Carbon Balance and Management最新文献

{"title":"Land use change and forest management effects on soil carbon stocks in the Northeast U.S.","authors":"Lucas E. Nave,&nbsp;Kendall DeLyser,&nbsp;Grant M. Domke,&nbsp;Scott M. Holub,&nbsp;Maria K. Janowiak,&nbsp;Adrienne B. Keller,&nbsp;Matthew P. Peters,&nbsp;Kevin A. Solarik,&nbsp;Brian F. Walters,&nbsp;Christopher W. Swanston","doi":"10.1186/s13021-024-00251-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-024-00251-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>In most regions and ecosystems, soils are the largest terrestrial carbon pool. Their potential vulnerability to climate and land use change, management, and other drivers, along with soils’ ability to mitigate climate change through carbon sequestration, makes them important to carbon balance and management. To date, most studies of soil carbon management have been based at either large or site-specific scales, resulting in either broad generalizations or narrow conclusions, respectively. Advancing the science and practice of soil carbon management requires scientific progress at intermediate scales. Here, we conducted the fifth in a series of ecoregional assessments of the effects of land use change and forest management on soil carbon stocks, this time addressing the Northeast U.S. We used synthesis approaches including (1) meta-analysis of published literature, (2) soil survey and (3) national forest inventory databases to examine overall effects and underlying drivers of deforestation, reforestation, and forest harvesting on soil carbon stocks. The three complementary data sources allowed us to quantify direction, magnitude, and uncertainty in trends.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Our meta-analysis findings revealed regionally consistent declines in soil carbon stocks due to deforestation, whether for agriculture or urban development. Conversely, reforestation led to significant increases in soil C stocks, with variation based on specific geographic factors. Forest harvesting showed no significant effect on soil carbon stocks, regardless of place-based or practice-specific factors. Observational soil survey and national forest inventory data generally supported meta-analytic harvest trends, and provided broader context by revealing the factors that act as baseline controls on soil carbon stocks in this ecoregion of carbon-dense soils. These factors include a range of soil physical, parent material, and topographic controls, with land use and climate factors also playing a role.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Forest harvesting has limited potential to alter forest soil C stocks in either direction, in contrast to the significant changes driven by land use shifts. These findings underscore the importance of understanding soil C changes at intermediate scales, and the need for an all-lands approach to managing soil carbon for climate change mitigation in the Northeast U.S.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-024-00251-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139690868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Procedures to combine estimators of greenhouse gases emission factors","authors":"Ernesto C. Marujo,&nbsp;Gleice G. Rodrigues,&nbsp;Arthur A. Covatti","doi":"10.1186/s13021-024-00250-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-024-00250-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>This article describes a new procedure to estimate the mean and variance of greenhouse gases (GHG) emission factors based on different, possibly conflicting, estimates for these emission factors. The procedure uses common information such as mean and standard deviation usually reported in IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) database and other references in the literature that estimate emission factors. Essentially, it is a procedure in the class of meta-analysis, based on the computation of <span>({S}_{a}^{2})</span>, a new estimator for the variance of the emission factor.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>We discuss the quality of this estimator in terms of its probability distribution and show that it is unbiased. The resulting confidence interval for the mean emission factor is tighter than those that would have resulted from using other estimators such as pooled variance and thus, the new procedure improves the accuracy in estimating GHG emissions.</p><p>The application of the procedure is illustrated in a case study involving the estimation of methane emissions from rice cultivation.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The estimation of emission factors using <span>({S}_{a}^{2})</span> was demonstrated to be more accurate because it is not biased and more precise than alternative methods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-024-00250-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139690789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of soil organic carbon fractions in four vegetation communities of an inland salt marsh","authors":"Manping Kang,&nbsp;ChengZhang Zhao,&nbsp;Min Ma,&nbsp;Xiaoya Li","doi":"10.1186/s13021-024-00248-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-024-00248-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The study of soil organic carbon characteristics and its relationship with soil environment and vegetation types is of great significance to the evaluation of soil carbon sink provided by inland salt marshes. This paper reports the characteristics of soil organic carbon fractions in 0–50 cm soil layers at four vegetation communities of the Qinwangchuan salt marsh.