Developing World Bioethics最新文献

{"title":"Personhood: An emergent view from Africa and the West.","authors":"Nancy S Jecker, Caesar A Atuire","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>African understandings of personhood are complex, with different accounts emphasizing distinct aspects of what it means to be a person. Some accounts stress excellence of character and performing well in social roles and relationships, while others focus on innate moral qualities of individuals independent of their conduct and character. This paper sheds new light on these twin aspects of personhood. It proposes a way to navigate these dual features by bringing African and Western personhood into conversation, building on the strengths of each approach, and developing a new view of personhood that we call, Emergent Personhood. Section 1 introduces diverse approaches to personhood within African thought. Section 2 compares African and Western approaches. Section 3 evaluates advantages and disadvantages of each and identifies conditions that any account of personhood must meet to leverage the advantages and avoid the disadvantages identified. Section 4 introduces Emergent Personhood, which meets these conditions. Section 5 concludes that expanding the conversation about personhood across cultures enriches an ongoing conversation about what it means to be a person.</p>","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142019458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with Saudi physicians' utilization of clinical ethics consultation services.","authors":"Ruaim A Muaygil, Raaoum M Jabor, Rahaf A Alrayes, Ghada S Alharbi, Shaima A Alqoud, Manar A Alenazi, Ftoon A Alenazi, Taim A Muayqil","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinical Ethics Consultation (CEC) aims to resolve ethical dilemmas at the bedside. Through a structured process, CEC allows practitioners and patients to consult ethicists at times of moral conflict or uncertainty. Over the past few decades, CEC has become an invaluable part of healthcare practice. In Saudi Arabia, however, CEC services remain inexplicably underutilized. This study attempts to understand the factors associated with Saudi physicians' utilization of CEC to better meet the needs of practitioners and patients. Results indicate that although physicians routinely experience moral dilemmas, they seldom request a CEC. This is not due to unfamiliarity, lack of accessibility, or suspicion of ethical expertise. Rather, reluctance is likely due to an ingrained medical cultural stronghold that pressures practitioners to act heroically, and to resolve ethical dilemmas independently. Recommendations to improve the utilization of CEC services include wider availability, active collaborations with clinical practitioners, routine quality improvements, and managerial and national support.</p>","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141617506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modifications to consent documentation with adults with communication disorders following brain injury: An exploratory study.","authors":"Jennifer Watermeyer, Chiara Aylward","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Consent documentation for research studies is often inaccessible to people with neurogenic communication disorders following brain injury and there is limited literature on specific modifications for informed consent. This exploratory study aimed to identify effective strategies and modifications to consent processes for adults with brain injury. Using a fictitious research study, we developed a set of Participant Information Sheets (PISs) varying in complexity, presentation format, and communication modality. Evaluations were conducted with eight participants. Findings indicated diverse participant preferences for PIS modifications, suggesting simplified vocabulary, reduced text, carefully selected images, and an interactive presentation modality as helpful strategies. Building on previous literature, we present refined guidelines for consent modifications for adults with neurogenic communication disorder after brain injury. These guidelines can promote more appropriate inclusion of communicatively impaired populations in research and assist ethics committees and researchers in preparing modified consent documents.</p>","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141617507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the legal situation regarding euthanasia in Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru: Towards a Latin American model of medical assistance in dying?","authors":"Luis Espericueta","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12457","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colombia was one of the first countries to decriminalise euthanasia. However, what is known in the international academic literature about the country's regulations is scarce and outdated. Such lack of information on the situation in Latin America is even more evident in the case of Peru, where the Lima Superior Court of Justice set a precedent by allowing a person to have access to euthanasia in 2021. Ecuador, which has just decriminalised euthanasia for all its citizens in February 2024, risks being similarly absent from the international dialogue. This article summarises for the first time all the regulations in force regarding euthanasia in Latin America, through a study of primary sources in Spanish, and analyses some of the convergences between these three neighbouring countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141592035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benefit-sharing with human participants in health research in South Africa: A call for clarity.","authors":"Claude Kamau, Larisse Prinsen, Donrich Thaldar","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study critically examines the concept of benefit-sharing in the context of health research involving human participants in South Africa, identifying a significant gap in the precision and application of terminology. It introduces a new terminological framework designed to provide clarity and facilitate standardisation in both national and international discourse on benefit-sharing. The analysis extends to the complex legal landscape in South Africa, highlighting the nuances of mandated, permitted, and prohibited practices of benefit-sharing across various statutes. This reveals substantial implications for ethics committees, researchers, and participants, emphasising the need for a legal and ethical recalibration. Furthermore, the manuscript critiques South Africa's main ethics instruments for their inadequate guidance on benefit-sharing and proposes recommendations for enhancing the Department of Health's ethics guidelines. By advocating for a coherent, legally informed approach to ethical decision-making, the study underscores the need for integrating the proposed framework and legal insights into ethics guidelines. This comprehensive strategy aims not only to advance ethical practices within South Africa but also to contribute significantly to the global discourse on benefit-sharing in health research.