Epidemiologic Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs and Prescription Opioid-Related Outcomes in the United States.","authors":"Victor Puac-Polanco, Stanford Chihuri, David S Fink, Magdalena Cerdá, Katherine M Keyes, Guohua Li","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxaa002","DOIUrl":"10.1093/epirev/mxaa002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) are a crucial component of federal and state governments' response to the opioid epidemic. Evidence about the effectiveness of PDMPs in reducing prescription opioid-related adverse outcomes is mixed. We conducted a systematic review to examine whether PDMP implementation within the United States is associated with changes in 4 prescription opioid-related outcome domains: opioid prescribing behaviors, opioid diversion and supply, opioid-related morbidity and substance-use disorders, and opioid-related deaths. We searched for eligible publications in Embase, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, and Web of Science. A total of 29 studies, published between 2009 and 2019, met the inclusion criteria. Of the 16 studies examining PDMPs and prescribing behaviors, 11 found that implementing PDMPs reduced prescribing behaviors. All 3 studies on opioid diversion and supply reported reductions in the examined outcomes. In the opioid-related morbidity and substance-use disorders domain, 7 of 8 studies found associations with prescription opioid-related outcomes. Four of 8 studies in the opioid-related deaths domain reported reduced mortality rates. Despite the mixed findings, emerging evidence supports that the implementation of state PDMPs reduces opioid prescriptions, opioid diversion and supply, and opioid-related morbidity and substance-use disorder outcomes. When PDMP characteristics were examined, mandatory access provisions were associated with reductions in prescribing behaviors, diversion outcomes, hospital admissions, substance-use disorders, and mortality rates. Inconsistencies in the evidence base across outcome domains are due to analytical approaches across studies and, to some extent, heterogeneities in PDMP policies implemented across states and over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"134-153"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7947593/pdf/mxaa002.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37797959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug Use Disorders and Violence: Associations With Individual Drug Categories.","authors":"Shaoling Zhong, Rongqin Yu, Seena Fazel","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxaa006","DOIUrl":"10.1093/epirev/mxaa006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We conducted a systematic review that examined the link between individual drug categories and violent outcomes. We searched for primary case-control and cohort investigations that reported risk of violence against others among individuals diagnosed with drug use disorders using validated clinical criteria, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. We identified 18 studies published during 1990-2019, reporting data from 591,411 individuals with drug use disorders. We reported odds ratios of the violence risk in different categories of drug use disorders compared with those without. We found odds ratios ranging from 0.8 to 25.0 for most individual drug categories, with generally higher odds ratios among individuals with polydrug use disorders. In addition, we explored sources of between-study heterogeneity by subgroup and meta-regression analyses. Cohort investigations reported a lower risk of violence than case-control reports (odds ratio =  2.7 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.1, 3.5) vs. 6.6 (95% CI: 5.1, 8.6)), and associations were stronger when the outcome was any violence rather than intimate partner violence (odds ratio = 5.7 (95% CI: 3.8, 8.6) vs. 1.7 (95% CI: 1.4, 2.1)), which was consistent with results from the meta-regression. Overall, these findings highlight the potential impact of preventing and treating drug use disorders on reducing violence risk and associated morbidities.</p>","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"103-116"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7879597/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38546509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Correlates of Providing and Receiving Assistance With the Transition to Injection Drug Use.","authors":"Rachel E Gicquelais,&nbsp;Dan Werb,&nbsp;Charles Marks,&nbsp;Carolyn Ziegler,&nbsp;Shruti H Mehta,&nbsp;Becky L Genberg,&nbsp;Ayden I Scheim","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxaa008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxaa008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Preventing the transition to injection drug use is an important public health goal, as people who inject drugs (PWID) are at high risk for overdose and acquisition of infectious disease. Initiation into drug injection is primarily a social process, often involving PWID assistance. A better understanding of the epidemiology of this phenomenon would inform interventions to prevent injection initiation and to enhance safety when assistance is provided. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to 1) characterize the prevalence of receiving (among injection-naive persons) and providing (among PWID) help or guidance with the first drug injection and 2) identify correlates associated with these behaviors. Correlates were organized as substance use behaviors, health outcomes (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus infection), or factors describing an individual's social, economic, policy, or physical environment, defined by means of Rhodes' risk environments framework. After screening of 1,164 abstracts, 57 studies were included. The prevalence of receiving assistance with injection initiation (help or guidance at the first injection) ranged 74% to 100% (n = 13 estimates). The prevalence of ever providing assistance with injection initiation varied widely (range, 13%-69%; n = 13 estimates). Injecting norms, sex/gender, and other correlates classified within Rhodes' social risk environment were commonly associated with providing and receiving assistance. Nearly all PWID receive guidance about injecting for the first time, whereas fewer PWID report providing assistance. Substantial clinical and statistical heterogeneity between studies precluded meta-analysis, and thus local-level estimates may be necessary to guide the implementation of future psychosocial and sociostructural interventions. Further, estimates of providing assistance may be downwardly biased because of social desirability factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"4-18"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxaa008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38462559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescription Opioid Use Among Populations of Reproductive Age: Effects on Fertility, Pregnancy Loss, and Pregnancy Complications.","authors":"Kerry S Flannagan,&nbsp;Lindsey A Sjaarda,&nbsp;Sunni L Mumford,&nbsp;Enrique F Schisterman","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxaa007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxaa007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prescription opioid use is common among men and women of reproductive age, including during assisted-reproduction procedures. Opioid use disorder and chronic use are associated with harms to fertility and pregnancy outcomes, but it is unclear whether these associations extend to common short-term patterns of prescription opioid use. We conducted a literature review using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus to identify studies of nonchronic, nondependent opioid use and reproductive endpoints including fertility, pregnancy loss, and pregnancy complications (i.e., preterm birth, birth weight, gestational diabetes, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy). Seventeen studies were included. Although results of the studies suggest possible harms of short-term opioid use on fertility and pregnancy loss, methodologic limitations and the small number of studies make the literature inconclusive. This review highlights important data gaps that must be addressed to make conclusions about potential reproductive effects of short-term opioid use. These include the need for additional data on opioid use before clinically recognized pregnancy; accurate measurement of opioid exposure by multiple means with detailed information on the types and quantity of opioids used; assessment of important confounders, including opioid use indication, comorbidities, and use of other medications and substances; and studies of paternal opioid use, fertility, and pregnancy outcomes. A primary limitation of this review targeting studies of nonchronic opioid exposure is the possibility that selected studies included populations with unspecified chronic or dependent opioid use. Efforts to understand the impact of the prescription opioid epidemic should address potential reproductive harms of these medications among people of reproductive age.</p>","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"117-133"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxaa007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38443799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adherence to and Retention in Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Among Adolescents and Young Adults.","authors":"Adam Viera, Daniel J Bromberg, Shannon Whittaker, Bryan M Refsland, Milena Stanojlović, Kate Nyhan, Frederick L Altice","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxaa001","DOIUrl":"10.1093/epirev/mxaa001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The volatile opioid epidemic is associated with higher levels of opioid use disorder (OUD) and negative health outcomes in adolescents and young adults. Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) demonstrate the best evidence for treating OUD. Adherence to and retention in MOUD, defined as continuous engagement in treatment, among adolescents and young adults, however, is incompletely understood. We examined the state of the literature regarding the association of age with adherence to and retention in MOUD using methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone among persons aged 10-24 years, along with related facilitators and barriers. All studies of MOUD were searched for that examined adherence, retention, or related concepts as an outcome variable and included adolescents or young adults. Search criteria generated 10,229 records; after removing duplicates and screening titles and abstracts, 587 studies were identified for full-text review. Ultimately, 52 articles met inclusion criteria for abstraction and 17 were selected for qualitative coding and analysis. Younger age was consistently associated with shorter retention, although the overall quality of included studies was low. Several factors at the individual, interpersonal, and institutional levels, such as concurrent substance use, MOUD adherence, family conflict, and MOUD dosage and flexibility, appeared to have roles in MOUD retention among adolescents and young adults. Ways MOUD providers can tailor treatment to increase retention of adolescents and young adults are highlighted, as is the need for more research explaining MOUD adherence and retention disparities in this age group.</p>","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"41-56"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8087870/pdf/mxaa001.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37794200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Worldwide Opioid Pandemic: Epidemiologic Perspectives.","authors":"David Celentano","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxaa012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxaa012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxaa012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38744925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CEPI: Driving Progress Toward Epidemic Preparedness and Response","authors":"D. Gouglas, Marios Christodoulou, S. Plotkin, R. Hatchett","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxz012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxz012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) was formed in the aftermath of the 2014–2015 Ebola outbreak in west Africa to support the development of vaccines that could improve the world’s preparedness against outbreaks of epidemic infectious diseases. Since its launch in 2017, CEPI has mobilized more than US$750 million to support its mission to develop vaccines against agents such as Lassa virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and Nipah virus, as well as several rapid-response vaccine platforms to accelerate response times to unexpected epidemic threats. CEPI has also played a leading role in fostering institutional partnerships between public- and private-sector organizations to optimize allocation of resources for vaccine development against its priority pathogens. CEPI’s priorities include diversification of its current vaccine research and development investment portfolio to include additional pathogens, such as Rift Valley fever and chikungunya; establishment of technical and regulatory pathways for vaccine development across CEPI’s portfolio; development of sustainable manufacturing solutions for vaccine candidates nearing completion of safety and immunogenicity testing in humans; and creation of investigational stockpiles of its vaccine candidates for use in emergency