Epidemiologic Reviews最新文献_第9页

The Transmission of Gun and Other Weapon-Involved Violence Within Social Networks. 社会网络中枪支和其他武器暴力的传播。

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxv009

Melissa Tracy, A. Braga, A. Papachristos

{"title":"The Transmission of Gun and Other Weapon-Involved Violence Within Social Networks.","authors":"Melissa Tracy, A. Braga, A. Papachristos","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxv009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxv009","url":null,"abstract":"Fatal and nonfatal injuries resulting from gun violence remain a persistent problem in the United States. The available research suggests that gun violence diffuses among people and across places through social relationships. Understanding the relationship between gun violence within social networks and individual gun violence risk is critical in preventing the spread of gun violence within populations. This systematic review examines the existing scientific evidence on the transmission of gun and other weapon-related violence in household, intimate partner, peer, and co-offending networks. Our review identified 16 studies published between 1996 and 2015 that suggest that exposure to a victim or perpetrator of violence in one's interpersonal relationships and social networks increases the risk of individual victimization and perpetration. Formal network analyses find high concentrations of gun violence in small networks and that exposure to gun violence in one's networks is highly correlated with one's own probability of being a gunshot victim. Physical violence by parents and weapon use by intimate partners also increase risk for victimization and perpetration. Additional work is needed to better characterize the mechanisms through which network exposures increase individual risk for violence and to evaluate interventions aimed at disrupting the spread of gun and other weapon violence in high-risk social networks.","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"38 1 1","pages":"70-86"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxv009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60827270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 56

Clinician Attitudes, Screening Practices, and Interventions to Reduce Firearm-Related Injury. 临床医生的态度，筛选做法和干预措施，以减少枪支相关伤害。

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxv005

Paul J D Roszko, Jonathan Ameli, Patrick M Carter, Rebecca M Cunningham, Megan L Ranney

{"title":"Clinician Attitudes, Screening Practices, and Interventions to Reduce Firearm-Related Injury.","authors":"Paul J D Roszko, Jonathan Ameli, Patrick M Carter, Rebecca M Cunningham, Megan L Ranney","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxv005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxv005","url":null,"abstract":"Firearm injury is a leading cause of injury-related morbidity and mortality in the United States. We sought to systematically identify and summarize existing literature on clinical firearm injury prevention screening and interventions. We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycInfo, and ClinicalTrials.gov for English-language original research (published 1992-2014) on clinical screening methods, patient-level firearm interventions, or patient/provider attitudes on the same. Unrelated studies were excluded through title, abstract, and full-text review, and the remaining articles underwent data abstraction and quality scoring. Of a total of 3,260 unique titles identified, 72 were included in the final review. Fifty-three articles examined clinician attitudes/practice patterns; prior training, experience, and expectations correlated with clinicians' regularity of firearm screening. Twelve articles assessed patient interventions, of which 6 were randomized controlled trials. Seven articles described patient attitudes; all were of low methodological quality. According to these articles, providers rarely screen or counsel their patients-even high-risk patients-about firearm safety. Health-care-based interventions may increase rates of safe storage of firearms for pediatric patients, suicidal patients, and other high-risk groups. Some studies show that training clinicians can increase rates of effective firearm safety screening and counseling. Patients and families are, for the most part, accepting of such screening and counseling. However, the current literature is, by and large, not high quality. Rigorous, large-scale, adequately funded studies are needed. ","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"38 1","pages":"87-110"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxv005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10379394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 139

The Relationship Between Controlled Substances and Violence. 管制物质与暴力的关系。

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxv008

E. Mcginty, Seema Choksy, G. Wintemute

{"title":"The Relationship Between Controlled Substances and Violence.","authors":"E. Mcginty, Seema Choksy, G. Wintemute","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxv008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxv008","url":null,"abstract":"A causal relationship between controlled substances and firearm violence has been widely assumed in the United States, and federal law prohibits individuals who are \"unlawful users of or addicted to any controlled substance\" from purchasing or possessing firearms (68 FR 3750. 2003. Codified at 27 CFR §478.11). However, the law does a poor job of defining \"unlawful users,\" resulting in recent calls for a revised, actionable definition. Such a definition should be informed by research evidence, but to date the epidemiologic research on the relationship between controlled substances and violence has not been comprehensively reviewed. The initial goal of this review was to summarize the best available evidence on the relationship between controlled substances and firearm violence, but only 1 study specific to firearm violence was identified. We therefore reviewed studies of this relationship using broader measures of interpersonal violence and suicide, all of which included but were not limited to firearm violence, and measures of illicit firearm carrying. Prospective longitudinal studies (n = 22) from 1990 to 2014 were identified by using searches of online databases and citation tracking. Information was extracted from each study by using a standardized protocol. Quality of evidence was independently assessed by 2 reviewers. Aggregate measures of controlled substance use were associated with increased interpersonal violence and suicide, but evidence regarding the relationship between specific substances and violence was mixed. Involvement in illegal drug sales was consistently associated with interpersonal violence. To effectively revise extant federal law and delineate appropriate prohibiting criteria, more research is needed to understand the relationship between controlled substances and firearm violence.","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"38 1 1","pages":"5-31"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxv008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60827259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 39

