Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Factors Associated with Medication Adherence in Elderly Individuals with Tuberculosis: A Qualitative Study.","authors":"Somayeh Hassani,&nbsp;Farahnaz Mohammadi Shahboulagi,&nbsp;Mahshid Foroughan,&nbsp;Seyed Alireza Nadji,&nbsp;Payam Tabarsi,&nbsp;Gholamreza Ghaedamini Harouni","doi":"10.1155/2023/4056548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4056548","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Methods: </strong>This qualitative study was conducted in two phases, using an integrative literature review and individual interviews. Studies were gathered without time restriction from MEDLINE databases, Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), Google Scholar, Scopus, and EMBASE, as well as national databases, including Scientific Information Database and Magiran. The findings of 38 studies that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed through the conventional content analysis method based on the ecological approach. After reviewing and forming the data matrix, purposive sampling was performed among healthcare professionals, elderly tuberculosis patients aged 60 and over, and family caregivers of elderly patients to conduct individual interviews. Data obtained from 20 interviews were analyzed using the directed content analysis method. After coding, the data from individual interviews were entered based on similarity and difference in the categories of data matrix obtained from the literature review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In general, the aforementioned codes were placed in four main categories, including individual factors (i.e., biological factors, affective-emotional factors, behavioral factors, cognitive factors, tuberculosis-related factors, and economic factors), interpersonal factors (i.e., patient's relationship with treatment team and family-related factors), factors related to healthcare service provider centers (i.e., medical centers' facilities and capacity building in healthcare service provider), and extraorganizational factors (i.e., social factors and health policymaking).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this study showed that medication adherence in elderly patients with tuberculosis was a complex and multidimensional phenomenon. Therefore, society, policymakers, and healthcare providers should scrutinize the factors affecting medication adherence in this group of patients to plan and implement more effective interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"4056548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10017217/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9152987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Media Information Sources on Preventive Behaviors in China: After the Outbreak of COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Hongxiu Li,&nbsp;Li Pan,&nbsp;Weilu Chen","doi":"10.1155/2023/4941436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4941436","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As announced by the World Health Organization (WHO), since March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has become a global pandemic. In order to prevent the spread of COVID-19, Chinese government carried out very strict prevention and control policy.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The study aimed to explore the effect of news reports on COVID-19 vaccine from traditional media and social media on COVID-19 preventive behaviors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adults aged between 18 and 58 years old completed an online survey reporting how they gathered media information sources regarding the COVID-19 vaccine, as well as any details relating to risk perception, vaccine efficacy, and preventive behaviors in COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results showed that traditional and social media information sources both significantly and positively influenced people's COVID-19 preventive behaviors, with the former showing a stronger effect. COVID-19 contact risk perception and vaccine efficacy awareness of media audiences partly mediate this relationship. Audiences who reported more exposing news reports on COVID-19 vaccine from the media show stronger risk perception and vaccine efficacy awareness. This increases their COVID-19 preventive behaviors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study found that media information sources have an important impact on people's COVID-19 preventive behaviors. People believe more in the news information of the mainstream media about the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, much of the news information of social media is also from the important mainstream media. Media organizations should shoulder greater social responsibility, embed the health-related benefits of COVID-19 vaccination into the values and cultural order of the whole society, find and shape a common space of meaning, and produce forms of internal coupling and value identification.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"4941436"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10118894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9381328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Sexually Transmitted Blood-Borne Infections among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Jirapa, Upper West Region of Ghana.","authors":"Eugene D Kuugbee,&nbsp;Gloria Maaldu,&nbsp;Aseta Adamu,&nbsp;Nafisa Salia,&nbsp;Williams Walana,&nbsp;Sylvanus Kampo,&nbsp;Ezekiel K Vicar,&nbsp;Juventus B Ziem","doi":"10.1155/2023/3157202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3157202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sexually transmitted blood-borne infections (STBBIs) contribute to negative outcomes of pregnancy. