing) and the artificial saliva–exposed group (immersed in artificial saliva). All aligners underwent extraction for 1 day (day-1 extraction) and an additional 6 days (day-7 extraction). After 7 days of extraction, surface properties, including hardness (Shore D) and topography (scanning electron microscope imaging), were analyzed. Cytotoxicity to normal L929 cells was evaluated using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays. Proinflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–induced presensitized L929 cells were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, measuring interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor–α, and nitric oxide synthase 2 expression levels.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Shore D hardness did not differ among groups. Scanning electron microscope imaging revealed increased surface irregularities after salivary exposure. All groups exhibited no cytotoxicity (&gt;70% viability) in both day-1 and day-7 extractions, with the clinically used group showing significantly higher cell viability than the saliva-unexposed group in both extractions (<em>P</em> &lt;0.001). However, when LPS-induced presensitized cells were treated with day-7 extraction, only the clinically used group showed a significant increase in both interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor–α expression compared with LPS-only–treated cells (<em>P</em> &lt;0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Saliva-exposed 3D-printed aligners exhibited increased surface irregularities and lower cytotoxicity compared with unexposed aligners. However, clinically used 3D-printed aligners may exacerbate proinflammatory responses in presensitized cells. Depending on the initial state of the cells, cytological responses to 3D-printed aligners may vary.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50806,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","volume":"169 3","pages":"Pages 370-378"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145670613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of chronic restraint stress on orthodontic tooth movement and bone remodeling in rats","authors":"Ye Cheng ,&nbsp;Hongmei Zhuang ,&nbsp;Yujie Yao ,&nbsp;Zhiyao Yuan ,&nbsp;Yanfen Li ,&nbsp;Huang Li ,&nbsp;Fuhua Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.10.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.10.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Adult orthodontic patients are often exposed to various stressors, which can affect orthodontic treatment. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of chronic restraint stress on orthodontic tooth movement and alveolar bone remodeling in vivo.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Ten 8-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham-stress orthodontic (CO) and stress orthodontic (SO) groups. Restraint stress was applied for 21 days. The orthodontic intervention involved mesial traction of the maxillary first molar from days 8 to 21. Serum inflammatory cytokine levels were measured, and micro-computed tomography scanning was performed to analyze tooth movement and alveolar bone parameters of the first molar. Osteogenic and osteoclastic activities and macrophage polarization in periodontal tissues were assessed by histological and immunohistochemical staining.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Tooth movement was significantly greater in the SO group than in the CO group, as were the serum interleukin-1β and -10 levels. The SO group had increased trabecular spacing, reduced bone density, and wider periodontal ligament spaces on the force-applied side of the alveolar bone. Enhanced osteogenic and osteoclastic activities were observed in both groups under orthodontic force, but significantly more osteoclasts were observed in the SO group than in the CO group. The inducible nitric oxide synthase to arginase 1 expression ratio was also significantly higher in the SO group than in the CO group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Restraint stress may exacerbate orthodontic tooth movement and alveolar bone resorption, potentially mediated by systemic inflammatory responses, as well as enhance classically activated macrophage polarization in the alveolar bone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50806,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","volume":"169 3","pages":"Pages 359-369"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145776658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacted maxillary canines and risk management","authors":"Christopher A. Roberts ,&nbsp;Robert E. Varner","doi":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.07.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.07.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50806,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","volume":"169 3","pages":"Pages 268-271"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147322553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"March 2026 Continuing Education","authors":"Dr Allen H. Moffitt (CE Editor)","doi":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2026.01.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2026.01.009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50806,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","volume":"169 3","pages":"Pages 405.e1-405.e2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147414165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Force threshold-dependent modulation of root resorption via the Nrf2/Keap1/p62 antioxidant pathway during orthodontic tooth movement","authors":"Yiling Chen ,&nbsp;Yukun Jiang ,&nbsp;Xiaoting Chen ,&nbsp;Hengyi Lin ,&nbsp;Yijue Wang ,&nbsp;Shuo Chen ,&nbsp;Shujuan Zou ,&nbsp;Zhiai Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.10.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.10.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Orthodontically induced root resorption (OIRR) is a frequent yet poorly understood complication of orthodontic treatment. Emerging evidence links oxidative stress to mechanical loading. However, the regulation of redox homeostasis in periodontal tissues under varying force magnitudes remains unclear. Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of antioxidant defense, modulates inflammation and bone remodeling, but its force-dependent role in OIRR is undefined.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Periodontal ligament fibroblasts were subjected to graded compressive forces (0-2 g/cm²) in vitro to assess Nrf2/kelch-like ECH–associated protein 1 (Keap1)/sequestosome 1 (p62) pathway activation and downstream inflammatory and osteoclastic responses. Genetic and pharmacologic modulation of Nrf2 signaling was performed. In vivo, a murine orthodontic tooth movement model applying light (10 g) and heavy (40 g) forces was used to evaluate Nrf2 function in periodontal remodeling and root resorption.