Association Between Substance Use and Gun-Related Behaviors. 物质使用与枪支相关行为之间的关系。

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxv013

Danhong Chen, Li-Tzy Wu

{"title":"Association Between Substance Use and Gun-Related Behaviors.","authors":"Danhong Chen, Li-Tzy Wu","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxv013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxv013","url":null,"abstract":"Gun-related violence is a public health concern. This study synthesizes findings on associations between substance use and gun-related behaviors. Searches through PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO located 66 studies published in English between 1992 and 2014. Most studies found a significant bivariate association between substance use and increased odds of gun-related behaviors. However, their association after adjustment was mixed, which could be attributed to a number of factors such as variations in definitions of substance use and gun activity, study design, sample demographics, and the specific covariates considered. Fewer studies identified a significant association between substance use and gun access/possession than other gun activities. The significant association between nonsubstance covariates (e.g., demographic covariates and other behavioral risk factors) and gun-related behaviors might have moderated the association between substance use and gun activities. Particularly, the strength of association between substance use and gun activities tended to reduce appreciably or to become nonsignificant after adjustment for mental disorders. Some studies indicated a positive association between the frequency of substance use and the odds of engaging in gun-related behaviors. Overall, the results suggest a need to consider substance use in research and prevention programs for gun-related violence.","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"38 1 1","pages":"46-61"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxv013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60827375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 28

Epidemiologic Evidence to Guide the Understanding and Prevention of Gun Violence. 指导理解和预防枪支暴力的流行病学证据。

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxv018

D. Webster, M. Cerdá, G. Wintemute, P. Cook

引用次数: 20

What Do We Know About the Association Between Firearm Legislation and Firearm-Related Injuries? 我们对火器立法与火器相关伤害之间的联系了解多少？

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2016-02-10 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxv012

Julian Santaella-Tenorio, Magdalena Cerdá, Andrés Villaveces, Sandro Galea

{"title":"What Do We Know About the Association Between Firearm Legislation and Firearm-Related Injuries?","authors":"Julian Santaella-Tenorio, Magdalena Cerdá, Andrés Villaveces, Sandro Galea","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxv012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxv012","url":null,"abstract":"Firearms account for a substantial proportion of external causes of death, injury, and disability across the world. Legislation to regulate firearms has often been passed with the intent of reducing problems related to their use. However, lack of clarity around which interventions are effective remains a major challenge for policy development. Aiming to meet this challenge, we systematically reviewed studies exploring the associations between firearm-related laws and firearm homicides, suicides, and unintentional injuries/deaths. We restricted our search to studies published from 1950 to 2014. Evidence from 130 studies in 10 countries suggests that in certain nations the simultaneous implementation of laws targeting multiple firearms restrictions is associated with reductions in firearm deaths. Laws restricting the purchase of (e.g., background checks) and access to (e.g., safer storage) firearms are also associated with lower rates of intimate partner homicides and firearm unintentional deaths in children, respectively. Limitations of studies include challenges inherent to their ecological design, their execution, and the lack of robustness of findings to model specifications. High quality research on the association between the implementation or repeal of firearm legislation (rather than the evaluation of existing laws) and firearm injuries would lead to a better understanding of what interventions are likely to work given local contexts. This information is key to move this field forward and for the development of effective policies that may counteract the burden that firearm injuries pose on populations. ","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"38 1","pages":"140-57"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxv012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41162651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 164

Risks and Targeted Interventions: Firearms in Intimate Partner Violence. 风险和针对性干预:亲密伴侣暴力中的枪支。

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxv007

A. Zeoli, Rebecca Malinski, Brandon S. Turchan

{"title":"Risks and Targeted Interventions: Firearms in Intimate Partner Violence.","authors":"A. Zeoli, Rebecca Malinski, Brandon S. Turchan","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxv007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxv007","url":null,"abstract":"The use of firearms in intimate partner violence (IPV) is widely recognized as an important public health threat. However, what we know about the risks of firearm access on IPV outcomes is limited. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to determine the state of knowledge on 1) the risks of firearm access and use in IPV and 2) the effectiveness of interventions designed specifically to reduce firearm violence in intimate relationships. Only studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals from 1990 through 2014 were included. Results of the review suggest that, when violent intimates have access to firearms, IPV increases in severity and deadliness; however, increases in severity may not be due to firearm use. Additionally, statutes prohibiting persons under domestic violence restraining orders from accessing firearms are associated with reductions in intimate partner homicide, but certain provisions of these laws and their enforcement may impact their effectiveness. Future research should focus on elucidating the link between firearm access and increased IPV severity and on investigating whether and which specific provisions of domestic violence restraining order laws impact the laws' effectiveness. Additionally, more evaluations of initiatives designed to improve the enforcement of domestic violence restraining order firearm prohibitions are needed.","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"38 1 1","pages":"125-39"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxv007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60827212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 70