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis infections in pregnancy contribute significantly to maternal and child morbidities and mortalities. This study assessed the prevalence, knowledge, and risk factors of STBBIs (HBV, HCV, HIV, and syphilis) among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Jirapa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study design involving 246 pregnant women was employed for the study. A structured questionnaire was used to solicit information about the knowledge, prevalence, and risk factors of STBBIs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall prevalence of STBBIs was 11.4%; HBV prevalence was 9.8% and 0.8% each for HCV, HIV, and syphilis. About 66% of mothers were aware of mother-to-child transmission of infections during pregnancy. Knowledge of transmission of HIV (93.9%), hepatitis (67.1%), and syphilis (53.7%) in pregnancy was relatively high. Knowledge of risk factors for HIV, hepatitis, and syphilis was 97.6%, 74.4%, and 76.0%, respectively. More than 98% of respondents knew about the prevention of HIV, hepatitis, and syphilis. Significant risk factors associated with and predictive of STBBIs were female genital mutilation (FGM) and gravidity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The occurrence of STBBIs among pregnant women was strongly associated with FGM and gravidity. Public health education should be directed at stopping the practice of FGM and improving reproductive health in the study area.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"3157202"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10164872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9446599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Small Surge in Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in the \"Dynamic Zero\" Period.","authors":"Xiaona Li,&nbsp;Ruili Li,&nbsp;Qiguo Lian,&nbsp;Yang Wang,&nbsp;Wenkui Gu,&nbsp;Qinghe Meng","doi":"10.1155/2023/5262117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5262117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To describe the epidemiological characteristics and transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant during \"Dynamic Zero\" period, we analyzed data on the 108 laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases during 14 to 30 May 2022 in Beichen district, Tianjin, China. We collected information on demographic characteristics, exposure history, and illness timelines of the 108 cases. We described characteristics of the patients and estimated the key epidemiological parameters, including serial interval and the time-dependent reproduction number of the Omicron variant, Rt. Among the 108 laboratory-confirmed patients, the median age was 38 years old, and 50.9% were females. Obvious symptoms were observed among 67.6% (73/108) of all cases, and major clinical manifestations included fever, sore throat, and cough, which occurred in 31.5%, 26.9%, and 19.4% of the 108 cases, respectively. The mean and standard deviation of the SI were estimated as 2.89 and 0.95 days, the Rt varied from 1.24 to 0.27 for a 7-day timelapse. The low reproduction number and the Omicron outbreak being suppressed within a short time marked the effectiveness of the implemented public health measures, such as nucleic acid screening, social distancing, masking, vaccination, medical treatment of patients, and isolation of close contacts. These measures play an important role in fulfilling the goal of controlling the spread of the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"5262117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10027456/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9219751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Detection of Fosfomycin-Modifying Enzymes (fos) in Uropathogenic Enterobacterale, Azerbaijan, Iran.","authors":"Aidin Lalezadeh,&nbsp;Pardis Ghotaslou,&nbsp;Reza Ghotaslou","doi":"10.1155/2023/3766269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3766269","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> is the most common agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Multidrug resistant (MDR) and XDR (extensively drug-resistant) Enterobacteriaceae in UTIs have increased in the world. The present study aimed to study the fosfomycin resistance frequency and the fosfomycin resistance genes among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from UTIs. The urine was collected and cultured in the standard protocol. To determine the susceptibility testing to fosfomycin in 211 isolates, agar dilution and disk agar diffusion methods were used. MDR was nonsusceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. The fosfomycin resistance genes were also evaluated by PCR. The frequency of resistance to fosfomycin was in 14 (6.6%) and 15 (7.1%) isolates by the disk agar diffusion and MIC assays, respectively. However, the MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ existed at 8 <i>μ</i>g/mL and 16 <i>μ</i>g/mL, respectively. The MDR was found in 80%. The frequencies of fosfomycin resistance genes were 5 (33.3%), 3 (20%), 2 (13.3%), 1 (6.6%), and 1 (6.6%) for fosC, fosX, fosA3, fosA, and fosB2, respectively. The fosB and fosC2 were not found. A low resistance rate to fosfomycin is observed. Fosfomycin is still one of the most effective and valuable alternative antibiotics against MDR <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> isolated from UTIs in our region.