Processes Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/pr12081671

Tao You

{"title":"Phase-Field Modeling of Hydraulic Fracture in Porous Media with In Situ Stresses","authors":"Tao You","doi":"10.3390/pr12081671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081671","url":null,"abstract":"While the variational phase-field model has been widely used in modeling fracturing in porous media, it poses a challenge when applying high confining pressures on a model because the relatively large deformation induced by the confining pressures might cause undesired crack nucleation when the strain decomposition scheme are used, which is not consistent with engineering observations. This study proposes a two-step strategy to incorporate in situ stresses into phase-field modeling of hydraulic fractures, addressing the limitations of previous approaches in capturing realistic fracture initiation and propagation under high confinement. A micromechanics-based hydromechanical phase-field model is presented first, and the proposed two-step strategy is investigated with different strain decomposition schemes: isotropic, volumetric–deviatoric, and no-tension models. Two numerical examples show that the two-step strategy effectively achieves a desired initial state with geostatic stresses and zero strain, allowing for accurate simulations even in the presence of complex natural fractures. The efficiency of the proposed two-step strategy for incorporating in situ stresses is highlighted, and the challenges associated with capturing stiffness recovery and shear fracture nucleation under high confinement using strain-based models are discussed.","PeriodicalId":506892,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"53 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141923893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Segmentation Differences of the Salt-Related Qiulitage Fold and Thrust Belt in the Kuqa Foreland Basin 库车前陆盆地与盐有关的秋里梯褶皱和推覆带的分段差异

Processes Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/pr12081672

Yingzhong Zhu, Chuanxin Li, Yuhang Zhang, Yibo Zhao, Tulujun Gulifeire

{"title":"Segmentation Differences of the Salt-Related Qiulitage Fold and Thrust Belt in the Kuqa Foreland Basin","authors":"Yingzhong Zhu, Chuanxin Li, Yuhang Zhang, Yibo Zhao, Tulujun Gulifeire","doi":"10.3390/pr12081672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081672","url":null,"abstract":"The Qiulitage fold and thrust belt (QFTB) is situated in the Kuqa Depression, exhibiting spectacular salt structures with well-defined geometric and kinematic characteristics and thereby playing a significant role in advancing the study of salt structures worldwide. This research, based on regional geology, well logging, and newly acquired three-dimensional seismic data, applies principles of salt-related fault structures to interpret seismic data and restore structural equilibrium in the Qiulitage fold and thrust belt within the Kuqa Depression by conducting quantitative studies on structural geometry and kinematics. Results indicate clear differences in salt structures between the eastern and western segments of it, vertically divided into upper salt, salt layer, and lower salt and horizontally into four parts. The Dina segment features a single-row basement-involved thrust fault, the East QFTB segment displays detachment thrust faults involving cover layers, the Central QFTB segment exhibits detachment thrust faults involving multiple rows of cover layers, the leading edge forms structural wedges, and the West QFTB segment develops blind-thrust faults. During the deposition of the Kangcun formation, the eastern profile experiences an 18% shortening rate, 14% in the central part, and 9% in the western part. For the Kuqa formation, the eastern profile experiences a 10% shortening rate, 9% in the central part, and 3% in the western part, indicating more significant deformation in the east than in the west. Quantitative statistical analysis reveals that different types of detachments, paleogeomorphology, and northeast-directed compressive stress exert control over the Qiulitage fold-thrust belt.","PeriodicalId":506892,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"54 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental and Numerical Simulation Study on Enhancing Gas Recovery with Impure CO2 in Gas Reservoirs 气藏中使用不纯二氧化碳提高天然气采收率的实验和数值模拟研究

Processes Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/pr12081663

Zihan Zhao, Shaomu Wen, Mengyu Wang, Lianjin Zhang, Cheng Cao, Changcheng Yang, Longxin Li

