Clinical & Translational Oncology最新文献

{"title":"The role of tumor types in immune-related adverse events.","authors":"Qian Xu, Jing Hu, Yan Wang, Zhaohui Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12094-024-03798-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12094-024-03798-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are monoclonal antibodies that block inhibitors of T cell activation and function. With the widespread use of ICIs in cancer therapy, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have gradually emerged as urgent clinical issues. Tumors not only exhibit high heterogeneity, and their response to ICIs varies, with \"hot\" tumors showing better anti-tumor effects but also a higher susceptibility to irAEs. The manifestation of irAEs displays a tumor-heterogeneous pattern, correlating with the tumor type in terms of the affected organs, incidence, median onset time, and severity. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the pathogenic patterns of irAEs can provide novel insights into the prevention and management of irAEs, guide the development of biomarkers, and contribute to a deeper understanding of the toxicological characteristics of ICIs. In this review, we explore the impact of tumor type on the therapeutic efficacy of ICIs and further elucidate how these tumor types influence the occurrence of irAEs. Finally, we assess key candidate biomarkers and their relevance to proposed irAE mechanisms. This paper also outlines management strategies for patients with various types of tumors, based on their disease patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":50685,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Oncology","volume":" ","pages":"3247-3260"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12259755/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142911070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress in understanding the regulatory mechanisms of immune checkpoint proteins PD-1 and PD-L1 expression.","authors":"Xuanxuan Wu, Zengjun Zhu, Jian Zhang, Maojin Tian, Peiqing Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s12094-024-03835-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12094-024-03835-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Programmed Death Protein-1 (PD-1) is a cell surface receptor that serves as a checkpoint for T cells, playing a pivotal role in regulating T-cell apoptosis. The binding of PD-1 to its ligand, Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1), inhibits anti-tumor immunity by suppressing T-cell activation signals. Indeed, the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway governs the induction and maintenance of immune tolerance within the tumor microenvironment. Consequently, the regulation of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint expression is of paramount importance. This review summarizes the mechanisms governing PD1/PD-L1 expression at various stages, including transcription, post-transcription (mRNA processing), and post-translation (protein modifications), as well as immunotherapy targeting PD1/PD-L1, aiming to further explore novel strategies for tumor immunotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":50685,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Oncology","volume":" ","pages":"3261-3271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142958321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability of core needle biopsy for HER2-low early-stage breast cancer.","authors":"C M Ciniselli, P Verderio, V Duroni, P Baili, S Pizzamiglio, F G de Braud, S Folli, C Depretto, G Scaperrotta, M C De Santis, M G Carnevale, C De Marco, A Vingiani, G Pruneri, S Di Cosimo","doi":"10.1007/s12094-025-03877-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12094-025-03877-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The reliability of core needle biopsy (CNB) for HER2-positive breast cancer is well established. However, data on HER2-low and the potential for inconsistencies with surgical samples are limited.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Concordance between CNB and surgical samples was assessed using the unweighted Cohen kappa statistic (Kc) in a consecutive series of 776 treatment-naïve early-stage breast cancer patients. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between concordance and clinico-pathological features.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The agreement for HER2-positive status between CNB and surgical specimens was high at 95%, with a Kc value of 0.86 indicating almost perfect agreement. However, 65 of 123 (53%) cases initially classified as HER2-0 were reclassified as HER2 1 + or 2 + /ISH-negative, and 89 of 374 (24%) cases initially classified as HER2 1 + /2 + were HER2-0 in surgical samples. This resulted in a Kc value of 0.22, indicating fair agreement in classifying HER2-0 versus HER2-low breast cancer. Tumor size was a significant factor influencing discordance, with tumors larger than 2 cm having double the risk of misclassification.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that HER2 status should be retested, particularly for large tumors initially diagnosed as HER2-0, in light of new effective therapies for HER2-low breast cancer, such as antibody-drug conjugates.