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"3766269"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10219773/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9545714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> Carrying <i>bla</i>_NDM and <i>mcr-1</i> from Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection Patient.","authors":"Liang Chen,&nbsp;Jiyong Jian,&nbsp;Zeqiang Xie,&nbsp;Ping Zhao,&nbsp;Man Zhang","doi":"10.1155/2023/6640009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6640009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The emergence of carbapenem-resistant <i>E. coli</i> (CRECO), leading to few antibacterial drugs available for CRECO infection. In this study, we report three carbapenem-resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) isolates coproducing <i>bla</i>_NDM and <i>mcr-1</i> from patients with recurrent urinary tract infection (RUTI). Carbapenem-resistant <i>E. coli</i> strains, E55, E84, and E85, were isolated from the urine sample of RUTI patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was conducted with VITEK-2 compact system and Kirby-Bauer (K-B) disk diffusion method. The ESBL test was detected by the disk diffusion method. The EDTA-modified carbapenem inactivation method (eCIM) and modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM) were performed for screening the carbapenemase. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed for molecular typing of the strains. The resistance genes were detected by PCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The three isolates were all susceptible to tigecycline and nitrofurantoin. The <i>bla</i>_NDM-1, <i>bla</i>_CMY-6, <i>bla</i>_TEM-1 and <i>bla</i>_CTX-M-1, <i>mcr-1</i>, and porin loss expression of outer membrane protein F (<i>OmpF</i>) were detected in E55, which was assigned to ST2. The E84 and E85 were identified as ST471 carrying <i>bla</i>_NDM-5, <i>bla</i>_CTX-M55, and <i>bla</i>_TEM-1 and the quinsolone-resistant genes <i>aac(6')-Ib-cr</i> and <i>mcr-1</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To our knowledge, our study is the first to report carbapenem-resistant <i>E. coli</i> strains carrying <i>bla</i>_NDM and <i>mcr-1</i> from urine of the recurrent urinary tract infection patients. These <i>E. coli</i> strains carrying <i>bla</i>_NDM and <i>mcr-1</i> should be closely monitored.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"6640009"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10482531/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10541727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Human Saliva to Oropharyngeal Swabs, Nasopharyngeal Swabs, and Sputum: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Mouri R J Faruque,&nbsp;Floris J Bikker,&nbsp;Marja L Laine","doi":"10.1155/2023/5807370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5807370","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to investigate the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in human saliva and compared it with the loads in oropharyngeal swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs, and sputum. In addition, the salivary viral loads of symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients were compared. Searches were conducted using four electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, for studies published on SARS-CoV-2 loads expressed by <i>C</i>_<i>T</i> values or copies/mL RNA. Three reviewers evaluated the included studies to confirm eligibility and assessed the risk of bias. A total of 37 studies were included. Mean <i>C</i>_<i>T</i> values in saliva ranged from 21.5 to 39.6 and mean copies/mL RNA ranged from 1.91 × 10¹ to 6.98 × 10¹¹. Meta-analysis revealed no significant differences in SARS-CoV-2 load in saliva compared to oropharyngeal swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs, and sputum. In addition, no significant differences were observed in the salivary viral load of symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients. We conclude that saliva specimen can be used as an alternative for SARS-CoV-2 detection in oropharyngeal swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs, and sputum.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"5807370"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10435302/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10049499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Sensitive Method for Detecting <i>Beauveria bassiana</i>, an Insecticidal Biocontrol Agent, Population Dynamics, and Stability in Different Substrates.","authors":"Zepei Gu,&nbsp;Lijie Chen,&nbsp;Weixing Zhang,&nbsp;Pin Su,&nbsp;Deyong Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaohua Du,&nbsp;Qianze Peng,&nbsp;Zhuoxin Liu,&nbsp;Xiaolan Liao,&nbsp;Yong Liu","doi":"10.1155/2023/9933783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9933783","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Beauveria bassiana</i> is a well-known insecticidal biocontrol agent. Despite its broad field applications, its survival, colonization, and stability under field conditions remained unclear, mainly due to the lack of a quick and reliable detection method. In this study, we developed a quantitative real-time PCR technology to monitor the stability and population dynamics of <i>B. bassiana</i> in different substrates (water, soil, and on the cotton leaves surface), different spores of <i>B. bassiana</i> applied on Chinese cabbage leaves surface, and the lethality of <i>Pieris rapae</i> spraying with different spores of <i>B. bassiana</i>. Our results showed a decreased concentration of <i>B. bassiana</i> DNA in all three substrates from the 1^st day till 9^th day of post inoculation (dpi) period, possibly due to the death of <i>B. bassiana</i>. After this decrease, a quick and significant rebound of <i>B. bassiana</i> DNA concentration was observed, starting from the 11^th dpi in all three substrates. The <i>B. bassiana</i> DNA concentration reached the plateau at about 13^th dpi in water and 17^th dpi in the soil. On cotton leaves surface, the <i>B. bassiana</i> DNA concentration reached the highest level at the 17^th dpi followed by a small decline and then stabilized. This increase of DNA concentration suggested recovery of <i>B. bassiana</i> growth in all three substrates. We found that the most suitable killing effectiveness of <i>P. rapae</i> was the 1.0 × 10⁷ spores/mL of <i>B. bassiana.