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RETRACTION: The Role of Artificial and Nonartificial Intelligence in the New Product Success with Moderating Role of New Product Innovation: A Case of Manufacturing Companies in China 人工智能与非人工智能在新产品成功中的作用及新产品创新的调节作用——以中国制造业企业为例
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术
Complexity Pub Date : 2026-03-24 DOI: 10.1155/cplx/9795686
Complexity
{"title":"RETRACTION: The Role of Artificial and Nonartificial Intelligence in the New Product Success with Moderating Role of New Product Innovation: A Case of Manufacturing Companies in China","authors":"Complexity","doi":"10.1155/cplx/9795686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cplx/9795686","url":null,"abstract":"<p>RETRACTION: H. Jianjun, Y. Yao, J. Hameed, et al., “The Role of Artificial and Nonartificial Intelligence in the New Product Success with Moderating Role of New Product Innovation: A Case of Manufacturing Companies in China,” <i>Complexity</i>, vol. 2021 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8891298.</p><p>The above article, published online on 22 January 2021 in Wiley Online Library (https://wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.</p><p>The presence of these indicators undermines our confidence in the integrity of the article’s content, and we cannot, therefore, vouch for its reliability. Please note that this notice is intended solely to alert readers that the content of this article is unreliable. We have not investigated whether authors were aware of or involved in the systematic manipulation of the publication process.</p><p>The authors had been informed of this retraction but did not provide a response.</p>","PeriodicalId":50653,"journal":{"name":"Complexity","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/cplx/9795686","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147615175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Centralized and Decentralized Event-Triggered Consensus Control for Leader–Follower Connected Vehicle Systems 主从互联车辆系统的集中与分散事件触发共识控制
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术
Complexity Pub Date : 2026-03-22 DOI: 10.1155/cplx/3838599
Azmat Ullah Khan Niazi, Waqar Ul Hassan, Kinda Abuasbeh, Aseel Smerat, Naveed Iqbal
{"title":"Centralized and Decentralized Event-Triggered Consensus Control for Leader–Follower Connected Vehicle Systems","authors":"Azmat Ullah Khan Niazi,&nbsp;Waqar Ul Hassan,&nbsp;Kinda Abuasbeh,&nbsp;Aseel Smerat,&nbsp;Naveed Iqbal","doi":"10.1155/cplx/3838599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cplx/3838599","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper investigates the consensus problem in leader–follower connected vehicle systems (CVSs) under deception attacks—including coordinated position, velocity, and acceleration attacks as well as delays and disturbances. Centralized and decentralized event-triggered control strategies are proposed, allowing follower actuators to update at nonuniform intervals while significantly reducing communication overhead. To further enhance resilience, a delayed controller is designed to mitigate the effects of disturbances. The decentralized strategy relies solely on locally available information, and a refined triggering function is developed that requires neither topology knowledge nor Laplacian eigenvalues, using only each follower’s own data and the most recent event instants of its neighbors. Consensus is guaranteed even when certain followers lack direct access to the leader. Lyapunov-based analysis establishes stability in the presence of measurement errors and adversarial deception attacks, and comprehensive simulations demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":50653,"journal":{"name":"Complexity","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/cplx/3838599","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147568083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evolutionary Game of Multiple Subjects Collaborative Innovation Under Double Uncertainty 双不确定性下多主体协同创新的进化博弈
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术
Complexity Pub Date : 2026-03-16 DOI: 10.1155/cplx/3743541
Xumei Yuan, Ming Zhang, Fuli Wei, Xu Zhang
{"title":"Evolutionary Game of Multiple Subjects Collaborative Innovation Under Double Uncertainty","authors":"Xumei Yuan,&nbsp;Ming Zhang,&nbsp;Fuli Wei,&nbsp;Xu Zhang","doi":"10.1155/cplx/3743541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cplx/3743541","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multisubject technology collaborative innovation serves as an essential driving force to improve technology transfer efficiency as well as implement the innovation-driven strategy. Particularly, collaborative innovation in accordance with technological orientation and market demand enables the efficient resource allocation that stimulates innovation willingness and improves innovation performance. This study explores the strategies and conditions for multiagent collaborative innovation under technological and market uncertainties, employing a government–enterprise–university evolutionary game model. Numerical simulations demonstrate that both technology and market factors are critical drivers of collaborative innovation systems, with market influences outweighing technological ones. Notably, technological universality proves more impactful than novelty. When technology and market drivers are weak, government willingness becomes the decisive factor in shaping other participants’ strategic choices. Punitive measures have a stronger effect on system evolution than government incentives. The study’s key contribution lies in emphasizing technological sophistication, technological universality, market price, participant willingness, and policy impacts. The findings underscore the dynamic interplay of technology, market, and government in collaborative innovation, offering novel theoretical and practical insights into its driving mechanisms and implementation pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":50653,"journal":{"name":"Complexity","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/cplx/3743541","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On the Preservation of Input/Output Directed Graph Informativeness Under Crossover 关于交叉下输入/输出有向图信息性的保持
