Carbon Balance and Management最新文献

{"title":"Spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of China’s economic development performance under carbon emission constraints","authors":"Zhixiang Xie,&nbsp;Rongqin Zhao,&nbsp;Liangang Xiao,&nbsp;Minglei Ding","doi":"10.1186/s13021-023-00235-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-023-00235-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>China’s high-quality economic development depends on achieving sustainable economic development, reaching peak carbon emissions, achieving carbon neutrality, and intensifying the development of an industrial and energy structure that saves resources and protects the environment. This study used the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model and the Malmquist productivity index to measure the economic development performance of mainland China under carbon emission constraints. Then, it described the spatiotemporal evolution of economic development performance and analyzed its influencing factors using the Tobit model.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The results revealed that there were obvious differences in the trends of the static and dynamic performance of economic development. On the one hand, the static performance of economic development exhibited an upward trend from 2008 to 2020. Its distribution characteristics were dominant in the higher and high-level areas. On the other hand, the dynamic performance had a downward trend from 2008 to 2016 and then an upward trend from 2016 to 2020. In most provinces, the dynamic performance was no longer constrained by technological progress but rather by scale efficiency. It was found that the main factors influencing economic development performance were urbanization level, energy efficiency, vegetation coverage, and foreign investment, while other factors had no significant influence.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This study suggests that China should improve its economic development performance by increasing the use of clean energy, promoting human-centered urbanization, increasing carbon absorption capacity, and absorbing more foreign capital in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-023-00235-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4442537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of forests in the EU climate policy: are we on the right track?","authors":"Anu Korosuo,&nbsp;Roberto Pilli,&nbsp;Raúl Abad Viñas,&nbsp;Viorel N. B. Blujdea,&nbsp;Rene R. Colditz,&nbsp;Giulia Fiorese,&nbsp;Simone Rossi,&nbsp;Matteo Vizzarri,&nbsp;Giacomo Grassi","doi":"10.1186/s13021-023-00234-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-023-00234-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The European Union (EU) has committed to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. This requires a rapid reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and ensuring that any remaining emissions are balanced through CO₂ removals. Forests play a crucial role in this plan: they are currently the main option for removing CO₂ from the atmosphere and additionally, wood use can store carbon durably and help reduce fossil emissions. To stop and reverse the decline of the forest carbon sink, the EU has recently revised the regulation on land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), and set a target of − 310 Mt CO₂e net removals for the LULUCF sector in 2030.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>In this study, we clarify the role of common concepts in forest management – net annual increment, harvest and mortality – in determining the forest sink. We then evaluate to what extent the forest sink is on track to meet the climate goals of the EU. For this assessment we use data from the latest national GHG inventories and a forest model (Carbon Budget Model). Our findings indicate that on the EU level, the recent decrease in increment and the increase in harvest and mortality are causing a rapid drop in the forest sink. Furthermore, continuing the past forest management practices is projected to further decrease the sink. Finally, we discuss options for enhancing the sinks through forest management while taking into account adaptation and resilience.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings show that the EU forest sink is quickly developing away from the EU climate targets. Stopping and reversing this trend requires rapid implementation of climate-smart forest management, with improved and more timely monitoring of GHG fluxes. This enhancement is crucial for tracking progress towards the EU’s climate targets, where the role of forests has become – and is expected to remain – more prominent than ever before.