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>(1) The soil organic carbon content of Phragmites australis community (9.60 ± 0.32 <i>g</i>/kg) was found to be higher than that of Salicornia europae (7.75 ± 0.18 <i>g</i>/kg) and Tamarix ramosissima (4.96 ± 0.18 <i>g</i>/kg) and Suaeda corniculata community (4.55 ± 0.11 <i>g</i>/kg). (2) The soil dissolved organic carbon, particulate organic carbon and soil microbial biomass carbon in 0–50 cm soil layer of Phragmites australis community were higher, which were 0.46 ± 0.01 <i>g</i>/kg, 2.81 ± 0.06 <i>g</i>/kg and 0.31 ± 0.01 <i>g</i>/kg, respectively. (3) Soil organic carbon was positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, and microbial biomass carbon, and negatively correlated with easily oxidized organic carbon. (4) Above-ground biomass has a strong direct positive effect on soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and pH have a strong direct positive effect on microbial biomass carbon content, pH and average density have a strong direct negative effect on easily oxidized organic carbon, and particulate organic carbon.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The interaction between plant community characteristics and soil factors is an important driving factor for soil organic carbon accumulation in inland salt marshes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10823692/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139568947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The importance of accounting method and sampling depth to estimate changes in soil carbon stocks","authors":"Anna M. Raffeld,&nbsp;Mark A. Bradford,&nbsp;Randall D. Jackson,&nbsp;Daniel Rath,&nbsp;Gregg R. Sanford,&nbsp;Nicole Tautges,&nbsp;Emily E. Oldfield","doi":"10.1186/s13021-024-00249-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-024-00249-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>As interest in the voluntary soil carbon market surges, carbon registries have been developing new soil carbon measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) protocols. These protocols are inconsistent in their approaches to measuring soil organic carbon (SOC). Two areas of concern include the type of SOC stock accounting method (fixed-depth (FD) vs. equivalent soil mass (ESM)) and sampling depth requirement. Despite evidence that fixed-depth measurements can result in error because of changes in soil bulk density and that sampling to 30 cm neglects a significant portion of the soil profile’s SOC stock, most MRV protocols do not specify which sampling method to use and only require sampling to 30 cm. Using data from UC Davis’s Century Experiment (“Century”) and UW Madison’s Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trial (WICST), we quantify differences in SOC stock changes estimated by FD and ESM over 20 years, investigate how sampling at-depth (&gt; 30 cm) affects SOC stock change estimates, and estimate how crediting outcomes taking an empirical sampling-only crediting approach differ when stocks are calculated using ESM or FD at different depths.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>We find that FD and ESM estimates of stock change can differ by over 100 percent and that, as expected, much of this difference is associated with changes in bulk density in surface soils (e.g., <i>r</i> = 0.90 for Century maize treatments). This led to substantial differences in crediting outcomes between ESM and FD-based stocks, although many treatments did not receive credits due to declines in SOC stocks over time. While increased variability of soils at depth makes it challenging to accurately quantify stocks across the profile, sampling to 60 cm can capture changes in bulk density, potential SOC redistribution, and a larger proportion of the overall SOC stock.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>ESM accounting and sampling to 60 cm (using multiple depth increments) should be considered best practice when quantifying change in SOC stocks in annual, row crop agroecosystems. For carbon markets, the cost of achieving an accurate estimate of SOC stocks that reflect management impacts on soils at-depth should be reflected in the price of carbon credits.