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术
Complexity Pub Date : 2026-03-14 DOI: 10.1155/cplx/9057003
Andreas Duus Pape, J. David Schaffer, Hiroki Sayama, Christoper Zosh
{"title":"On the Preservation of Input/Output Directed Graph Informativeness Under Crossover","authors":"Andreas Duus Pape,&nbsp;J. David Schaffer,&nbsp;Hiroki Sayama,&nbsp;Christoper Zosh","doi":"10.1155/cplx/9057003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cplx/9057003","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There exists a broad class of networks that connect inputs to outputs. These networks include chemical transformation networks, electrical circuits, municipal water systems, and neural networks. The goals of this paper are to provide a theoretical foundation for evolutionary crossover on this class of graphs and connect crossover to informativeness, a measure of the connectedness of inputs to outputs. Informativeness is defined as a partially informative graph has at least one path from an input to some output, a very informative graph has a path from every input to some output, and a fully informative graph has a path from every input to every output. A neural network with nonzero weights and any number of layers is fully informative. As links are removed (assigned zero weight), it may become very, partially, or not informative (the complement of informativeness is actionability, which is a measure of how connected outputs are from inputs). We define a crossover operation on Input/Output Directed Graphs (IOD Graphs) in which we find subgraphs with matching sets of forward and backward directed links to “swap.” With this operation, IOD Graphs can be subject to evolutionary computation methods. We show that fully informative parents may yield a noninformative child. We also show that under certain conditions, crossover compatible, partially informative parents yield partially informative children and very informative input parents with partially informative output parents yield very informative children. However, even under these conditions, full informativeness may not be retained. Similar results hold for actionability.</p>","PeriodicalId":50653,"journal":{"name":"Complexity","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/cplx/9057003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Observer Design and Residual Evaluation of System Actuators With Lipschitz Nonlinearity 具有Lipschitz非线性的系统执行器观测器设计与残差评估
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术
Complexity Pub Date : 2026-03-13 DOI: 10.1155/cplx/1320989
Zhihao Zhang, Tong Yao, Yi Wang, Qinglong Lan
{"title":"Observer Design and Residual Evaluation of System Actuators With Lipschitz Nonlinearity","authors":"Zhihao Zhang,&nbsp;Tong Yao,&nbsp;Yi Wang,&nbsp;Qinglong Lan","doi":"10.1155/cplx/1320989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cplx/1320989","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Summary: This paper studies observer design and residual evaluation of system actuators with Lipschitz nonlinearity. A fault detection observer for actuators that satisfies the Lipschitz nonlinearity condition is proposed in the finite-frequency domain to ensure its robustness to disturbances and sensitivity to faults under bounded fault amplitude conditions. On this basis, in order to improve the accuracy of fault detection, a redesign method of dynamic threshold for fault detection is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is illustrated by numerical simulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":50653,"journal":{"name":"Complexity","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/cplx/1320989","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
AI-Cinema: A Hybrid Framework for Arabic Movie Scenario Generation With Traditional Storytelling and Cultural Dialogs 人工智能电影:阿拉伯电影场景生成与传统故事和文化对话的混合框架
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术
Complexity Pub Date : 2026-03-13 DOI: 10.1155/cplx/9978799
Mossab Ibrahim, Pablo Gervás, Gonzalo Méndez