</i> In summary, we have established a detection technology that allows a fast and reliable monitoring for the concentration and stability of <i>B. bassiana</i> under different conditions. This technology can benefit and help us in the development of proper management strategies for the application of this biocontrol agent in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"9933783"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10473894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10151877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-COVID-19 Vaccination CNS Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Sadegh Ghaderi,&nbsp;Sana Mohammadi,&nbsp;Mehrsa Heidari,&nbsp;Seyedeh Shadi Sharif Jalali,&nbsp;Mahdi Mohammadi","doi":"10.1155/2023/1570830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1570830","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This systematic review aims to synthesize and analyze the available literature on central nervous system (CNS) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in individuals who have received COVID-19 vaccinations. Our objective is to enhance understanding of potential neurological side effects, inform clinical practice, and guide future research on the neurological implications of COVID-19 vaccination.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this systematic review, we conducted a comprehensive search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 2020 to April 2023, using terms related to COVID-19 vaccination and CNS MRI findings. We evaluated the quality of the study, extracted relevant data, and included 89 eligible studies that covered various vaccines, demographics of patients, symptoms, and MRI findings to provide a thorough understanding of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-related CNS problems.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We investigated CNS MRI findings following COVID-19 vaccination across various vaccine types. Common diseases associated with post-vaccination CNS MRI findings included cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), acute myelitis, autoimmune encephalitis (AE), and others. Patients presented with diverse onset symptoms and neurological manifestations. Abnormalities identified in CNS MRI findings included white matter (WM) hyperintensity. Our analysis offers a comprehensive overview of the current literature on post-vaccination CNS MRI findings. <i>Discussion</i>. We highlight a range of post-COVID-19 vaccination CNS MRI findings, including CVST, with a higher incidence in individuals receiving the ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca) vaccine. Other notable observations include cases of ADEM, myelitis or transverse myelitis (TM), Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), and acute encephalopathy following COVID-19 vaccination. The incidence of these neurological complications is extremely rare, and the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks. The reviewed studies were primarily case reports or case series, and thus large-scale epidemiological studies and controlled clinical trials are needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and risk factors associated with these neurological complications following COVID-19 vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"1570830"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10325882/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9809162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatitis A: Viral Structure, Classification, Life Cycle, Clinical Symptoms, Diagnosis Error, and Vaccination.","authors":"Omid Gholizadeh,&nbsp;Sama Akbarzadeh,&nbsp;Mohamad Ghazanfari Hashemi,&nbsp;Marjan Gholami,&nbsp;Parya Amini,&nbsp;Zahra Yekanipour,&nbsp;Raheleh Tabatabaie,&nbsp;Saman Yasamineh,&nbsp;Parastoo Hosseini,&nbsp;Vahdat Poortahmasebi","doi":"10.1155/2023/4263309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4263309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the well-known viruses that cause hepatitis all around the globe. Although this illness has decreased in developed countries due to extensive immunization, numerous developing and under-developed countries are struggling with this virus. HAV infection can be spread by oral-fecal contact, and there are frequent epidemics through nutrition. Improvements in socioeconomic and sanitary circumstances have caused a shift in the disease's prevalence worldwide. Younger children are usually asymptomatic, but as they become older, the infection symptoms begin to appear. Symptoms range from slight inflammation and jaundice to acute liver failure in older individuals. While an acute infection may be self-limiting, unrecognized persistent infections, and the misapplication of therapeutic methods based on clinical guidelines are linked to a higher incidence of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and mortality. Fortunately, most patients recover within two months of infection, though 10-15% of patients will relapse within the first six months. A virus seldom leads to persistent infection or liver damage. The mainstay of therapy is based on supportive care. All children from 12-23 months, as well as some susceptible populations, should receive routine vaccinations, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics. Laboratory diagnosis of HAV is based on antigen detection, checking liver enzyme levels, and antibody screening. Furthermore, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology has identified HAV in suspected nutrition sources; therefore, this technique is used for preventative measures and food-related laws.</p>","PeriodicalId":50715,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology","volume":"2023 ","pages":"4263309"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9833905/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9099847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}