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10811869/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139563027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest carbon stock development following extreme drought-induced dieback of coniferous stands in Central Europe: a CBM-CFS3 model application","authors":"Emil Cienciala,&nbsp;Jan Melichar","doi":"10.1186/s13021-023-00246-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-023-00246-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>We analyze the forest carbon stock development following the recent historically unprecedented dieback of coniferous stands in the Czech Republic. The drought-induced bark-beetle infestation resulted in record-high sanitary logging and total harvest more than doubled from the previous period. It turned Czech forestry from a long-term carbon sink offsetting about 6% of the country's greenhouse gas emissions since 1990 to a significant source of CO₂ emissions in recent years (2018–2021). In 2020, the forestry sector contributed nearly 10% to the country's overall GHG emissions. Using the nationally calibrated Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3) at a regional (NUTS3) spatial resolution, we analyzed four scenarios of forest carbon stock development until 2070. Two critical points arise: the short-term prognosis for reducing current emissions from forestry and the implementation of adaptive forest management focused on tree species change and sustained carbon accumulation.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>This study used four different spruce forest dieback scenarios to assess the impact of adaptive forest management on the forest carbon stock change and CO₂ emissions, tree species composition, harvest possibilities, and forest structure in response to the recent unprecedented calamitous dieback in the Czech Republic. The model analysis indicates that Czech forestry may stabilize by 2025 Subsequently, it may become a sustained sink of about 3 Mt CO₂ eq./year (excluding the contribution of harvested wood products), while enhancing forest resilience by the gradual implementation of adaptation measures. The speed of adaptation is linked to harvest intensity and severity of the current calamity. Under the pessimistic Black scenario, the proportion of spruce stands declines from the current 43–20% by 2070, in favor of more suited tree species such as fir and broadleaves. These species would also constitute over 50% of the harvest potential, increasingly contributing to harvest levels like those generated by Czech forestry prior to the current calamity. The standing stock would only be recovered in 50 years under the optimistic Green scenario.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The results show progress of adaptive management by implementing tree species change and quantify the expected harvest and mitigation potential in Czech forestry until 2070.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-023-00246-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139085313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Change and relationship between growing season metrics and net primary productivity in forestland and grassland in China","authors":"Linli Cui,&nbsp;Jun Shi,&nbsp;Fengjin Xiao","doi":"10.1186/s13021-023-00245-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-023-00245-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Vegetation phenology can characterize ecosystem functions and plays a key role in the dynamics of plant productivity. Here we investigated the changes in growing season metrics (start of growing season, SOS; end of growing season, EOS; length of growing season, LOS) and their relationships with net primary productivity (NPP) in forestland and grassland in China during 1981–2016.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>SOS advanced, EOS delayed, LOS prolonged and NPP increased significantly in 23.7%, 21.0%, 40.5% and 19.9% of the study areas, with an average rate of 3.9 days decade⁻¹, 3.3 days·decade⁻¹, 6.7 days·decade⁻¹ and 10.7 gC m⁻²·decade⁻¹, respectively. The changes in growing season metrics were obvious in Northwest China (NWC) and North China (NC), but the least in Northeast China (NEC). NPP was negatively correlated with SOS and positively correlated with EOS and LOS in 22.0%, 16.3% and 22.8% of the study areas, respectively, and the correlation between NPP and growing season metrics was strong in NWC, NC and Southwest China (SWC), but weak in NEC and South China (SC).</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The advanced SOS, delayed EOS and prolonged LOS all contribute to the increased NPP in forestland and grassland in China, especially in NWC, NC and SWC. This study also highlights the need to further study the response of NPP to growing season changes in different regions and under the influence of multiple factors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10740267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138827496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growing-season carbon budget of alpine meadow ecosystem in the Qinghai Lake Basin: a continued carbon sink through this century according to the Biome-BGC model","authors":"Meng-ya Zhang,&nbsp;Yu-jun Ma,&nbsp;Peng Chen,&nbsp;Fang-zhong Shi,&nbsp;Jun-qi Wei","doi":"10.1186/s13021-023-00244-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-023-00244-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The alpine meadow is one of the most important ecosystems in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), and critically sensitive to climate change and human activities. Thus, it is crucial to precisely reveal the current state and predict future trends in the carbon budget of the alpine meadow ecosystem. The objective of this study was to explore the applicability of the Biome-BGC model (BBGC) in the Qinghai Lake Basin (QLB), identify the key parameters affecting the variation of net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and further predict the future trends in carbon budget in the QLB.