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-023-00234-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5155124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wildfire national carbon accounting: how natural and anthropogenic landscape fires emissions are treated in the 2020 Australian government greenhouse gas accounts report to the UNFCCC","authors":"David MJS Bowman,&nbsp;Grant J. Williamson,&nbsp;Mercy Ndalila,&nbsp;Stephen H. Roxburgh,&nbsp;Shaun Suitor,&nbsp;Rodney J. Keenan","doi":"10.1186/s13021-023-00231-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-023-00231-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting of emissions from land use, land-use change, and forestry necessarily involves consideration of landscape fire. This is of particular importance for Australia given that natural and human fire is a common occurrence, and many ecosystems are adapted to fire, and require periodic burning for plant regeneration and ecological health. Landscape fire takes many forms, can be started by humans or by lightning, and can be managed or uncontrolled. We briefly review the underlying logic of greenhouse gas accounting involving landscape fire in the 2020 Australian Government GHG inventory report. The treatment of wildfire that Australia chooses to enact under the internationally agreed guidelines is based on two core assumptions (a) that effects of natural and anthropogenic fire in Australian vegetation carbon stocks are transient and they return to the pre-fire level relatively quickly, and (b) that historically and geographically anomalous wildfires in forests should be excluded from national anthropogenic emission estimates because they are beyond human control. It is now widely accepted that anthropogenic climate change is contributing to increased frequency and severity of forest fires in Australia, therefore challenging assumptions about the human agency in fire-related GHG emissions and carbon balance. Currently, the national inventory focuses on forest fires; we suggest national greenhouse gas accounting needs to provide a more detailed reporting of vegetation fires including: (a) more detailed mapping of fire severity patterns; (b) more comprehensive emission factors; (c) better growth and recovery models from different vegetation types; (d) improved understanding how fires of different severities affect carbon stocks; and (e) improved analysis of the human agency behind the causes of emissions, including ignition types and fire-weather conditions. This more comprehensive accounting of carbon emissions would provide greater incentives to improve fire management practices that reduce the frequency, severity, and extent of uncontrolled landscape fires.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-023-00231-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4685437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal dynamics of ecosystem, inherent, and underlying water use efficiencies of forests, grasslands, and croplands and their responses to climate change","authors":"Wei Chen,&nbsp;Shuguang Liu,&nbsp;Shuqing Zhao,&nbsp;Yu Zhu,&nbsp;Shuailong Feng,&nbsp;Zhao Wang,&nbsp;Yiping Wu,&nbsp;Jingfeng Xiao,&nbsp;Wenping Yuan,&nbsp;Wende Yan,&nbsp;Hui Ju,&nbsp;Qinyi Wang","doi":"10.1186/s13021-023-00232-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-023-00232-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Understanding temporal trends and varying responses of water use efficiency (WUE) to environmental changes of diverse ecosystems is key to predicting vegetation growth. WUE dynamics of major ecosystem types (e.g., forest, grassland and cropland) have been studied using various WUE definitions/metrics, but a comparative study on WUE dynamics and their driving forces among different ecosystem types using multiple WUE metrics is lacking. We used eddy covariance measurements for 42 FLUXNET2015 sites (396 site years) from 1997 to 2014, as well as three commonly used WUE metrics (i.e., ecosystem, inherent, and underlying WUE) to investigate the commonalities and differences in WUE trends and driving factors among deciduous broadleaf forests (DBFs), evergreen needleleaf forests (ENFs), grasslands, and croplands.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Our results showed that the temporal trends of WUE were not statistically significant at 73.8% of the forest, grassland and cropland sites, and none of the three WUE metrics exhibited better performance than the others in quantifying WUE. Meanwhile, the trends observed for the three WUE metrics were not significantly different among forest, grassland and cropland ecosystems. In addition, WUE was mainly driven by atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration at sites with significant WUE trends, and by vapor pressure deficit (VPD) at sites without significant trends (except cropland).</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings revealed the commonalities and differences in the application of three WUE metrics in disparate ecosystems, and further highlighted the important effect of VPD on WUE change.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-023-00232-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4577570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deriving emission factors for mangrove blue carbon ecosystem in Indonesia","authors":"Daniel Murdiyarso,&nbsp;Haruni Krisnawati,&nbsp;Wahyu C. Adinugroho,&nbsp;Sigit D. Sasmito","doi":"10.1186/s13021-023-00233-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-023-00233-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Using ‘higher-tier’ emission factors in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories is essential to improve quality and accuracy when reporting carbon emissions and removals. Here we systematically reviewed 736 data across 249 sites (published 2003–2020) to derive emission factors associated with land-use change in Indonesian mangroves blue carbon ecosystems.