{"title":"Experimental and Numerical Simulation Study on Enhancing Gas Recovery with Impure CO2 in Gas Reservoirs","authors":"Zihan Zhao, Shaomu Wen, Mengyu Wang, Lianjin Zhang, Cheng Cao, Changcheng Yang, Longxin Li","doi":"10.3390/pr12081663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081663","url":null,"abstract":"To achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, using CO2 to enhance natural gas recovery has broad application prospects. However, the potential for CO2 to increase recovery rates remains unclear, the mechanisms are not fully understood, and the cost of purifying CO2 is high. Therefore, studying the effects of impure CO2 on natural gas extraction is of significant importance. This study investigated the effects of injection timing and gas composition on natural gas recovery through high-temperature, high-pressure, long-core displacement experiments. Based on the experimental results, numerical simulations of CO2-enhanced gas recovery and sequestration were conducted, examining the impact of impurity gas concentration, injection timing, injection speed, and water saturation on recovery efficiency. The results indicate that higher impurity levels in CO2 increase gas diffusion, reducing the effectiveness of natural gas recovery and decreasing CO2 sequestration. Earlier injection timing improves recovery efficiency but results in a lower ultimate recovery rate. Higher injection speeds and water saturation levels both effectively enhance recovery rates.","PeriodicalId":506892,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"59 51","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141929038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis of Dielectric Attached on Sweep Frequency Microwave Heating Uniformity 介质附着对扫频微波加热均匀性的影响分析

Processes Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/pr12081668

Can Liang, Yuehao Ma, Feng-Lei Yang, Chengzhuo Wang, Huacheng Zhu, Yang Yang, Long Gao, Jia Liu

{"title":"Analysis of Dielectric Attached on Sweep Frequency Microwave Heating Uniformity","authors":"Can Liang, Yuehao Ma, Feng-Lei Yang, Chengzhuo Wang, Huacheng Zhu, Yang Yang, Long Gao, Jia Liu","doi":"10.3390/pr12081668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081668","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional microwave heating faces challenges such as low efficiency and uneven heating, hindering its industrial application. Sweep frequency microwave heating is an effective way to improve uniformity. Larger cavity sizes result in better heating uniformity due to the generation of more resonant modes. However, in industrial applications, large cavities occupy significant space, making them less flexible and limiting their usability. This paper introduces a method to enhance sweep frequency microwave heating uniformity by adding a dielectric substance to cavity walls. First, the impact of increasing cavity size on the uniformity of sweep frequency microwave heating was studied, with the theoretical analysis showing that filling the cavity with dielectric materials can be equivalent to enlarging the cavity size. Subsequently, a multiphysics simulation model for sweep frequency microwave heating was established to analyze the effects of dielectric substance thickness and permittivity on heating uniformity. A high-efficiency, high-uniformity microwave multimode cavity was designed, and the accuracy of the simulation model was validated through experiments. Finally, the effects of sweep frequency range and load variations on the heating performance were analyzed. This method effectively addresses the uniformity issues in industrial microwave heating and aids in promoting the application of microwave energy in industry.","PeriodicalId":506892,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"32 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141928556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Novel Landfill-Gas-to-Biomethane Route Using a Gas–Liquid Membrane Contactor for Decarbonation/Desulfurization and Selexol Absorption for Siloxane Removal 利用气液膜接触器脱碳/脱硫和 Selexol 吸收法脱除硅氧烷的新型垃圾填埋气制生物甲烷路线

Processes Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/pr12081667

Guilherme Pereira da Cunha, José Luiz de de Medeiros, O. Q. F. Araújo

{"title":"Novel Landfill-Gas-to-Biomethane Route Using a Gas–Liquid Membrane Contactor for Decarbonation/Desulfurization and Selexol Absorption for Siloxane Removal","authors":"Guilherme Pereira da Cunha, José Luiz de de Medeiros, O. Q. F. Araújo","doi":"10.3390/pr12081667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081667","url":null,"abstract":"A new landfill-gas-to-biomethane process prescribing decarbonation/desulfurization via gas–liquid membrane contactors and siloxane absorption using Selexol are presented in this study. Firstly, an extension for an HYSYS simulator was developed as a steady-state gas–liquid contactor model featuring: (a) a hollow-fiber membrane contactor for countercurrent/parallel contacts; (b) liquid/vapor mass/energy/momentum balances; (c) CO2/H2S/CH4/water fugacity-driven bidirectional transmembrane transfers; (d) temperature changes from transmembrane heat/mass transfers, phase change, and compressibility effects; and (e) external heat transfer. Secondly, contactor batteries using a countercurrent contact and parallel contact were simulated for selective landfill-gas decarbonation/desulfurization with water. Several separation methods were applied in the new process: (a) a water solvent gas–liquid contactor battery for adiabatic landfill-gas decarbonation/desulfurization; (b) water regeneration via high-pressure strippers, reducing the compression power for CO2 exportation; and (c) siloxane absorption with Selexol. The results show that the usual isothermal/isobaric contactor simplification is unrealistic at industrial scales. The process converts water-saturated landfill-gas (CH4 = 55.7%mol, CO2 = 40%mol, H2S = 150 ppm-mol, and Siloxanes = 2.14 ppm-mol) to biomethane with specifications of CH4MIN = 85%mol, CO2MAX = 3%mol, H2SMAX = 10 mg/Nm3, and SiloxanesMAX = 0.03 mg/Nm3. This work demonstrates that the new model can be validated with bench-scale literature data and used in industrial-scale batteries with the same hydrodynamics. Once calibrated, the model becomes economically valuable since it can: (i) predict industrial contactor battery performance under scale-up/scale-down conditions; (ii) detect process faults, membrane leakages, and wetting; and (iii) be used for process troubleshooting.","PeriodicalId":506892,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141926158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on Micropore Development Characteristics and Influencing Factors during CO2 Huff-n-Puff 二氧化碳膨化过程中的微孔发育特征及影响因素研究