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The alpine meadow mainly acted as carbon sink during the growing season. For the eco-physiological factors, the YEL (Yearday to end litterfall), YSNG (Yearday to start new growth), CLEC (Canopy light extinction coefficient), FRC:LC (New fine root C: new leaf C), SLA (Canopy average specific leaf area), C:N_leaf (C:N of leaves), and FLNR (Fraction of leaf N in Rubisco) were confirmed to be the top seven parameters affecting carbon budget of the alpine meadow. For the meteorological factors, the sensitivity of NEE to precipitation was greater than that to vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and it was greater to radiation than to air temperature. Moreover, the combined effect of two different meteorological factors on NEE was higher than the individual effect of each one. In the future, warming and wetting would enhance the carbon sink capacity of the alpine meadow during the growing season, but extreme warming (over 3.84 ℃) would reduce NEE (about 2.9%) in the SSP5-8.5 scenario.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Overall, the alpine meadow ecosystem in the QLB generally performs as a carbon sink at present and in the future. It is of great significance for the achievement of the goal of carbon neutrality and the management of alpine ecosystems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-023-00244-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138739670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of land cover change on the carbon stock of moist afromontane forests in the Majang Forest Biosphere Reserve","authors":"Semegnew Tadese,&nbsp;Teshome Soromessa,&nbsp;Abreham Berta Aneseye,&nbsp;Getaneh Gebeyehu,&nbsp;Tomasz Noszczyk,&nbsp;Mengistie Kindu","doi":"10.1186/s13021-023-00243-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-023-00243-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Backgorund</h3><p>Forest plays an important role in the global carbon cycle by sequestering carbon dioxide and thereby mitigating climate change. In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the effects of land use/land cover (LULC) change (1989–2017) on carbon stock and its economic values in tropical moist Afromontane forests of the Majang Forest Biosphere Reserve (MFBR), south-west Ethiopia. Systematic sampling was conducted to collect biomass and soil data from 140 plots in MFBR. The soil data were collected from grassland and farmland. InVEST modelling was employed to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of carbon stocks. Global Voluntary Market Price (GVMP) and Tropical Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) analysis was performed to estimate economic values (EV) of carbon stock dynamics. Correlation and regression analyses were also employed to identify the relationship between environmental and anthropogenic impacts on carbon stocks.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The results indicated that the above-ground carbon and soil organic carbon stocks were higher than the other remaining carbon pools in MFBR. The mean carbon stock (32.59 M tonne) in 2017 was lower than in 1989 (34.76 Mt) of MFBR. Similarly, the EV of carbon stock in 2017 was lower than in 1989. Elevation, slope, and harvesting index are important environmental and disturbance factors resulting in major differences in carbon stock among study sites in MFBR.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Therefore, the gradual reduction of carbon stocks in connection with LULC change calls for urgent attention to implement successful conservation and sustainable use of forest resources in biosphere reserves.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-023-00243-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138497459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enteric methane emission factors of smallholder dairy farming systems across intensification gradients in the central highlands of Ethiopia","authors":"Abraham Abera Feyissa,&nbsp;Feyera Senbeta,&nbsp;Adugna Tolera,&nbsp;Dawit Diriba,&nbsp;Kalaya Boonyanuwat","doi":"10.1186/s13021-023-00242-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-023-00242-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Following global pledges to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 30% by 2030 compared to the baseline level of 2020, improved quantification of GHG emissions from developing countries has become crucial. However, national GHG inventories in most Sub-Saharan African countries use default (Tier I) emission factors (EF_S) generated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to estimate enteric CH₄ emissions from animal agriculture. The present study provides an improved enteric CH₄ emission estimate (Tier II) based on animal energy requirements derived from animal characteristics and performance data collected from about 2500 cattle in 480 households from three smallholder farming systems to represent the common dairy farming in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Using average seasonal feed digestibility data, we estimated daily methane production by class of animal and farming system and subsequently generated improved EF.