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Nrf2 displayed threshold-dependent regulation. Moderate force (≤1.5 g/cm²) activated the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, preserving redox balance and limiting inflammation, whereas excessive force (2 g/cm²) led to Nrf2 saturation, resulting in ROS accumulation, amplified inflammation, and enhanced osteoclastogenesis. Keap1 knockdown restored antioxidant capacity and reduced inflammation, whereas p62 knockdown impaired Nrf2 activation and aggravated tissue injury. In vivo, heavy force induced sustained interleukin-1β expression and severe root resorption, intensified by Nrf2 inhibition.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Force-dependent saturation of the Nrf2/Keap1/p62 pathway acts as a molecular switch linking oxidative stress and inflammation in OIRR. Nrf2 serves as a mechanosensitive regulator of periodontal homeostasis and a potential therapeutic target to prevent root resorption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50806,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","volume":"169 3","pages":"Pages 388-401.e4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145670749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral health–related quality of life in patients with cleidocranial dysplasia: Impact of malocclusion traits and treatment modality","authors":"Steven Zinn ,&nbsp;Monica Schneider ,&nbsp;Shakela Mitchell ,&nbsp;Julie Hoover-Fong ,&nbsp;Maria Doughan ,&nbsp;Lisa R. Jolly ,&nbsp;Flavio Copello ,&nbsp;Ilana M. Zinn","doi":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.10.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.10.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) often results in supernumerary teeth, impacted teeth, and malocclusions. Treatment options include orthodontics to erupt the impacted dentition in the oral cavity or prosthodontic replacement of impacted teeth. This study assesses whether patients with CCD who have certain malocclusion traits have worse oral health–related quality of life (OHRQoL) than those without these malocclusions, and whether patients with CCD who received orthodontic treatment have better OHRQoL than those treated with prosthodontics.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Patients with CCD aged 15 years and older underwent an oral examination and completed the oral health impact profile–14 survey. Independent-samples <em>t</em> tests were performed to compare the oral health impact profile–14 scores among patients with and without specific oral findings.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Sixty-one patients participated in this study. Those with posterior crossbites experienced significantly worse OHRQoL in the domain of physical pain (<em>P</em> = 0.015; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.316-2.750). For those with anterior open bites, a significantly worse OHRQoL was observed in the domain of handicap (<em>P</em> = 0.046; 95% CI, 0.027-2.919). Anterior crossbites resulted in statistically significantly worse OHRQoL in the functional limitation domain (<em>P</em> = 0.027; 95% CI, 0.149-2.373). Lastly, patients who received prosthodontic treatment reported significantly worse OHRQoL (<em>P</em> = 0.037; 95% CI, 0.685-21.015) and higher scores in physical pain (<em>P</em> = 0.038; 95% CI, 0.114-3.981), physical disability (<em>P</em> = 0.005; 95% CI, 0.872-4.543), and social disability (<em>P</em> = 0.020; 95% CI, 0.091-3.398).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Patients with CCD who have anterior crossbites, posterior crossbites, or anterior open bites have worse OHRQoL in specific domains compared with those without these malocclusions. In addition, patients who underwent prosthodontics had worse OHRQoL than those who underwent orthodontics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50806,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","volume":"169 3","pages":"Pages 379-387"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145776643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Significant changes in respiration, craniofacial development, and posture: A multidisciplinary study on the effects of adenoidectomy","authors":"Meral Gurkan ,&nbsp;Elif Dilara Arslan ,&nbsp;Erol Senturk ,&nbsp;Gokmen Kurt ,&nbsp;Teoman Aydın","doi":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.09.029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.09.029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The objective of this study was to assess changes in respiratory patterns, craniofacial development, and head and neck and overall body posture in children who have undergone early adenoidectomy and those who have not.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This multidisciplinary study was conducted in collaboration with the Departments of Otolaryngology, Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, and Orthodontics. Patients diagnosed with adenoid vegetation who did not undergo surgery (group 1: n = 31; mean age 7.90 ± 1.55 years) and those who underwent early surgery (group 2: n = 30; mean age 8.30 ± 1.39 years) were included. The control group (group 3: n = 30; mean age 8.30 ± 1.39 years) consisted of subjects with no pathology causing respiratory obstruction and normal nasal breathing. Lateral and posteroanterior cephalograms, dental casts, the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scale, and peak nasal inspiratory flow measurements were used for evaluation. Postural analysis was conducted using 3-dimensional motion analysis with Kinect sensors. Statistical comparisons were performed among groups.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A difference was found among groups in respiratory parameters, and correlation analysis showed that these parameters were consistent with each other (<em>P</em> &lt;0.05). However, no difference was observed in posture measurements among the groups (<em>P</em> &gt;0.05). Although statistically significant differences were found among groups in the skeletal, dental, and soft tissue cephalometric parameters, significant correlations were also found between intergonial, interzygomatic distance, and corpus lengths with the respiratory parameters (<em>P</em> &lt;0.05). Although no significant correlation was observed between the dental cast analysis values and the respiratory parameters, there was a statistically significant difference in intercanine distance among groups (<em>P</em> &lt;0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Early adenoidectomy improves respiratory and craniofacial growth, resembling normal nasal breathing. Delayed surgery leads to persistent mouth-breathing and negative growth outcomes. Close collaboration between otolaryngologists and orthodontists is essential for optimal management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50806,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","volume":"169 3","pages":"Pages 296-308"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145795549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}