Epidemiologic Reviews最新文献_第9页

Vitamin D and Cancer Risk and Mortality: State of the Science, Gaps, and Challenges. 维生素D与癌症风险和死亡率:科学现状、差距和挑战。

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxx005

Alison M Mondul, Stephanie J Weinstein, Tracy M Layne, Demetrius Albanes

{"title":"Vitamin D and Cancer Risk and Mortality: State of the Science, Gaps, and Challenges.","authors":"Alison M Mondul, Stephanie J Weinstein, Tracy M Layne, Demetrius Albanes","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxx005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxx005","url":null,"abstract":"There has been substantial enthusiasm recently regarding the potential role of vitamin D in the primary and secondary prevention of cancer. Laboratory studies demonstrate a range of anticarcinogenic effects for vitamin D compounds, but human studies have yielded little consistent evidence supporting a protective association. Higher circulating levels of vitamin D (i.e., 25-hydroxyvitamin D or 25(OH)D) appear to be associated with reduced risk of colorectal and bladder malignancies, but higher risk of prostate and possibly pancreatic cancers, with no clear association for most other organ sites examined. Despite there being no official institutional recommendations regarding the use of vitamin D supplements for cancer prevention, screenings for vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D supplement use have increased substantially over the past decade. These widespread practices demonstrate that population sociobehavioral changes are often adopted before scientifically well-informed policies and recommendations are available. This review critically examines the currently available epidemiologic literature regarding the associations between circulating 25(OH)D, vitamin D supplementation, and vitamin D-related genetic variation and cancer risk and mortality, with a particular emphasis on prospective studies. We identify several important gaps in our scientific knowledge that should be addressed in order to provide sufficient reproducible data to inform evidence-based recommendations related to optimal 25(OH)D concentrations (and any role for vitamin D supplementation) for the primary and secondary prevention of cancer. With few exceptions, such recommendations cannot be made at this time.","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"39 1","pages":"28-48"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxx005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34980184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 144

RE: "DISASTERS: INTRODUCTION AND STATE OF THE ART". 回复:“灾难:介绍和最新技术”。

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxx010

引用次数: 0

Alcohol Use and Firearm Violence. 饮酒与枪支暴力。

IF 5.2 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2016-01-24 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxv010

Charles C Branas, SeungHoon Han, Douglas J Wiebe

{"title":"Alcohol Use and Firearm Violence.","authors":"Charles C Branas, SeungHoon Han, Douglas J Wiebe","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxv010","DOIUrl":"10.1093/epirev/mxv010","url":null,"abstract":"Although the misuse of firearms is necessary to the occurrence of firearm violence, there are other contributing factors beyond simply firearms themselves that might also be modified to prevent firearm violence. Alcohol is one such key modifiable factor. To explore this, we undertook a 40-year (1975-2014) systematic literature review with meta-analysis. One large group of studies showed that over one third of firearm violence decedents had acutely consumed alcohol and over one fourth had heavily consumed alcohol prior to their deaths. Another large group of studies showed that alcohol was significantly associated with firearm use as a suicide means. Two controlled studies showed that gun injury after drinking, especially heavy drinking, was statistically significant among self-inflicted firearm injury victims. A small group of studies investigated the intersection of alcohol and firearms laws and alcohol outlets and firearm violence. One of these controlled studies found that off-premise outlets selling takeout alcohol were significantly associated with firearm assault. Additional controlled, population-level risk factor and intervention studies, including randomized trials of which only 1 was identified, are needed. Policies that rezone off-premise alcohol outlets, proscribe blood alcohol levels and enhance penalties for carrying or using firearms while intoxicated, and consider prior drunk driving convictions as a more precise criterion for disqualifying persons from the purchase or possession of firearms deserve further study. ","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"38 1 1","pages":"32-45"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4762248/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60827318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Editorial Board. 编辑委员会。