</p>","PeriodicalId":50685,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Oncology","volume":" ","pages":"3340-3345"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12259780/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143587850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burnout levels among radiation oncology residents in Spain: a cross-sectional survey.","authors":"Elías Gomis Sellés, María Mingarro de León, Ángel Montero, Meritxell Arenas","doi":"10.1007/s12094-025-03862-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12094-025-03862-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of burnout among Radiation Oncology residents in Spain, focusing on its associated risk factors and implications for residency training.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional online survey was conducted from June to September 2024, using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) to evaluate emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and self-fulfillment. Residents from various Spanish regions completed an anonymous questionnaire covering workload and burnout.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty residents, predominantly in their third (38%) and fourth (42%) years of training, participated. High emotional exhaustion was reported by 58%, while 54% exhibited elevated depersonalization. Self-fulfillment scores were low in 32%. Overall, 70% experienced at least one burnout symptom, with 12% meeting criteria for full-burnout syndrome. An inverse correlation between self-fulfillment and emotional exhaustion was observed (p = 0.007). Trends suggested higher burnout risk in senior residents (R3-R4) compared to juniors (R1-R2), though these differences were not statistically significant (OR = 1.682; p = 0.086).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings reveal a high prevalence of at least one burnout symptom among Radiation Oncology residents in Spain, with emotional exhaustion and depersonalization notably elevated. However, full-burnout syndrome is not prevalent. These findings underscore the need for reforms in residency training programs, emphasizing workload management, well-being initiatives, and support for scientific and professional development.</p>","PeriodicalId":50685,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Oncology","volume":" ","pages":"3543-3549"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143400498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization combined with radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer.","authors":"Junwei Yin, Yongli Zhao, Junping Yin, Shanshan Yang","doi":"10.1007/s12094-025-03879-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12094-025-03879-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Liver metastases from colorectal cancer are a common and serious complication that significantly impacts patient survival. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in the treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted on 120 patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer who were treated in our hospital from January 2018 to January 2023. The patients were divided into two groups based on the treatment they received: the TACE group (n = 60) and the TACE combined with RFA group (n = 60). The overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and disease control rate (DCR) were compared between the two groups, and treatment-related adverse effects were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The TACE combined with RFA group showed significantly better OS (22 months vs. 18 months) and PFS (13 months vs. 10 months) compared to the TACE alone group (P < 0.05). The ORR in the TACE combined with RFA group was 61.7%, significantly higher than 40% in the TACE alone group (P < 0.05). The DCR showed no significant difference between the two groups, with 86.7% (52/60) in the TACE combined with RFA group and 78.3% (47/60) in the TACE alone group (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in treatment-related adverse effects between the two groups (P > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that TACE combined with RFA may offer a potential option for improving OS, PFS, and ORR in patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer, without increasing significant adverse effects, setting a new potential standard of care in the treatment of this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":50685,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Oncology","volume":" ","pages":"3458-3464"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143558725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Budget impact analysis of neoadjuvant nivolumab for non-small cell lung cancer in the Chilean public healthcare system: An exploratory economic assessment.","authors":"Daniela Paredes-Fernández, Rony Lenz-Alcayaga, Francisco Orlandi-Jorquera","doi":"10.1007/s12094-025-03872-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12094-025-03872-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Effective and sustainable treatments to improve patient outcomes are urgently needed for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Neoadjuvant therapies, particularly nivolumab, have shown superior outcomes in event-free survival and pathological response, yet financial coverage is scarce. We aim to provide an exploratory economic analysis to assess the implications of its incorporation into routine clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a six-step BIA (budget impact analysis) based on a decision tree model for pathways, probabilities, and resource utilization from the national payer perspective at an event-free survival (EFS) horizon. We estimated the direct cost of drugs and all healthcare-related services for two scenarios: a baseline scenario [neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CT)] and an alternative scenario [neoadjuvant nivolumab combined with chemotherapy (N + CT)].