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Our findings revealed that the estimated average EF and emission intensities (EI) vary significantly across farming systems. The estimated value of EF for adult dairy cows was 73, 69, and 34 kg CH₄/cow/year for urban, peri-urban, and rural farming systems, respectively. Rural dairy farming had significantly higher emission intensity (EI) estimated at 1.78 CO₂-eq per kg of fat protein-corrected milk (FPCM) than peri-urban and urban 0.71 and 0.64 CO₂-eq kg⁻¹ FPCM dairy farming systems, respectively. The EF estimates in this study are lower than the IPCC's (2019) default value for both stall-fed high-productive and dual-purpose low-productive cows.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The current findings can be used as a baseline for the national emission inventory, which can be used to quantify the effects of future interventions, potentially improving the country's commitment to reducing GHG emissions. Similarly, this study suggests that increased animal productivity through improved feed has a considerable mitigation potential for reducing enteric methane emissions in smallholder dairy farming systems in the study area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10688001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138450606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mind the gap: reconciling tropical forest carbon flux estimates from earth observation and national reporting requires transparency","authors":"Viola Heinrich,&nbsp;Jo House,&nbsp;David A. Gibbs,&nbsp;Nancy Harris,&nbsp;Martin Herold,&nbsp;Giacomo Grassi,&nbsp;Roberta Cantinho,&nbsp;Thais M. Rosan,&nbsp;Barbara Zimbres,&nbsp;Julia Z. Shimbo,&nbsp;Joana Melo,&nbsp;Tristram Hales,&nbsp;Stephen Sitch,&nbsp;Luiz E. O. C. Aragão","doi":"10.1186/s13021-023-00240-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-023-00240-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The application of different approaches calculating the anthropogenic carbon net flux from land, leads to estimates that vary considerably. One reason for these variations is the extent to which approaches consider forest land to be “managed” by humans, and thus contributing to the net anthropogenic flux. Global Earth Observation (EO) datasets characterising spatio-temporal changes in land cover and carbon stocks provide an independent and consistent approach to estimate forest carbon fluxes. These can be compared against results reported in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (NGHGIs) to support accurate and timely measuring, reporting and verification (MRV). Using Brazil as a primary case study, with additional analysis in Indonesia and Malaysia, we compare a Global EO-based dataset of forest carbon fluxes to results reported in NGHGIs.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Between 2001 and 2020, the EO-derived estimates of all forest-related emissions and removals indicate that Brazil was a net sink of carbon (− 0.2 GtCO₂yr⁻¹), while Brazil’s NGHGI reported a net carbon source (+ 0.8 GtCO₂yr⁻¹). After adjusting the EO estimate to use the Brazilian NGHGI definition of managed forest and other assumptions used in the inventory’s methodology, the EO net flux became a source of + 0.6 GtCO₂yr⁻¹, comparable to the NGHGI. Remaining discrepancies are due largely to differing carbon removal factors and forest types applied in the two datasets. In Indonesia, the EO and NGHGI net flux estimates were similar (+ 0.6 GtCO₂ yr⁻¹), but in Malaysia, they differed in both magnitude and sign (NGHGI: -0.2 GtCO₂ yr⁻¹; Global EO: + 0.2 GtCO₂ yr⁻¹). Spatially explicit datasets on forest types were not publicly available for analysis from either NGHGI, limiting the possibility of detailed adjustments.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>By adjusting the EO dataset to improve comparability with carbon fluxes estimated for managed forests in the Brazilian NGHGI, initially diverging estimates were largely reconciled and remaining differences can be explained. Despite limited spatial data available for Indonesia and Malaysia, our comparison indicated specific aspects where differing approaches may explain divergence, including uncertainties and inaccuracies. Our study highlights the importance of enhanced transparency, as set out by the Paris Agreement, to enable alignment between different approaches for independent measuring and verification.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10662451/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138045947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}