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxv015

引用次数: 0

Subscription Page. 订阅页面。

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxv016

引用次数: 0

Are We Missing Something Pertinent? A Bias Analysis of Unmeasured Confounding in the Firearm-Suicide Literature. 我们是否错过了一些相关的东西?枪械自杀文献中未测量混杂的偏倚分析。

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxv011

M. Miller, S. Swanson, D. Azrael

{"title":"Are We Missing Something Pertinent? A Bias Analysis of Unmeasured Confounding in the Firearm-Suicide Literature.","authors":"M. Miller, S. Swanson, D. Azrael","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxv011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxv011","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the magnitude and consistency of risk estimates in the peer-reviewed literature linking firearm availability and suicide, inferring causality has been questioned on the theoretical basis that existing studies may have failed to account for the possibility that members of households with firearms differ from members of households without firearms in important ways related to suicide risk. The current bias analysis directly addresses this concern by describing the salient characteristics that such an unmeasured confounder would need to possess in order to yield the associations between firearm availability and suicide observed in the literature when, in fact, the causal effect is null. Four US studies, published between 1992 and 2003, met our eligibility criteria. We find that any such unmeasured confounder would need to possess an untenable combination of characteristics, such as being not only 1) as potent a suicide risk factor as the psychiatric disorders most tightly linked to suicide (e.g., major depressive and substance use disorders) but also 2) an order of magnitude more imbalanced across households with versus without firearms than is any known risk factor. No such confounder has been found or even suggested. The current study strongly suggests that unmeasured confounding alone is unlikely to explain the association between firearms and suicide.","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"16 1","pages":"62-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxv011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60827332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 49

The Transmission of Gun and Other Weapon-Involved Violence Within Social Networks. 社会网络中枪支和其他武器暴力的传播。

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxv009

Melissa Tracy, A. Braga, A. Papachristos

{"title":"The Transmission of Gun and Other Weapon-Involved Violence Within Social Networks.","authors":"Melissa Tracy, A. Braga, A. Papachristos","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxv009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxv009","url":null,"abstract":"Fatal and nonfatal injuries resulting from gun violence remain a persistent problem in the United States. The available research suggests that gun violence diffuses among people and across places through social relationships. Understanding the relationship between gun violence within social networks and individual gun violence risk is critical in preventing the spread of gun violence within populations. This systematic review examines the existing scientific evidence on the transmission of gun and other weapon-related violence in household, intimate partner, peer, and co-offending networks. Our review identified 16 studies published between 1996 and 2015 that suggest that exposure to a victim or perpetrator of violence in one's interpersonal relationships and social networks increases the risk of individual victimization and perpetration. Formal network analyses find high concentrations of gun violence in small networks and that exposure to gun violence in one's networks is highly correlated with one's own probability of being a gunshot victim. Physical violence by parents and weapon use by intimate partners also increase risk for victimization and perpetration. Additional work is needed to better characterize the mechanisms through which network exposures increase individual risk for violence and to evaluate interventions aimed at disrupting the spread of gun and other weapon violence in high-risk social networks.","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"38 1 1","pages":"70-86"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxv009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60827270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 56

Clinician Attitudes, Screening Practices, and Interventions to Reduce Firearm-Related Injury. 临床医生的态度，筛选做法和干预措施，以减少枪支相关伤害。

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxv005

Paul J D Roszko, Jonathan Ameli, Patrick M Carter, Rebecca M Cunningham, Megan L Ranney