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Four management regimes—aquaculture, degraded mangrove, regenerated mangrove and undisturbed mangrove—gave mean total ecosystem carbon stocks of 579, 717, 890, and 1061 Mg C ha⁻¹ respectively. The largest biomass carbon stocks were found in undisturbed mangrove; followed by regenerated mangrove, degraded mangrove, and aquaculture. Top 100-cm soil carbon stocks were similar across regimes, ranging between 216 and 296 Mg C ha⁻¹. Carbon stocks between 0 and 300 cm varied significantly; the highest values were found in undisturbed mangrove (916 Mg C ha⁻¹), followed by regenerated mangrove (803 Mg C ha⁻¹), degraded mangrove 666 Mg C ha⁻¹), and aquaculture (562 Mg C ha⁻¹).</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Using deep layer (e.g., 300 cm) soil carbon stocks would compensate for the underestimation of surface soil carbon removed from areas where aquaculture is widely practised. From a project perspective, deep layer data could secure permanence or buffer potential leakages. From a national GHG accounting perspective, it also provides a safeguard in the MRV system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-023-00233-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4539473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A national assessment of urban forest carbon storage and sequestration in Canada","authors":"James W. N. Steenberg,&nbsp;Melissa Ristow,&nbsp;Peter N. Duinker,&nbsp;Lyna Lapointe-Elmrabti,&nbsp;J. Douglas MacDonald,&nbsp;David J. Nowak,&nbsp;Jon Pasher,&nbsp;Corey Flemming,&nbsp;Cameron Samson","doi":"10.1186/s13021-023-00230-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-023-00230-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During a time of rapid urban growth and development, it is becoming ever more important to monitor the carbon fluxes of our cities. Unlike Canada’s commercially managed forests that have a long history of inventory and modelling tools, there is both a lack of coordinated data and considerable uncertainty on assessment procedures for urban forest carbon. Nonetheless, independent studies have been carried out across Canada. To improve upon Canada’s federal government reporting on carbon storage and sequestration by urban forests, this study builds on existing data to develop an updated assessment of carbon storage and sequestration for Canada’s urban forests. Using canopy cover estimates derived from ortho-imagery and satellite imagery ranging from 2008 to 2012 and field-based urban forest inventory and assessment data from 16 Canadian cities and one US city, this study found that Canadian urban forests store approximately 27,297.8 kt C (− 37%, + 45%) in above and belowground biomass and sequester approximately 1497.7 kt C year⁻¹ (− 26%, + 28%). In comparison with the previous national assessment of urban forest carbon, this study suggested that in urban areas carbon storage has been overestimated and carbon sequestration has been underestimated. Maximizing urban forest carbon sinks will contribute to Canada’s mitigation efforts and, while being a smaller carbon sink compared to commercial forests, will also provide important ecosystem services and co-benefits to approximately 83% of Canadian people.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-023-00230-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4345441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating biomass and soil carbon change at the level of forest stands using repeated forest surveys assisted by airborne laser scanner data","authors":"Victor F. Strîmbu,&nbsp;Erik Næsset,&nbsp;Hans Ole Ørka,&nbsp;Jari Liski,&nbsp;Hans Petersson,&nbsp;Terje Gobakken","doi":"10.1186/s13021-023-00222-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-023-00222-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Under the growing pressure to implement mitigation actions, the focus of forest management is shifting from a traditional resource centric view to incorporate more forest ecosystem services objectives such as carbon sequestration. Estimating the above-ground biomass in forests using airborne laser scanning (ALS) is now an operational practice in Northern Europe and is being adopted in many parts of the world. In the boreal forests, however, most of the carbon (85%) is stored in the soil organic (SO) matter. While this very important carbon pool is “invisible” to ALS, it is closely connected and feeds from the growing forest stocks. We propose an integrated methodology to estimate the changes in forest carbon pools at the level of forest stands by combining field measurements and ALS data.