</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The funnel-down technique determined 359 eligible patients nationwide per year. The total cost of treatment in the baseline scenario amounts to CLP $ 7315 million Chilean pesos (€ 8,063,219) per cohort, with three top cost drivers: 1L drugs after recurrence (51.98%), resection (29.33%) and 2L nivolumab (5.85%). The alternative scenario amounted to CLP $ 6853 million (€ 7,553,572), with the highest relative expenditure attributed to the N + CT scheme (61.76%), resection (31.31%), and follow-up (2.73%). Adjuvant costs decrease to 1.03%, as does the expenditure on 1L (51.98% versus 0.34%) and 2L treatments (5.85% versus 0.18%). Early intervention in NSCLC reduces the budgetary impact by 6.3% (savings of - $ 462 million (€ 509,647) per treated cohort).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Early incorporation of N + CT optimizes healthcare expenditure by providing access to therapies that improve survival rates while reducing the need for costly treatments in advanced stages. This approach represents a dominant strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":50685,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Oncology","volume":" ","pages":"3375-3385"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12259767/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143538022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploratory biomarker analysis from a phase III study of the PI3K inhibitor, copanlisib, in combination with rituximab in patients with indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a retrospective study.","authors":"Shalini Chaturvedi, Anke Weispfenning, Tine Descamps, Sara Bellinvia, David Bauer, Rong Du, Teresa Lunt, Lidia Mongay Soler, Barrett H Childs, Pier Luigi Zinzani","doi":"10.1007/s12094-025-03869-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12094-025-03869-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>There has been increased difficulty in developing safe and effective treatment using PI3K inhibitors in heme malignancies, despite the role of PI3K/AKT being well defined in this population. This study was an attempt to conduct exploratory biomarker analysis retrospectively from the phase III CHRONOS-3 trial with the aim to identify a sub-set of patients that could benefit from treatment.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Patients with CD20-positive indolent B-cell lymphoma were randomized 2:1 to receive intravenous copanlisib plus rituximab (C + R) or placebo plus rituximab (P + R). Biomarker analyses were performed to examine potential associations between treatment outcome and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein expression, EZH2 and BCL2 mutation status via next-generation sequencing, and plasma cytokine levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PTEN presence was associated with significant improvements in progression-free survival (PFS) for C + R over P + R in patients with iNHL (P = 0.001) and FL (P = 0.012). Both the mutant and wild-type EZH2 FL patients had equal PFS benefits when treated with copanlisib. A significant improvement in PFS was observed for patients with mutant versus wild-type BCL2 FL in the C + R arm (P = 0.002). Overall survival (OS) was significantly improved for patients with iNHL and low or undetectable versus high baseline IL-2 levels in the C + R arm (P < 0.0001, unadjusted).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PTEN presence, BCL2 mutations, and low or undetectable baseline IL-2 levels were associated with improved patient survival following treatment with C + R, supporting a potential role for these biomarkers in guiding treatment selection for patients with indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":50685,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Oncology","volume":" ","pages":"3439-3448"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12259725/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143473249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two inflammation-related genes model could predict risk in prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma.","authors":"Wei Yang, Junqi Long, Gege Li, Jiashuai Xu, Yining Chen, Shijie Zhou, Zhidong Liu, Shuangtao Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s12094-025-03861-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12094-025-03861-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), there remains a dearth of efficacious diagnostic studies including some inflammation-related genes to identify the LUAD subgroups with different clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>First, two molecular subgroups were identified with mRNA expression profiling from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) by K-means algorithm. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), immune infiltration, and Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) were applied to explore the biological functions between these two subtypes. Then, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were selected to evaluate the independence of these subtypes in LUAD. Next, lasso regression was applied to identify the high-precision mRNAs to predict the subtype with favorable prognosis. Finally, a two-mRNA model was constructed using the method of multivariate Cox regression, and the effectiveness of the model was validated in a training set (n = 310) and three independent validation sets (n = 1.