Douglas A. Luke, Byron J. Powell, Alejandra Paniagua-Avila
{"title":"Bridges and Mechanisms: Integrating Systems Science Thinking into Implementation Research","authors":"Douglas A. Luke, Byron J. Powell, Alejandra Paniagua-Avila","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-060922-040205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-060922-040205","url":null,"abstract":"We present a detailed argument for how to integrate, or bridge, systems science thinking and methods with implementation science. We start by showing how fundamental systems science principles of structure, dynamics, information, and utility are relevant for implementation science. Then we examine the need for implementation science to develop and apply richer theories of complex systems. This can be accomplished by emphasizing a causal mechanisms approach. Identifying causal mechanisms focuses on the “cogs and gears” of public health, clinical, and organizational interventions. A mechanisms approach focuses on how a specific strategy will produce the implementation outcome. We show how connecting systems science to implementation science opens new opportunities for examining and addressing social determinants of health and conducting equitable and ethical implementation research. Finally, we present case studies illustrating successful applications of systems science within implementation science in community health policy, tobacco control, health care access, and breast cancer screening.Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Public Health, Volume 45 is April 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138687011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Economics of Treatment for Depression","authors":"Chad Stecher, Sara Cloonan, Marisa Elena Domino","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-061022-040533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-061022-040533","url":null,"abstract":"The global prevalence of depression has risen over the past three decades across all socioeconomic groups and geographic regions, with a particularly rapid increase in prevalence among adolescents (aged 12–17 years) in the United States. Depression imposes large health, economic, and societal costs, including reduced life span and quality of life, medical costs, and reduced educational attainment and workplace productivity. A wide range of treatment modalities for depression are available, but socioeconomic disparities in treatment access are driven by treatment costs, lack of culturally tailored options, stigma, and provider shortages, among other barriers. This review highlights the need for comparative research to better understand treatments’ relative efficacy, cost-effectiveness, scalability, and potential heterogeneity in efficacy across socioeconomic groups and country and cultural contexts. To address the growing burden of depression, mental health policy could consider reducing restrictions on the supply of providers, implementing digital interventions, reducing stigma, and promoting healthy lifestyles.Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Public Health, Volume 45 is April 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"264 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138687008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kurubaran Ganasegeran, Mohd Rizal Abdul Manaf, Nazarudin Safian, Lance A. Waller, Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud, Feisul Idzwan Mustapha
{"title":"GIS-Based Assessments of Neighborhood Food Environments and Chronic Conditions: An Overview of Methodologies","authors":"Kurubaran Ganasegeran, Mohd Rizal Abdul Manaf, Nazarudin Safian, Lance A. Waller, Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud, Feisul Idzwan Mustapha","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-101322-031206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-101322-031206","url":null,"abstract":"The industrial revolution and urbanization fundamentally restructured populations’ living circumstances, often with poor impacts on health. As an example, unhealthy food establishments may concentrate in some neighborhoods and, mediated by social and commercial drivers, increase local health risks. To understand the connections between neighborhood food environments and public health, researchers often use geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial statistics to analyze place-based evidence, but such tools require careful application and interpretation. In this article, we summarize the factors shaping neighborhood health in relation to local food environments and outline the use of GIS methodologies to assess associations between the two. We provide an overview of available data sources, analytical approaches, and their strengths and weaknesses. We postulate next steps in GIS integration with forecasting, prediction, and simulation measures to frame implications for local health policies.Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Public Health, Volume 45 is April 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"165 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138555726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paul C Erwin, Julie H Grubaugh, Stephanie Mazzucca-Ragan, Ross C Brownson
{"title":"The Value and Impacts of Academic Public Health Departments.","authors":"Paul C Erwin, Julie H Grubaugh, Stephanie Mazzucca-Ragan, Ross C Brownson","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071421-031614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071421-031614","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The academic health department (AHD) is a partnership between an academic institution and a governmental health agency. These partnerships are meant to provide mutual benefits that include opportunities for student field placements and internships, practice-informed curriculum, and practice-based research. The term academic health department dates back only to 2000, although there are several examples of academic-practice partnerships prior to that date. In addition to AHDs that have been established over the past two decades, other forms of academic-practice engagement provide similar mutual benefits, such as prevention research centers and public health training centers. Current research on AHDs explores how these partnerships matter regarding the outputs, outcomes, and impacts of the units that comprise them. This review also considers the most recent perspectives on how AHDs have responded to the COVID-19 pandemic and how they might advance public health's efforts to address structural racism and promote health equity.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"44 ","pages":"343-362"},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9308268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marian L Neuhouser, Ross L Prentice, Lesley F Tinker, Johanna W Lampe
{"title":"Enhancing Capacity for Food and Nutrient Intake Assessment in Population Sciences Research.","authors":"Marian L Neuhouser, Ross L Prentice, Lesley F Tinker, Johanna W Lampe","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-121621","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-121621","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nutrition influences health throughout the life course. Good nutrition increases the probability of good pregnancy outcomes, proper childhood development, and healthy aging, and it lowers the probability of developing common diet-related chronic diseases, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. Despite the importance of diet and health, studying these exposures is among the most challenging in population sciences research. US and global food supplies are complex; eating patterns have shifted such that half of meals are eaten away from home, and there are thousands of food ingredients with myriad combinations. These complexities make dietary assessment and links to health challenging both for population sciences research and for public health policy and practice. Furthermore, most studies evaluating nutrition and health usually rely on self-report instruments prone to random and systematic measurement error. Scientific advances involve developing nutritional biomarkers and then applying these biomarkers as stand-alone nutritional exposures or for calibrating self-reports using specialized statistics.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"44 ","pages":"37-54"},"PeriodicalIF":21.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10249624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9707258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Bhaskar, J Chandra, H Hashemi, K Butler, L Bennett, Jacqueline Cellini, Danielle Braun, Francesca Dominici
