{"title":"Analysis of interactions between human immune system and a pathogenic virus","authors":"G. Moza, L. F. Vesa","doi":"10.37193/CJM.2023.02.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37193/CJM.2023.02.06","url":null,"abstract":"\"In this paper we present a mathematical model for studying the interactions between human immune system and a pathogenic virus, such as Covid-19. A mathematical analysis based on dynamical systems theory is performed. More exactly, we model the interactions between the immune system and the virus by a modified predator-prey method. Several conclusions emerge from this study, and the main two of them are the followings: 1) a deficiency in the concentration of a single type of white blood cells in the early stages of virus proliferation may lead to the virus victory, and 2) if the number of at least one type of white blood cells can be increased beyond the normal threshold by medical interventions in the early stages of virus infection, then the immune system has a better chance to win against the virus.\"","PeriodicalId":50711,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Mathematics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47872322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Comparative Study between Haploid Genetic Algorithms and Diploid Genetic Algorithms","authors":"A. Petrovan, Oliviu Matei, P. Pop","doi":"10.37193/cjm.2023.02.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37193/cjm.2023.02.08","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we make a comprehensive comparison in terms of the quality of the achieved solutions, the corresponding execution time and impact of the genetic operators on the quality of the results between the Haploid Genetic Algorithms (HGAs) and Diploid Genetic Algorithms (DGAs). The standard genetic algorithms, referred to in our paper as HGAs are characterized by the fact that they are using a haploid representation relating an individual with a chromosome, while the DGAs are using diploid individuals which are made of two chromosomes corresponding to the dominant and recessive genes. Even though the general opinion is that DGAs do not provide much benefit as compared to classical GAs, based on extensive computational experiments, we do show that the DGAs are robust, have a high degree of consistency and perform better, sometimes almost twice as well, than the HGAs, but are slower due to the high number of operations to be performed, caused by the duplication of the genetic information. However, the quality of the solutions achieved by the DGAs compensate their relative high execution time. The better quality of the DGAs, proving the efficiency of using diploid genes, is given by the homogeneity of the population which covers the search space thoroughly and in this way being capable of avoiding the local optima.","PeriodicalId":50711,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Mathematics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42039426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the solution of the generalized functional equation arising in mathematical psychology and theory of learning approached by the Banach fixed point theorem","authors":"","doi":"10.37193/cjm.2023.02.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37193/cjm.2023.02.14","url":null,"abstract":"In mathematical psychology, the model of decision practice represents the development of moral judgment that deals with the time to decide the meaning of the various choices and selecting one of them for use. Most animal behavior research classifies such situations as two distinct phenomena. On the other hand, reward plays a big part in this kind of study since, based on the selected side and food location, such circumstances may be classified into four categories. This paper intends to investigate such types of behavior and establish a general functional equation for it. The proposed functional equation can be used to describe several psychological and learning theory models in the existing literature. By using the fixed point theory tools, we obtain the results related to the existence, uniqueness, and stability of a solution to the proposed functional equation. Finally, we give two examples to support our main results.","PeriodicalId":50711,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Mathematics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46341192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A note on the generators of the polynomial algebra of six variables and application","authors":"Nguyen Khac Tin","doi":"10.37193/cjm.2023.02.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37193/cjm.2023.02.13","url":null,"abstract":"\"Let $mathcal P_{n}:=H^{*}((mathbb{R}P^{infty})^{n}) cong mathbb Z_2[x_{1},x_{2},ldots,x_{n}]$ be the graded polynomial algebra over $mathcal K,$ where $mathcal K$ denotes the prime field of two elements. We investigate the Peterson hit problem for the polynomial algebra $mathcal P_{n},$ viewed as a graded left module over the mod-$2$ Steenrod algebra, $mathcal{A}.$ For $n>4,$ this problem is still unsolved, even in the case of $n=5$ with the help of computers. In this paper, we study the hit problem for the case $n=6$ in degree $d_{k}=6(2^{k} -1)+9.2^{k},$ with $k$ an arbitrary non-negative integer. By considering $mathcal K$ as a trivial $mathcal A$-module, then the hit problem is equivalent to the problem of finding a basis of $mathcal K$-graded vector space $mathcal K {otimes}_{mathcal{A}}mathcal P_{n}.$ The main goal of the current paper is to explicitly determine an admissible monomial basis of the $mathcal K$-graded vector space $mathcal K{otimes}_{mathcal{A}}mathcal P_6$ in some degrees. At the same time, the behavior of the sixth Singer algebraic transfer in degree $d_{k}=6(2^{k} -1)+9.2^{k}$ is also discussed at the end of this article. Here, the Singer algebraic transfer is a homomorphism from the homology of the mod-$2$ Steenrod algebra, $mbox{Tor}^{mathcal{A}}_{n, n+d}(mathcal K, mathcal K),$ to the subspace of $mathcal Kotimes_{mathcal{A}}mathcal P_{n}$ consisting of all the $GL_n$-invariant classes of degree $d.$\"","PeriodicalId":50711,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Mathematics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43544306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aggregation Function Constructed from Copula","authors":"Varayut Boonyasri, S. Tasena","doi":"10.37193/cjm.2023.02.