situations. This commentary provides an overview of the global health challenges CEPI was established to address and its achievements to date, and indicates priorities for funding and coordination in the coming years.","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"41 1","pages":"28 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxz012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48676898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forecasting the 2014 West African Ebola Outbreak.","authors":"C. Carias, J. O'Hagan, M. Gambhir, E. Kahn, D. Swerdlow, M. Meltzer","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxz013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxz013","url":null,"abstract":"In 2014/15 an Ebola outbreak of unprecedented dimensions afflicted the West African countries of Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone. We performed a systematic review of manuscripts that forecasted the outbreak while it was occurring, and derive implications on the ways results could be interpreted by policy-makers. We reviewed 26 manuscripts, published between 2014 and April 2015, that presented forecasts of the West African Ebola outbreak. Forecasted case counts varied widely. An important determinant of forecast accuracy for case counts was how far into the future predictions were made. Generally, those that made forecasts less than 2 months into the future tended to be more accurate than those that made forecasts more than 10 weeks into the future. The exceptions were parsimonious statistical models in which the decay of the rate of spread of the pathogen among susceptible individuals was dealt with explicitly. Regarding future outbreaks, the most important lessons for policy makers when using similar modeling results are: i) uncertainty of forecasts will be higher in the beginning of the outbreak, ii) when data are limited, forecasts produced by models designed to inform specific decisions should be used in complimentary fashion for robust decision making - for this outbreak, two statistical models produced the most reliable case counts forecasts, but did not allow to understand the impact of interventions, while several compartmental models could estimate the impact of interventions but required data that was not available; iii) timely collection of essential data is necessary for optimal model use.","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxz013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60827498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Asymptomatic and Subclinical Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections.","authors":"Rebecca Grant, Mamunur Rahman Malik, Amgad Elkholy, Maria D Van Kerkhove","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxz009","DOIUrl":"10.1093/epirev/mxz009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) since 2012 has been largely characterized by recurrent zoonotic spillover from dromedary camels followed by limited human-to-human transmission, predominantly in health-care settings. The full extent of infection of MERS-CoV is not clear, nor is the extent and/or role of asymptomatic infections in transmission. We conducted a review of molecular and serological investigations through PubMed and EMBASE from September 2012 to November 15, 2018, to measure subclinical or asymptomatic MERS-CoV infection within and outside of health-care settings. We performed retrospective analysis of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infections reported to the World Health Organization to November 27, 2018, to summarize what is known about asymptomatic infections identified through national surveillance systems. We identified 23 studies reporting evidence of MERS-CoV infection outside of health-care settings, mainly of camel workers, with seroprevalence ranges of 0%-67% depending on the study location. We identified 20 studies in health-care settings of health-care worker (HCW) and family contacts, of which 11 documented molecular evidence of MERS-CoV infection among asymptomatic contacts. Since 2012, 298 laboratory-confirmed cases were reported as asymptomatic to the World Health Organization, 164 of whom were HCWs. The potential to transmit MERS-CoV to others has been demonstrated in viral-shedding studies of asymptomatic MERS infections. Our results highlight the possibility for onward transmission of MERS-CoV from asymptomatic individuals. Screening of HCW contacts of patients with confirmed MERS-CoV is currently recommended, but systematic screening of non-HCW contacts outside of health-care facilities should be encouraged.</p>","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"41 1","pages":"69-81"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7108493/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42850256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Geographical and Temporal Patterns of Seasonal Influenza and Associated Climatic Factors.","authors":"Kunjal Dave, Patricia C Lee","doi":"10.1093/epirev/mxz008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxz008","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding geographical and temporal patterns of seasonal influenza can help strengthen influenza surveillance to early detect epidemics and inform influenza prevention and control programs. This study examines variations in spatiotemporal patterns of seasonal influenza in different global regions and explores climatic factors that influence differences in influenza seasonality through a systematic review of peer-reviewed publications. The literature search was conducted to identify original studies published between January 2005 and November 2016. Studies were selected using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The primary outcome was influenza cases and additional outcomes included seasonal or temporal patterns of influenza seasonality, study regions (temperate or tropical) and associated climatic factors. Of the 2160 records identified in the selection process, 36 eligible studies were included. Results showed significant differences in influenza seasonality in terms of the time of onset, duration, number of peaks and amplitude of epidemics between temperate and tropical/subtropical regions. Different viral types, co-circulation of influenza viruses and climatic factors especially temperature and absolute humidity were found to contribute to the variations in spatiotemporal patterns of seasonal influenza. The findings of this review could inform global surveillance of seasonal influenza and influenza prevention and control measures such as vaccination recommendations for different regions.","PeriodicalId":50510,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epirev/mxz008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41523046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}