{"title":"A Literature Review of the Effects of Air Pollution on COVID-19 Health Outcomes Worldwide: Statistical Challenges and Data Visualization.","authors":"A Bhaskar, J Chandra, H Hashemi, K Butler, L Bennett, Jacqueline Cellini, Danielle Braun, Francesca Dominici","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-120424","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-120424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several peer-reviewed papers and reviews have examined the relationship between exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 spread and severity. However, many of the existing reviews on this topic do not extensively present the statistical challenges associated with this field, do not provide comprehensive guidelines for future researchers, and review only the results of a relatively small number of papers. We reviewed 139 papers, 127 of which reported a statistically significant positive association between air pollution and adverse COVID-19 health outcomes. Here, we summarize the evidence, describe the statistical challenges, and make recommendations for future research. To summarize the 139 papers with data from geographical locations around the world, we also present anopen-source data visualization tool that summarizes these studies and allows the research community to contribute evidence as new research papers are published.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"44 ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":15.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11567163/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9255246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ann Bartel, Maya Rossin-Slater, Christopher Ruhm, Meredith Slopen, Jane Waldfogel
{"title":"The Impacts of Paid Family and Medical Leave on Worker Health, Family Well-Being, and Employer Outcomes.","authors":"Ann Bartel, Maya Rossin-Slater, Christopher Ruhm, Meredith Slopen, Jane Waldfogel","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-025257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-025257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article reviews the evidence on the impacts of paid family and medical leave (PFML) policies on workers' health, family well-being, and employer outcomes. While an extensive body of research demonstrates the mostly beneficial effects of PFML taken by new parents on infant, child, and parental health, less is known about its impact on employees who need leave to care for older children, adult family members, or elderly relatives. The evidence on employers is similarly limited but indicates that PFML does not impose major burdens on them. Taken together, the evidence suggests that PFML policies are likely to have important short- and long-term benefits for population health, without generating large costs for employers. At thesame time, further research is needed to understand the effects of different policy parameters (e.g., wage replacement rate and leave duration) and of other types of leave beyond parental leave.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"44 ","pages":"429-443"},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9308272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Early Childhood Education: Health, Equity, and Economics.","authors":"Robert A Hahn, W Steven Barnett","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071321-032337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071321-032337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many low-income and minority children in the United States and globally are at risk of poor educational trajectories and, consequently, diminished life courses, because their households and neighborhoods lack resources to adequately support learning and development prior to formal schooling. This review summarizes evidence on center-based early childhood education (ECE) for three- and four-year-olds as a means of assuring school readiness in cognitive and socioemotional skills. While the details of ECE programs merit further research, it is clear that ECE can benefit children, especially those most disadvantaged, with additional societal benefits and positive long-run economic returns. Universal ECE is not a cure-all, and its success requires ongoing alignment with subsequent education and attention to child household and community conditions. Because resource deprivation is concentrated in low-income and minority communities, publicly funded universal ECE can also be a powerful instrument for the promotion of social equity.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"44 ","pages":"75-92"},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9308714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deborah Salvo, Alejandra Jáuregui, Deepti Adlakha, Olga L Sarmiento, Rodrigo S Reis
{"title":"When Moving Is the Only Option: The Role of Necessity Versus Choice for Understanding and Promoting Physical Activity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.","authors":"Deborah Salvo, Alejandra Jáuregui, Deepti Adlakha, Olga L Sarmiento, Rodrigo S Reis","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071321-042211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071321-042211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given its origins in high-income countries, the field of physical activity and public health research and promotion has broadly followed a choice-based model. However, a substantial amount of the physical activity occurring routinely in many settings, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), is the result of economic necessity and is not due to true, free choices. We propose the \"necessity- versus choice-based physical activity models\" framework as a conceptual tool to ground physical activity and public health research and promotion efforts in LMICs, helping ensurethat these efforts are relevant, ethical, responsive, and respectful to local contexts. Identifying ways to ensure that LMIC populations can maintain high levels of active transport while increasing opportunities for active leisure must be prioritized. To promote equity, physical activity research, programs, and policies in LMICs must focus on improving the conditions under which necessity-driven physical activity occurs for a vast majority of the population.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"44 ","pages":"151-169"},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9254596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cancers Attributable to Modifiable Risk Factors: A Road Map for Prevention.","authors":"Giulia Collatuzzo, Paolo Boffetta","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052220-124030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052220-124030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The implementation of primary and secondary preventive strategies is based on the evidence generated by cancer epidemiology, where the identification of risk factors and the description of their prevalence are fundamental to derive estimates on the burden of cancer from different etiologies, typically expressed as the population attributable fraction, which corresponds to the proportion of a cancer that may be prevented by controlling a given risk factor. However, even when cancer finds its etiology in modifiable factors, its prevention through the control of those factors is not always feasible, or it remains suboptimal despite the possibility of reducing the burden. We reviewed selected associations between modifiable risk factors and cancer, including tobacco smoking, occupational exposures, infections, air pollution, alcohol, and diet and obesity, and illustrated examples of both successes and failures in cancer control, underlying how current understanding of the avoidable causes of cancer is incomplete.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"44 ","pages":"279-300"},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9255242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}