Processes Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/pr12081665

Jilun Kang, Shenglai Yang, Wei Zhang, Hong Zhang, Changsong He, Xuechun Wang, Shuangbao Wei, Kun Yang, Lilong Wang

{"title":"Research on Micropore Development Characteristics and Influencing Factors during CO2 Huff-n-Puff","authors":"Jilun Kang, Shenglai Yang, Wei Zhang, Hong Zhang, Changsong He, Xuechun Wang, Shuangbao Wei, Kun Yang, Lilong Wang","doi":"10.3390/pr12081665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081665","url":null,"abstract":"CO2 huff-n-puff is an important method for the development of shale oil reservoirs. In this study, HPMI and NMR technology was used to characterize the pore distribution of the cores. The CO2 huff-n-puff experiment experiments were conducted to study the effects of injection pressure, soaking time, and heterogeneity on the CO2 huff-n-puff. The results showed that the Jimsar core pores are predominantly nanopores. Mesopores with a pore radius between 2 nm and 50 nm accounted for more than 70%. CO2 huff-n-puff has been shown to effectively enhance shale oil recovery. When the injection pressure was greater than the miscible pressure, higher injection pressures were able to improve the recovery of macropores, particularly in cores with higher permeability. Appropriately extending the soaking time enhanced the diffusion of CO2 in the mesopores, and the recovery increased to above 10%. Determining the optimal soaking time is crucial to achieve maximum CO2 huff-n-puff recovery. Artificial fractures can enhance the recovery of mesopores around them, resulting in core recovery of up to 60%. However, artificial fractures exacerbate reservoir heterogeneity and reduce the CO2 huff-n-puff recovery of matrix. Increasing the cycles of CO2 huff-n-puff can effectively reduce the impact of heterogeneity on the recovery of matrix. In conclusion, expanding the area of the fracturing transformation zone and selecting the appropriate injection pressure and soaking time for the multiple cycles of CO2 huff-n-puff can effectively improve the recovery of shale oil reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":506892,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"57 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141926560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Parameter Optimization of an Absorption Heat Exchanger with Large Temperature Difference 大温差吸收式热交换器的参数优化

Processes Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/pr12081669

Jiangtao Chen, Jinxing Wang, Huawei Jiang, Xin Yang, Xiangli Zuo, Miao Yuan

{"title":"Parameter Optimization of an Absorption Heat Exchanger with Large Temperature Difference","authors":"Jiangtao Chen, Jinxing Wang, Huawei Jiang, Xin Yang, Xiangli Zuo, Miao Yuan","doi":"10.3390/pr12081669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081669","url":null,"abstract":"The absorption heat exchanger with a large temperature difference has a higher heat transfer superiority than the other heat exchangers (including plate heat exchanger), which is more suitable for long-distance heating. To improve its system performance, parameter collaborative optimization (including building accurate predictive models) has become an effective method because it does not require too much investment. In this study, a heat exchange station was chosen as a case study, and a model of a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network was used to predict the temperatures of primary return water and secondary return water. Accordingly, the reliability of the fitting result based on the model was confirmed through a contrastive analysis with the prediction results of a support vector machine (SVM) model, a random forest (RF) model, and an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model. In addition, the algorithm of particle swarm optimization was used to optimize the flow rate of primary supply water. The results showed that the temperature of primary-side return water decreased from 29.6 °C to 28.2 °C, the temperature of secondary-side return water decreased from 39.8 °C to 38.6 °C, and the flow rate of primary-side supply water decreased from 39 t/h to 35.2 t/h after the optimization of the flow rate of primary supply water. The sensibility assessment emerged that the secondary-side flow rate to the secondary-side supply water temperature was about 7 times more sensitive than the primary-side supply water temperature, and concretely, the lower the temperature, the higher the sensibility. In summary, the accuracy of the proposed prediction model was validated and the optimization direction was pointed out, which can be used to provide guidance for designing and planning absorption heat exchange stations with large temperature differences.","PeriodicalId":506892,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"33 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141927542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparison of Light Intensity Effect on Microalgal Growth in Cactus-like and Cylindrical Photo Bioreactors 比较光强对仙人掌状和圆柱形光生物反应器中微藻生长的影响