</p>","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141176791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ethics of research informed consent from the Kyrgyz perspective: A qualitative study.","authors":"Tamara Kudaibergenova","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12451","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To ensure informed consent is tailored to ethnic Asian communities, it is necessary to establish an ethical foundation that is relevant to the specific populations. We hypothesized that certain communitarian factors unique to traditional Kyrgyz culture may influence an individual's decision to participate in research. Guided by Seedhouse's (2005) Rational Field Theory, we conducted qualitative, in-depth interviews with cultural experts in Kyrgyzstan to identify the ethical foundations of decision-making for informed consent in Kyrgyz culture. The results indicate that Kyrgyz people have a distinctive decision-making style influenced by their nomadic culture and history, which values and prioritizes family integrity and reputation. These findings indicate that a multidimensional approach based on socio-cultural sensitivities is necessary to assess the appropriateness of consent procedures. We believe our results may have implications for revising the guidelines of local and regional research ethics committees in Kyrgyzstan and other Central Asian countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140923884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medically Assisted Dying in the Global South","authors":"Udo Schuklenk","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12450","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dewb.12450","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;As is often the case in discussions of global issues, developments in the global south are somewhat neglected. I noted in a recent Editorial in a previous issue of Developing World Bioethics significant achievements in terms of access to abortion care in a number of countries of the global south.1 This progress is largely ignored in media reports, given most large media organisations focus on the United States and other countries of the global north. The same holds true for developments in the context of medically assisted dying.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In recent years the number of jurisdictions that have decriminalized or legalized medically assisted dying involving assisted suicide or euthanasia has steadily increased in the global north. A somewhat heated debate continues not so much on the ethical permissibility of assisted dying, but on questions of scope, namely who should be eligible for an assisted death. Most controversial is the inclusion of non-terminally ill, decisionally-capable people with disabilities and/or mental illnesses. I have written elsewhere extensively on these issues.2 Today I want to draw your attention to an entirely different issue. Medical assistance in dying in the global south.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;During the last few years, Developing World Bioethics has seen a remarkable uptick of submissions from countries of the global south that address ethical issues of medically assisted dying in particular countries of the global south. Examples of this include articles on euthanasia in Colombia,3 Chile,4 India,5 Ecuador,6 and China7 (in no particular order). Ecuador and Colombia have legalised active euthanasia, and, in an interesting court case, a court in Peru permitted euthanasia for a particular patient. Chile permits passive euthanasia, as does India.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;At the time of writing court cases are progressing in various countries of the global south, with the aim to see the practice decriminalized or legalized, including, among others, in South Africa. Anton van Niekerk, a long-serving member of our Editorial Board, has been at the forefront of these debates in his native country.8 Willem Landman, a founding Editor of this journal is also actively involved in the South African court case. A peculiar South African contribution to the debates on assisted dying is the question of whether or not such a practice would be contrary to African culture. I am no expert on African culture, but I wonder whether there is a uniform African culture with an uncontroversial universally agreed-on view on assisted dying. Reportedly Teslio Thipanyane, the Head of the South African Human Rights Commission, declared publicly that the country's ‘constitutional rights of dignity and “of every individual to control of his or her own body” are a clear basis for euthanasia or assisted suicide.’ 9 Perhaps there is no such a thing then as an ‘African culture’ voice that would settle at least the question of whether or not euthanasia would be an un-African activity. Unsurprisin","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":"24 2","pages":"51"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dewb.12450","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140575574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The difficult path to euthanasia in Ecuador: A call for actions for other nations","authors":"Esteban Ortiz-Prado,&nbsp;Jorge Vasconez-Gonzalez,&nbsp;Juan S. Izquierdo-Condoy","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12449","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dewb.12449","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":"24 2","pages":"52-53"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140177565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A survey of the allocation of scarce resources in Türkiye during the COVID-19 pandemic: Which criteria did healthcare professionals prioritize?","authors":"Rahime Aydin Er, Gülten Çevik Nasirlier","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>COVID-19 caused an imbalance between medical resources and the number of patients in Türkiye like in many countries. There was not pandemic-triage system, and this situation led to decision making based on experience, intuition, and judgment of allocation of scarce resources. The research explains the guiding criteria that healthcare professionals used to prioritize the distribution of scarce medical resources during the COVID-19 pandemic. The criteria preferred by 928 healthcare professionals were evaluated when preventive measures for COVID-19 were reduced and so the number of cases increased rapidly. The results indicate that Turkish healthcare professionals largely support the utilitarian approach, which focuses on medical benefit in pandemic. The main problem was that some criteria not approved in COVID-19 triage guidelines were considered important by healthcare professionals. These criteria, which cause discrimination by preventing the provision of fair and equal medical care to patients, are a prominent issue in the study.</p>","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140177564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The informed consent process: An evaluation of the challenges and adherence of Ghanaian researchers.","authors":"Paa-Kwesi Blankson, Florence Akumiah, Amos Laar, Lisa Kearns, Samuel Asiedu Owusu","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study assessed challenges faced by researchers with the informed consent process (ICP). In-depth interviews were used to explore challenges encountered by Investigators, Research assistants, Institutional Review Board members and other stakeholders. An electronic questionnaire was also distributed, consisting of Likert-scale responses to questions on adherence to the ICP, which were derived from the Helsinki Declaration and an informed consent checklist of the US Department of Health and Human Research (HSS). Responses were weighted numerically and scores calculated for each participant. The median score of the level of adherence to the informed consent process was 93%. Most of the respondents (60%) cited the lack of time for the ICP to be a challenge, with 65% indicating a lengthy consent document to be the main challenge with the informed consent document. Challenges with language and communication were the dominant theme among informants. Despite the high adherence of Ghanaian researchers and research assistants to the ICP, challenges are still prevalent, requiring diligent and continuous efforts in research implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140112102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}