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37193/cjm.2023.02.04","url":null,"abstract":"\"In this work, we show that a slight change in the Sklar's formula tremendously affects the class of aggregation functions it represents. While the original formula can only be used to construct $d$-increasing aggregation functions, this new formula can be used to construct any continuous aggregation function excepted possibly those belong to the boundary of this set. In particular, all continuous aggregation functions can be approximated by aggregation functions in this form. This shows that it is sufficient to only consider aggregation functions in this form for most cases. Construction examples via this method are also given.\"","PeriodicalId":50711,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Mathematics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49445749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the transfer of convergence between two sequences in Banach spaces","authors":"D. Marinescu, Eugen Păltănea","doi":"10.37193/cjm.2023.02.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37193/cjm.2023.02.05","url":null,"abstract":"\"Let $(X,|cdot|)$ be a Banach space and $T:Ato X$ a contraction mapping, where $Asubset X$ is a closed set. Consider a sequence ${x_n}subset A$ and define the sequence ${y_n}subset X$, by $y_n=x_n+Tleft(x_{sigma(n)}right)$, where ${sigma(n)}$ is a sequence of natural numbers. We highlight some general conditions so that the two sequences ${x_n}$ and ${y_n}$ are simultaneously convergent. Both cases: 1) $sigma(n)<n$, for all $n$, and 2) $sigma(n)ge n$, for all $n$, are discussed. In the first case, a general Picard iteration procedure is inferred. The results are then extended to sequences of mappings and some appropriate applications are also proposed.\"","PeriodicalId":50711,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Mathematics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49466881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Levitin-Polyak Well-Posedness for Parametric Set Optimization Problem","authors":"Biswajit Tahu, M. Dhingra, Shylendra Kumar","doi":"10.37193/cjm.2023.02.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37193/cjm.2023.02.12","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to introduce two notions of Levitin$-$Polyak (LP in short) well-posedness for a parametric set optimization problem, a pointwise and a global notion. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a parametric set optimization problem to be LP well-posed are given. Characterizations of LP well-posedness for a parametric set optimization problem in terms of upper Hausdorff convergence and Painlev'{e}$-$Kuratowski convergence of sequences of approximate solution sets are also established.","PeriodicalId":50711,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Mathematics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46099154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On approximating fixed points of weak enriched contraction mappings via Kirk's iterative algorithm in Banach spaces","authors":"Woraphak Nithiarayaphaks, W. Sintunavarat","doi":"10.37193/cjm.2023.02.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37193/cjm.2023.02.07","url":null,"abstract":"Recently Berinde and Păcurar [Approximating fixed points of enriched contractions in Banach spaces. {em J. Fixed Point Theory Appl.} {bf 22} (2020), no. 2., 1--10], first introduced the idea of enriched contraction mappings and proved the existence of a fixed point of an enriched contraction mapping using the well-known fact that any fixed point of {the averaged mapping $T_lambda$, where $lambdain (0,1]$, is also a fixed point of the initial mapping $T$}. In this work, we introduce the idea of weak enriched contraction mappings, and a new generalization of an averaged mapping called double averaged mapping. The first attempt is to prove the existence and uniqueness of the fixed point of a double averaged mapping associated with a weak enriched contraction mapping. Based on this result on Banach spaces, we give some sufficient conditions for the equality of all fixed points of a double averaged mapping and the set {of all fixed points of a weak enriched contraction mapping.} Moreover, our results show that an appropriate Kirk's iterative algorithm can be used to approximate a fixed point of a weak enriched contraction mapping. An illustrative example for showing the efficiency of our results is given.","PeriodicalId":50711,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Mathematics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43089038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Convergence theorem for an intermixed iteration in $p$-uniformly convex metric space","authors":"Kanyanee Saechou, A. Kangtunyakarn","doi":"10.37193/cjm.2023.02.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37193/cjm.2023.02.09","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we first introduce the intermixed algorithm in $p$-uniformly convex metric spaces, and then we prove $Delta$-convergence of the proposed iterative method for finding a common element of the sets of fixed points of finite families of nonexpansive mappings in the framework of complete $p$-uniformly convex metric spaces. Furthermore, we apply our main theorem to prove $Delta$-convergence to solve the minimization problems in the framework of complete $p$-uniformly convex metric spaces. Finally, we give two examples in $L^p$ spaces and numerical examples to support our main results.","PeriodicalId":50711,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Mathematics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41477709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Duffing equations with two-component Poisson stable coefficients","authors":"M. Akhmet, M. Tleubergenova, Akylbek Zhamanshin","doi":"10.37193/cjm.2023.02.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37193/cjm.2023.02.01","url":null,"abstract":"The research considers Duffing equations with two-component Poisson stable coefficients and excitation. The existence and uniqueness of the Poisson stable solutions have been proved. A new technique for verification of the stability is developed. Numerical simulations of the coefficients, excitation as well as solution are provided.","PeriodicalId":50711,"journal":{"name":"Carpathian Journal of Mathematics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48114388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}