Processes Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/pr12081664

Rayan Hijazi, Jihane Rahbani Mounsef, H. Kanaan

引用次数: 0

Effects of Room-Temperature Center Gas Distributor Injection on the H2 Shaft Furnace Process: A Numerical Study 室温中心气体分布器注入对 H2竖炉工艺的影响：数值研究

Processes Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/pr12081666

Lei Shao, Hongfu Yu, Chenxi Zhao

{"title":"Effects of Room-Temperature Center Gas Distributor Injection on the H2 Shaft Furnace Process: A Numerical Study","authors":"Lei Shao, Hongfu Yu, Chenxi Zhao","doi":"10.3390/pr12081666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081666","url":null,"abstract":"In the current work, a computational fluid dynamics-based model was utilized to investigate the performance of the H2 shaft furnace under a scenario where room-temperature H2 is injected through a center gas distributor (CGD) installed at the unit bottom. Modelling was conducted to simulate scenarios where the CGD operation is applied with different feed gas rates (ranging from 0 to 250 Nm3/t-pellet). The results showed that a high temperature level and thus a better internal thermochemical state can be maintained with a proper CGD gas feed rate. However, an overly high CGD feed rate (being 150 Nm3/t-pellet or a higher value) induces a detrimental scenario where the thermal energy recycled by the room-temperature CGD gas is insufficient to compensate for the decrease of sensible heat of the preheated feed gas from the bustle-pipe. This eventually results in a noteworthy chemical reserve zone of high H2 content and little solid reduction in the furnace center. A large quantity of H2 consequently remains unutilized and leaves the furnace from the top. Under the investigated conditions, the final solid reduction degree rises to maximal value when the CGD gas feed rate is 100 Nm3/t-pellet. The findings of this work revealed that the room-temperature CGD gas injection operation holds significant promise for practical applications.","PeriodicalId":506892,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141927162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Natural Compounds from Capuchin (Tropaeolum majus) Leaves and Seeds 超临界二氧化碳萃取毛果芸香（Tropaeolum majus）叶片和种子中的天然化合物

Processes Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.3390/pr12081566

Gabriel Corrêa, Michel Rubens dos Reis Souza, Eduardo Soares Nascimento, Thiago Rodrigues Bjerk, José Eduardo Gonçalves, Cristiane Mengue Feniman Moritz, Ó. A. Sakai, Erivaldo Antônio da Silva, R. J. Santos, Edson Antônio da Silva, Lúcio Cardozo-Filho, A. Zanette, L. Ferreira-Pinto

{"title":"Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Natural Compounds from Capuchin (Tropaeolum majus) Leaves and Seeds","authors":"Gabriel Corrêa, Michel Rubens dos Reis Souza, Eduardo Soares Nascimento, Thiago Rodrigues Bjerk, José Eduardo Gonçalves, Cristiane Mengue Feniman Moritz, Ó. A. Sakai, Erivaldo Antônio da Silva, R. J. Santos, Edson Antônio da Silva, Lúcio Cardozo-Filho, A. Zanette, L. Ferreira-Pinto","doi":"10.3390/pr12081566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081566","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the supercritical CO2 extraction of oils from capuchin (Tropaeolum majus) seeds (4.34% moisture content) and leaves (5.26% moisture content) and analyzed the effects of varying temperature and pressure conditions. The extraction yields were 3% for the seeds and 2% for the leaves. The seed extracts were rich in oleic, linoleic, and palmitic fatty acids, whereas the leaf extracts contained a high concentration of octacosanol (73.37%). Kinetic analysis revealed distinct mass transfer mechanisms during extraction, and the Sovová model effectively described the extraction kinetics, showing good agreement with experimental data (ADD% < 4%). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated the impact of temperature and pressure on the yields, with temperature being the most influential factor. The experimental conditions ranged from 22 to 28 MPa and from 313.15 to 333.15 K. This study contributes to the understanding of capuchin oil extraction and its potential applications in various fields, owing to the presence of bioactive compounds.","PeriodicalId":506892,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"29 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141800877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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