Effectiveness of Interventions to Promote Safe Firearm Storage. 促进枪支安全储存的干预措施的有效性。

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxv006

A. Rowhani-Rahbar, J. Simonetti, F. Rivara

{"title":"Effectiveness of Interventions to Promote Safe Firearm Storage.","authors":"A. Rowhani-Rahbar, J. Simonetti, F. Rivara","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxv006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxv006","url":null,"abstract":"Despite supportive evidence for an association between safe firearm storage and lower risk of firearm injury, the effectiveness of interventions that promote such practices remains unclear. Guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist, we conducted a systematic review of randomized and quasi-experimental controlled studies of safe firearm storage interventions using a prespecified search of 9 electronic databases with no restrictions on language, year, or location from inception through May 27, 2015. Study selection and data extraction were independently performed by 2 investigators. The Cochrane Collaboration's domain-specific tool for assessing risk of bias was used to evaluate the quality of included studies. Seven clinic- and community-based studies published in 2000-2012 using counseling with or without safety device provision met the inclusion criteria. All 3 studies that provided a safety device significantly improved firearm storage practices, while 3 of 4 studies that provided no safety device failed to show an effect. Heterogeneity of studies precluded conducting a meta-analysis. We discuss methodological considerations, gaps in the literature, and recommendations for conducting future studies. Although additional studies are needed, the totality of evidence suggests that counseling augmented by device provision can effectively encourage individuals to store their firearms safely.","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"38 1 1","pages":"111-24"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxv006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60827202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 127

Risk factors for homelessness among US veterans. 美国退伍军人无家可归的危险因素。

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2015-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-01-16 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxu004

Jack Tsai, Robert A Rosenheck

{"title":"Risk factors for homelessness among US veterans.","authors":"Jack Tsai, Robert A Rosenheck","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxu004","DOIUrl":"10.1093/epirev/mxu004","url":null,"abstract":"Homelessness among US veterans has been a focus of research for over 3 decades. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, this is the first systematic review to summarize research on risk factors for homelessness among US veterans and to evaluate the evidence for these risk factors. Thirty-one studies published from 1987 to 2014 were divided into 3 categories: more rigorous studies, less rigorous studies, and studies comparing homeless veterans with homeless nonveterans. The strongest and most consistent risk factors were substance use disorders and mental illness, followed by low income and other income-related factors. There was some evidence that social isolation, adverse childhood experiences, and past incarceration were also important risk factors. Veterans, especially those who served since the advent of the all-volunteer force, were at greater risk for homelessness than other adults. Homeless veterans were generally older, better educated, and more likely to be male, married/have been married, and to have health insurance coverage than other homeless adults. More studies simultaneously addressing premilitary, military, and postmilitary risk factors for veteran homelessness are needed. This review identifies substance use disorders, mental illness, and low income as targets for policies and programs in efforts to end homelessness among veterans. ","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"37 ","pages":"177-95"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxu004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32982226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 188

Alcohol and drug misuse, abuse, and dependence in women veterans. 女性退伍军人的酒精和药物滥用、滥用和依赖。

IF 5.5 2区医学

Epidemiologic Reviews Pub Date : 2015-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-01-21 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxu010

Katherine J Hoggatt, Andrea L Jamison, Keren Lehavot, Michael A Cucciare, Christine Timko, Tracy L Simpson

{"title":"Alcohol and drug misuse, abuse, and dependence in women veterans.","authors":"Katherine J Hoggatt, Andrea L Jamison, Keren Lehavot, Michael A Cucciare, Christine Timko, Tracy L Simpson","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxu010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxu010","url":null,"abstract":"We conducted a systematic literature review on substance misuse, abuse, and dependence in women veterans, including National Guard/reserve members. We identified 837 articles published between 1980 and 2013. Of 56 included studies, 32 reported rates of alcohol misuse, binge drinking, or other unhealthy alcohol use not meeting diagnostic criteria for abuse or dependence, and 33 reported rates of drug misuse or diagnosed alcohol or drug use disorders. Rates ranged from 4% to 37% for alcohol misuse and from 7% to 25% for binge drinking; among Veterans Health Administration (VA) health-care system outpatients, rates ranged from 3% to 16% for substance use disorder. Studies comparing women veterans and civilians reported no clear differences in binge or heavy drinking. Substance misuse rates were generally lower among women veterans than men veterans. Substance misuse was associated with higher rates of trauma, psychiatric and medical conditions, and increased mortality and suicide rates. Most studies included only VA patients, and many used only VA medical record data; therefore, the reported substance misuse rates likely do not reflect true prevalence. Rates also varied by assessment method, source of data, and the subgroups studied. Further efforts to develop epidemiologically valid prevalence estimates are needed to capture the true health burden of substance misuse in women veterans, particularly those not using VA care. ","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"37 ","pages":"23-37"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxu010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32992612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 61