{"title":"Clinician Attitudes, Screening Practices, and Interventions to Reduce Firearm-Related Injury.","authors":"Paul J D Roszko, Jonathan Ameli, Patrick M Carter, Rebecca M Cunningham, Megan L Ranney","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxv005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxv005","url":null,"abstract":"Firearm injury is a leading cause of injury-related morbidity and mortality in the United States. We sought to systematically identify and summarize existing literature on clinical firearm injury prevention screening and interventions. We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycInfo, and ClinicalTrials.gov for English-language original research (published 1992-2014) on clinical screening methods, patient-level firearm interventions, or patient/provider attitudes on the same. Unrelated studies were excluded through title, abstract, and full-text review, and the remaining articles underwent data abstraction and quality scoring. Of a total of 3,260 unique titles identified, 72 were included in the final review. Fifty-three articles examined clinician attitudes/practice patterns; prior training, experience, and expectations correlated with clinicians' regularity of firearm screening. Twelve articles assessed patient interventions, of which 6 were randomized controlled trials. Seven articles described patient attitudes; all were of low methodological quality. According to these articles, providers rarely screen or counsel their patients-even high-risk patients-about firearm safety. Health-care-based interventions may increase rates of safe storage of firearms for pediatric patients, suicidal patients, and other high-risk groups. Some studies show that training clinicians can increase rates of effective firearm safety screening and counseling. Patients and families are, for the most part, accepting of such screening and counseling. However, the current literature is, by and large, not high quality. Rigorous, large-scale, adequately funded studies are needed. ","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"38 1","pages":"87-110"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxv005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10379394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 139

The Relationship Between Controlled Substances and Violence. 管制物质与暴力的关系。

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxv008

E. Mcginty, Seema Choksy, G. Wintemute

{"title":"The Relationship Between Controlled Substances and Violence.","authors":"E. Mcginty, Seema Choksy, G. Wintemute","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxv008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxv008","url":null,"abstract":"A causal relationship between controlled substances and firearm violence has been widely assumed in the United States, and federal law prohibits individuals who are \"unlawful users of or addicted to any controlled substance\" from purchasing or possessing firearms (68 FR 3750. 2003. Codified at 27 CFR §478.11). However, the law does a poor job of defining \"unlawful users,\" resulting in recent calls for a revised, actionable definition. Such a definition should be informed by research evidence, but to date the epidemiologic research on the relationship between controlled substances and violence has not been comprehensively reviewed. The initial goal of this review was to summarize the best available evidence on the relationship between controlled substances and firearm violence, but only 1 study specific to firearm violence was identified. We therefore reviewed studies of this relationship using broader measures of interpersonal violence and suicide, all of which included but were not limited to firearm violence, and measures of illicit firearm carrying. Prospective longitudinal studies (n = 22) from 1990 to 2014 were identified by using searches of online databases and citation tracking. Information was extracted from each study by using a standardized protocol. Quality of evidence was independently assessed by 2 reviewers. Aggregate measures of controlled substance use were associated with increased interpersonal violence and suicide, but evidence regarding the relationship between specific substances and violence was mixed. Involvement in illegal drug sales was consistently associated with interpersonal violence. To effectively revise extant federal law and delineate appropriate prohibiting criteria, more research is needed to understand the relationship between controlled substances and firearm violence.","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"38 1 1","pages":"5-31"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxv008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60827259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 39

Association Between Substance Use and Gun-Related Behaviors. 物质使用与枪支相关行为之间的关系。

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxv013

Danhong Chen, Li-Tzy Wu

{"title":"Association Between Substance Use and Gun-Related Behaviors.","authors":"Danhong Chen, Li-Tzy Wu","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxv013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxv013","url":null,"abstract":"Gun-related violence is a public health concern. This study synthesizes findings on associations between substance use and gun-related behaviors. Searches through PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO located 66 studies published in English between 1992 and 2014. Most studies found a significant bivariate association between substance use and increased odds of gun-related behaviors. However, their association after adjustment was mixed, which could be attributed to a number of factors such as variations in definitions of substance use and gun activity, study design, sample demographics, and the specific covariates considered. Fewer studies identified a significant association between substance use and gun access/possession than other gun activities. The significant association between nonsubstance covariates (e.g., demographic covariates and other behavioral risk factors) and gun-related behaviors might have moderated the association between substance use and gun activities. Particularly, the strength of association between substance use and gun activities tended to reduce appreciably or to become nonsignificant after adjustment for mental disorders. Some studies indicated a positive association between the frequency of substance use and the odds of engaging in gun-related behaviors. Overall, the results suggest a need to consider substance use in research and prevention programs for gun-related violence.","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"38 1 1","pages":"46-61"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxv013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60827375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 28