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>ALS-based models of dominant height, mean diameter, and biomass were fitted using the field observations and were used to predict mean tree biophysical properties across the entire study area (50 km²) which was in turn used to estimate the biomass carbon stocks and the litter production that feeds into the soil. For the soil carbon pool estimation, we used the Yasso15 model. The methodology was based on (1) approximating the initial soil carbon stocks using simulations; (2) predicting the annual litter input based on the predicted growing stocks in each cell; (3) predicting the soil carbon dynamics of the annual litter using the Yasso15 soil carbon model. The estimated total carbon change (standard errors in parenthesis) for the entire area was 0.741 (0.14) Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The biomass carbon change was 0.405 (0.13) Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, the litter carbon change (e.g., deadwood and leaves) was 0.346 (0.027) Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, and the change in SO carbon was − 0.01 (0.003) Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our results show that ALS data can be used indirectly through a chain of models to estimate soil carbon changes in addition to changes in biomass at the primary level of forest management, namely the forest stands. Having control of the errors contributed by each model, the stand-level uncertainty can be estimated under a model-based inferential approach.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-023-00222-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4800420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integrated view of correlated emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants in China","authors":"Xiaohui Lin,&nbsp;Ruqi Yang,&nbsp;Wen Zhang,&nbsp;Ning Zeng,&nbsp;Yu Zhao,&nbsp;Guocheng Wang,&nbsp;Tingting Li,&nbsp;Qixiang Cai","doi":"10.1186/s13021-023-00229-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-023-00229-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Air pollution in China has raised great concerns due to its adverse effects on air quality, human health, and climate. Emissions of air pollutants (APs) are inherently linked with CO₂ emissions through fossil-energy consumption. Knowledge of the characteristics of APs and CO₂ emissions and their relationships is fundamentally important in the pursuit of co-benefits in addressing air quality and climate issues in China. However, the linkages and interactions between APs and CO₂ in China are not well understood.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Here, we conducted an ensemble study of six bottom-up inventories to identify the underlying drivers of APs and CO₂ emissions growth and to explore their linkages in China. The results showed that, during 1980–2015, the power and industry sectors contributed 61–79% to China’s overall emissions of CO₂, NO_x, and SO₂. In addition, the residential and industrial sectors were large emitters (77–85%) of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, CO, BC, and OC. The emissions of CH₄, N₂O and NH₃ were dominated by the agriculture sector (46–82%) during 1980–2015, while the share of CH₄ emissions in the energy sector increased since 2010. During 1980–2015, APs and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions from residential sources generally decreased over time, while the transportation sector increased its impact on recent emissions, particularly for NO_x and NMVOC. Since implementation of stringent pollution control measures and accompanying technological improvements in 2013, China has effectively limited pollution emissions (e.g., growth rates of –10% per year for PM and –20% for SO₂) and slowed down the increasing trend of carbon emissions from the power and industrial sectors. We also found that areas with high emissions of CO, NO_x, NMVOC, and SO₂ also emitted large amounts of CO₂, which demonstrates the possible common sources of APs and GHGs. Moreover, we found significant correlations between CO₂ and APs (e.g., NO_x, CO, SO₂, and PM) emissions in the top 5% high-emitting grid cells, with more than 60% common grid cells during 2010–2015.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>We found significant correlation in spatial and temporal aspects for CO₂, and NO_x, CO, SO₂, and PM emissions in China. We targeted sectorial and spatial APs and GHGs emission hot-spots, which help for management and policy-making of collaborative reductions of them. This comprehensive analysis over 6 datasets improves our understanding of APs and GHGs emissions in China during the period of rapid industrialization from 1980 to 2015. This study helps elucidate the linkages between APs and CO₂ from an integrated perspective, and provides insights for future synergistic emissions reduction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-023-00229-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4764444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges and lessons learned for REDD+ finance and its governance","authors":"Kanako Morita,&nbsp;Ken’ichi Matsumoto","doi":"10.1186/s13021-023-00228-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-023-00228-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Discussion on reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries began at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties in 2005, and the agenda for “reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+)” was introduced under the UNFCCC. The REDD+ framework was developed with the expectation that it would significantly contribute to climate change mitigation at a relatively low cost and produce benefits for both developed and developing countries. Finance is a key element of REDD+ implementation, and many financial sources, approaches, and mechanisms have supported REDD+-related activities in various developing countries. However, the comprehensive challenges and lessons learned for REDD+ finance and its governance have not been fully explored. This paper reviews the relevant literature to understand the challenges for REDD+ finance and its governance in two areas—(1) REDD+ finance aligned with the UNFCCC and (2) REDD+-related finance outside the UNFCCC—which have developed differently and have different implications. This paper first identifies the six key elements of REDD+ finance and its governance across the two fields, and then reviews the related challenges and lessons learned with respect to public and private finance. The challenges for REDD+ finance and its governance aligned with the UNFCCC include enhancing the performance of REDD+ finance using mainly public finance, such as results-based finance and the jurisdictional approach. In contrast, the challenges regarding REDD+-related finance outside the UNFCCC include enhancing the engagement of the private sector in REDD+ finance, mainly targeting the project level, and the relationship between voluntary carbon markets and other investment and finance mechanisms. This paper also identifies the common challenges across REDD+ finance and its governance in the two fields. These challenges include the need to enhance linkages between REDD+ and other objectives, such as carbon neutrality/net-zero, deforestation-free supply chains, and nature-based solutions, as well as the need to develop learning systems for REDD+ finance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-023-00228-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4733009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aboveground live tree carbon stock and change in forests of conterminous United States: influence of stand age","authors":"Coeli M. Hoover,&nbsp;James E. Smith","doi":"10.1186/s13021-023-00227-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-023-00227-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Sequestration of carbon on forest land is a common and practical component within many climate action plans developed by state or municipal governments. Initial planning often identifies the general magnitude of sequestration expected given the scope of the project. Because age plays a key role in forest carbon dynamics, we summarize both the carbon stock and accumulation rates in live trees by age class and region, allowing managers and policymakers to assess the influence of forest age class structure on forest carbon storage as represented in current inventories. State-level information is provided in supplementary tables.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Average regional aboveground live tree carbon stocks (represented on a per area basis) range from 11.6 tC/ha in the Great Plains to 130 tC/ha in the Pacific Northwest West (west-side of Cascades) and increase with age in all regions, although in three regions carbon stock declined in the oldest age class. Regional average annual net change in live aboveground tree carbon varies from a low of − 0.18 tC /ha/yr in the Rocky Mountain South region to a high value of 1.74 tC/ha/yr in Pacific Northwest West. In all regions except Rocky Mountain South, accumulation rates are highest in the younger age classes and decline with age, with older age classes in several western regions showing negative rates. In the Southeast and Pacific Northwest West, intermediate age classes exhibit lower rates, likely due to harvesting activity.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Aboveground live tree carbon stocks increase and rates of average change decrease with age with few exceptions; this pattern holds when examining hardwood and softwood types individually. Because multiple forest management objectives are often considered and tradeoffs need to be assessed, we recommend considering both measures—standing stock and average annual change—of carbon storage. The relative importance of each component depends on management and policy objectives and the time frame related to those objectives. Harvesting and natural disturbance also affect forest carbon stock and change and may need to be considered if developing projections of potential carbon storage. We present forest carbon summaries at a scale and scope to meet information needs of managers and policymakers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-023-00227-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4638744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}