{"title":"AI-Cinema: A Hybrid Framework for Arabic Movie Scenario Generation With Traditional Storytelling and Cultural Dialogs","authors":"Mossab Ibrahim,&nbsp;Pablo Gervás,&nbsp;Gonzalo Méndez","doi":"10.1155/cplx/9978799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cplx/9978799","url":null,"abstract":"<p>AI-Cinema is a hybrid neural-symbolic framework addressing the critical challenge of preserving cultural authenticity in Arabic movie scenario generation. The framework integrates transformer-based neural language models (AraT5-base and AraGPT2-medium) with symbolic reasoning encoded in OWL-DL ontologies and SWRL rules to ensure linguistic fluency, narrative coherence, and cultural preservation. AI-Cinema introduces a three-tier architecture comprising a data layer, cultural embedding layer, and scenario generation layer. Central to its design is an attention-based cultural embedding mechanism leveraging <i>ArabicVerbNet</i> (12,500 culturally annotated verbs) and <i>ArabicNameNet</i> (3653 names with regional annotations), complemented by a mathematically grounded harmony function that dynamically balances neural generation with symbolic constraints. In experiments on 2740 Arabic narratives, AI-Cinema achieves a BLEU-4 score of 32.76 (± 0.6), representing a 5.0% relative improvement over AraBERT-Gen (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01, paired bootstrap test) and a 27.5 percentage point gain in cultural preservation metric (CPM) compared with MARBERT-Gen (82.3% vs. 54.8%). The framework maintains 92.3% dialectal accuracy across Modern Standard Arabic and six regional dialects, with explicit evaluation of code-switching scenarios. Expert evaluations by 30 Arabic literature scholars demonstrate strong interannotator agreement (Fleiss’ <i>κ</i> = 0.78, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), with 87% of evaluators rating generated narratives as culturally authentic (score ≥ 4 on a 5-point scale). Current limitations include reduced performance on underrepresented dialects (Yemeni: 85.6% and Sudanese: 86.1%) and complex code-switching scenarios (76.3% for 3+ dialects). The framework incorporates transparent labeling mechanisms for AI-generated cultural content to address authenticity concerns. All resources are publicly available at https://github.com/Mossab82/AI-Cinema.</p>","PeriodicalId":50653,"journal":{"name":"Complexity","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/cplx/9978799","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fixed-Time Fault-Tolerant Formation Control for Uncertain Nonlinear Multi-USVs With Actuator Failures 不确定非线性多usv致动器失效的定时容错编队控制
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术
Complexity Pub Date : 2026-03-12 DOI: 10.1155/cplx/3194594
Haoyue Lin, Weiting Kong, Yixiang Gu, Senlin Xie
{"title":"Fixed-Time Fault-Tolerant Formation Control for Uncertain Nonlinear Multi-USVs With Actuator Failures","authors":"Haoyue Lin,&nbsp;Weiting Kong,&nbsp;Yixiang Gu,&nbsp;Senlin Xie","doi":"10.1155/cplx/3194594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cplx/3194594","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The fixed-time fault-tolerant formation control (FTFC) issue is investigated for nonlinear multi-USVs considering unknown dynamics, external disturbances, and time-varying actuator failures. To further mitigate the burden on the channel, a nonmonitoring adaptive periodic event-triggered quantized (NM-APETQ) mechanism is devised, in which the quantized trigger time can be adjusted adaptively. Then, by using adaptive control technology, an adaptive fault-tolerant control protocol is proposed to compensate for the external disturbances and time-varying actuator failures automatically, greatly reducing the online computational burden of the controller. Furthermore, with the aid of fixed-time stability theory, neural networks, and adaptive control techniques, a distributed fixed-time adaptive FTFC method is developed, enabling fast fixed-time convergence. Eventually, the effectiveness of the presented approach for multi-USV systems was verified by theoretical analysis and simulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":50653,"journal":{"name":"Complexity","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/cplx/3194594","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Navigating the Flow: Unveiling Directional Information Transfer in Commodity Markets With Transfer Entropy and Moving Window Analysis 在流动中导航:用传递熵和移动窗口分析揭示商品市场中的定向信息传递
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术
Complexity Pub Date : 2026-03-11 DOI: 10.1155/cplx/5511110
Insu Choi, Woo Chang Kim
{"title":"Navigating the Flow: Unveiling Directional Information Transfer in Commodity Markets With Transfer Entropy and Moving Window Analysis","authors":"Insu Choi,&nbsp;Woo Chang Kim","doi":"10.1155/cplx/5511110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cplx/5511110","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examines directional information flow in commodity futures markets using transfer entropy (TE) and Granger causality (GC) over 21.5 years. Analyzing 12 major commodities through rolling windows of 20, 60, 120, and 240 days, we compare linear versus nonlinear transmission mechanisms across different market conditions. The results show that while GC captures persistent linear relationships with monotonically increasing detection rates, TE reveals complementary nonlinear dependencies following nonlinear patterns. During crisis periods, network density increases significantly, with the COVID-19 pandemic producing pronounced nonlinear effects where TE substantially exceeds GC. Energy commodities dominate linear channels, while agricultural commodities emerge as central nodes in nonlinear networks. Period-specific analysis reveals regime-dependent transmission: postcrisis periods return to linear relationships, while commodity-specific shocks activate different nonlinear pathways than systemic crises. The findings demonstrate that comprehensive commodity market analysis requires both methodologies to capture the full spectrum of information transmission mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":50653,"journal":{"name":"Complexity","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/cplx/5511110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147564901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optimal Control Analysis of Malaria Transmission in the Presence of Insecticide Resistance and Climate Variability in Kenya 肯尼亚杀虫剂抗药性和气候变化下疟疾传播的最优控制分析