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Comprehensive genomic analysis was conducted of 310 LUAD samples and identified two subtypes associated with molecular classification and clinical prognosis: immune-enriched and non-immune-enriched subgroup. Then, a new model was developed based on two mRNAs (MS4A1 and MS4A2) in TCGA dataset and divided these LUAD patients into high-risk and low-risk subgroup with significantly different prognosis (HR = 1.644 (95% CI 1.153-2.342); p < 0.01), which was independence of the other clinical factors (p < 0.05). In addition, this new model had similar predictive effects in another three independent validation sets (HR > 1.445, p < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We constructed a robust model for predicting the risk of LUAD patients and evaluated the clinical outcomes independently with strong predictive power. This model stands as a reliable guide for implementing personalized treatment strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":50685,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Oncology","volume":" ","pages":"3386-3398"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12259757/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A population-based study of incidence trends of head and neck epithelial cancers in northeastern Spain, 1994-2018.","authors":"Jordi Rubió-Casadevall, Jan Trallero, Carla Calvo, Montse Puigdemont, Marià Carulla, Arantza Sanvisens, Alberto Ameijide, Anna Vidal, Clàudia Pla, Jordi Marruecos, Rafael Marcos-Gragera, Jaume Galceran","doi":"10.1007/s12094-025-03855-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12094-025-03855-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the seventh most common cancer worldwide. Incidence rates of these tumors vary between countries and change over time depending on the prevalence of risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol consumption, betel nut chewing habits or human papillomavirus infection. This makes it necessary to periodically study HNC incidence trends in each geographic area.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To determine trends in the incidence of HNC, all cancer cases diagnosed in Girona and Tarragona (northeastern Spain) between 1994 and 2018, except mesenchymal and hematological neoplasms, were included. Crude and standardized incidence rates and the annual percentage change (APC) were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identify 7,966 cases of HNC, 83.7% in men. A significant decrease in incidence, with an APC of  - 1.83, was observed in all HNC as a whole and in cancers of the lip (APC =  - 5.34), salivary glands (APC =  - 2.22), nasopharynx (APC =  - 2.01), hypopharynx (APC =  - 3.15), and larynx (APC =  - 1.97). In men, a significant decline in incidence was observed in overall HNC and in cancers of the lip, oral cavity, salivary glands, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx. In women, a significant increase was identified in overall HNC and in cancers of oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A decline in the overall incidence of HNC has been observed in this area of southern Europe, mainly based on a decrease in men of cancers of the lip, oral cavity, salivary glands, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx.</p>","PeriodicalId":50685,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Oncology","volume":" ","pages":"3410-3420"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12259777/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143460001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dendritic cell immunotherapy has its antitumor action improved by the LPS in the maturation process.","authors":"Angela Maria Moed Lopes, Jéssica Ferreira Vieira, Saulo Fernando Moreira da Silva, Eddie Fernando Candido Murta, Márcia Antoniazi Michelin","doi":"10.1007/s12094-025-03858-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12094-025-03858-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immunotherapy with dendritic cells (DCs) in cancer patients aims to activate the immune response to eliminate neoplastic cells. The present study aimed to investigate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in investigating antitumor immune response in experimental breast cancer. For this, we submitted bone marrow pluripotent cells of Balb/c mice differentiated by GM-CSF and IL-4 to maturation with TNF-α and tumor lysate (DCs protocol) or with TNF-α, LPS, and tumor lysate (LPS/DCs protocol). Both immunotherapies were tested in 4T1 breast cancer to evaluate their impact on splenic and tumor microenvironment. We observed that DCs and LPS/DCs reduce the tumor growth rate (p < 0.0001). Besides, the LPS/DCs vaccine shows higher splenic and intratumoral T helper lymphocytes (p < 0.001). Both vaccines increased the production of IFN-γ in the tumor microenvironment (p < 0.0001). The LPS/DCs induced lower Treg lymphocytes and macrophages in the tumor microenvironment (p < 0.0001). The results allow us to conclude that bone marrow-derived dendritic cells stimulated with LPS have been shown to reduce tumor growth rate efficiently and could be better immunotherapy in breast cancer by reducing immunosuppressive cells and increasing antitumoral immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.</p>","PeriodicalId":50685,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Oncology","volume":" ","pages":"3501-3510"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143469957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}