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术
Complexity Pub Date : 2026-03-11 DOI: 10.1155/cplx/7988450
Lorna Chepkemoi, Titus Okello Orwa, Samuel Mwalili, Rachel Waema Mbogo, Steeven Belvinos Affognon, Daisy Salifu, Henri E. Z. Tonnang
{"title":"Optimal Control Analysis of Malaria Transmission in the Presence of Insecticide Resistance and Climate Variability in Kenya","authors":"Lorna Chepkemoi,&nbsp;Titus Okello Orwa,&nbsp;Samuel Mwalili,&nbsp;Rachel Waema Mbogo,&nbsp;Steeven Belvinos Affognon,&nbsp;Daisy Salifu,&nbsp;Henri E. Z. Tonnang","doi":"10.1155/cplx/7988450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cplx/7988450","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Malaria remains a major public health concern in Kenya, where changing climatic conditions, insecticide resistance, and mosquito behavioral adaptations continue to challenge control efforts. This study develops and analyzes a climate-sensitive malaria transmission model that incorporates mosquito behavior, insecticide resistance, and vector–human ecological dynamics to identify optimal control strategies for the Kenyan context. The model’s well-posedness was established, the basic reproduction number (<i>R</i><sub>0</sub>) computed using the next-generation matrix method, and the stability of equilibrium points assessed. Spatial analysis of <i>R</i><sub>0</sub> was performed using temperature and rainfall raster data to map transmission risk across Kenya under varying insecticide use scenarios. Results indicate that regions with climatic conditions favorable for vector survival, particularly parts of the Eastern and Western regions, experience higher transmission intensity. Simulations show that while insecticide use (deltamethrin or permethrin) substantially reduces malaria prevalence, resistance (<i>δ</i><sub><i>v</i></sub> = 0) results in <i>R</i><sub>0</sub> &gt; 1 and sustained transmission. An optimal control problem incorporating personal protection, antimalarial treatment, and vaccination was formulated and solved using Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle. The most effective reduction in malaria prevalence was achieved when all three interventions were applied simultaneously, with infections declining to zero within 10 days. These findings highlight the importance of integrating vector behavior, climate variability, and resistance dynamics into malaria models and support the use of combined intervention strategies to enhance control efforts in Kenya.</p>","PeriodicalId":50653,"journal":{"name":"Complexity","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/cplx/7988450","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Coevolutionary Institutional Design for the Transition From Government to Market Guarantees in Intellectual Property Securitization 知识产权证券化中政府担保向市场担保过渡的共同进化制度设计
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术
Complexity Pub Date : 2026-03-09 DOI: 10.1155/cplx/5511673
Jiangping He, Shenbei Zhou, Yeqing Duan
{"title":"Coevolutionary Institutional Design for the Transition From Government to Market Guarantees in Intellectual Property Securitization","authors":"Jiangping He,&nbsp;Shenbei Zhou,&nbsp;Yeqing Duan","doi":"10.1155/cplx/5511673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cplx/5511673","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Intellectual property (IP) securitization constitutes a complex and emerging financial ecosystem that connects innovation-driven firms, investors, and risk-bearing institutions. Its evolution is shaped by nonlinear feedbacks between institutional design, asset credibility, and market confidence. This study develops an agent-based simulation model to examine how the withdrawal pace of government guarantees and the entry timing of market-based guarantors jointly drive the dynamic transition of the IP securitization market. The model captures adaptive interactions among heterogeneous agents including governments, guarantors, firms, and investors under varying transition scenarios. Results show that gradual government withdrawal, synchronized with moderate to rapid market guarantor entry, generates stable market growth and effective risk containment. In contrast, premature withdrawal without sufficient institutional substitutes amplifies systemic risk, undermines investor participation, and stalls market expansion. Persistent government guarantees can stabilize early markets but may inhibit the endogenous emergence of market-based risk pricing. The analysis also investigates the role of collateral requirements, showing that strict pledge standards constrain downside risk yet are less effective than external guarantees when high-risk participants bypass collateralization. Loosening pledge rules enhances financing access but can degrade product quality if not supported by mature institutional safeguards. These findings highlight the importance of policy sequencing, adaptive risk controls, and coevolutionary design in fostering a resilient and self-sustaining IP securitization system.</p>","PeriodicalId":50653,"journal":{"name":"Complexity","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/cplx/5511673","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147564480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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