Ethology最新文献

{"title":"Familiarity and social relationships in degus (Octodon degus)","authors":"Amber Thatcher,&nbsp;Nathan Insel","doi":"10.1111/eth.13487","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13487","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Degus (<i>Octodon degus</i>) are a highly gregarious species of caviomorph rodent native to South America. Kinship does not appear to play a role in degu social structure, and alloparenting is often observed between unrelated females. We hypothesize that female degus readily establish new, cooperative peer relationships. Here, we examined changes in dyadic behavior as individuals became more familiar, testing the prediction that interactions between female strangers would quickly resemble those of cagemates. Adult degus underwent a several week series of 20 min “reunion” social exposures, interleaving reunions with initial strangers and, as a control, familiar cagemates. Males showed initially higher levels of interaction with strangers that converged with cagemate levels over experience. Females could be split into two groups: those that consistently interacted more with strangers (SC-HIGH) and those that did not (SC-LOW); however, unlike males, the higher interaction levels observed between strangers did not change with familiarity. Following 10 reunion sessions female strangers were housed together to create “new cagemates.” Even after co-housing, SC-HIGH (but not SC-LOW) females continued to interact more with the relatively unfamiliar peer than their prior cagemate, particularly in face-to-face and rear-sniffing interactions. A final set of reunions with new strangers found that individual differences in female responses to social novelty were preserved. These results reveal sex differences in the rules relating familiarization to social relationships in degus, and that female predispositions toward cooperation may be due to inherent responses to new individuals more than to how they negotiate relationships over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13487","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141267853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adult poison dart frogs avoid potential heterospecific competitors using their sense of smell","authors":"Elisa Schulze,&nbsp;Konrad Lipkowski,&nbsp;Diana Abondano Almeida,&nbsp;Lisa M. Schulte","doi":"10.1111/eth.13486","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13486","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Olfaction is the oldest sense in the animal kingdom. It is used during a multitude of behaviours, such as the encounter of food, the detection of predators, the recognition of habitat-related cues or the communication with conspecifics. While the use of olfaction and chemical communication has been studied widely in some animals, it is barely known in others. Anurans (frogs and toads), for example, are well known to use acoustic and visual senses, but their chemical sense is still largely understudied. Studies concerning the chemical sense in anurans have been mostly based on the use of semiochemicals in juvenile stages, while the information on adult anurans remains limited. In this study, we analysed the behavioural response of the Neotropical poison frog <i>Ranitomeya sirensis</i> (Sira poison frog, Dendrobatidae) when presented with the odours of prey, novel/prey-luring fruit, habitat, conspecific faeces and heterospecifics. For this, we offered each of the odours by placing them into one of two testing tubes fixed in an arena, with the other tube left empty as a control. We then measured the time the frogs spent in the vicinity of the odour versus the control tube and calculated a response index. While the frogs did not show a significant avoidance or attraction towards most of the tested odours, they showed a strong response towards the heterospecific odour, which was significantly avoided. This is the first evidence of a poison dart frog responding towards the odours of adult heterospecific frogs. We consider potential reasons for this strong negative reaction, such as the interspecific competition avoidance hypothesis, and discuss our results in the context of other animal species being deterred or attracted by heterospecific chemical cues.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13486","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141194771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Herbicide changes the role of body condition in mating interactions of a wolf spider but courtship is primarily affected by female immunity","authors":"Jake A. Godfrey,&nbsp;Katrina Culbertson,&nbsp;Megan Archdeacon,&nbsp;Ann L. Rypstra","doi":"10.1111/eth.13473","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13473","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Animals that live in human-impacted landscapes experience an onslaught of novel stimuli that may interfere with natural communication pathways. During mating, this interference may alter the criteria deployed to assess potential mates as males and females find they must shift their focus and emphasize alternative sensory modalities. The wolf spider, <i>Tigrosa helluo</i> (Araneae, Lycosidae) is common in agricultural fields where commercial formulations of herbicides with glyphosate as the active ingredient are regularly applied. With the development of genetically resistant crops, glyphosate-based herbicides have become among the most widely used and heavily applied agricultural chemicals in the world. In a laboratory experiment, we explored the effects of this herbicide on male—female interactions during courtship, mating, and sexual cannibalism. We expected that it might impact assessment such that there was a shift in the features that were important to the outcome of mating interactions. When herbicide was present, female body condition, an indication of recent feeding success, became important to mating success. This result was, in part, due to higher rates of sexual cannibalism in parings of males and females with low body condition values. The leg raises and pedipalp waves that males perform in courtship were not affected by herbicide nor were they related to mating success but, across all treatments, they were negatively correlated with lytic activity of females as measured just prior to pairing. This result indicates that males detected this aspect of the female's physiology and that a strong immune response made the female less attractive, possibly because it indicated a current or recent infection. Taken together, these results verify that a common herbicide shifts mating criteria used by an agribiont spider and, separate from the herbicide, the immune status of females affects the reactions of courting males.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13473","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex and age differences in the preference for materials for the communal nests of sociable weavers Philetairus socius","authors":"Nicolas J. Silva,&nbsp;Fantine Benoit,&nbsp;Andrew Elliott,&nbsp;Charlotte Rault,&nbsp;Pierre Colençon,&nbsp;Rita Covas,&nbsp;Claire Doutrelant","doi":"10.1111/eth.13472","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13472","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many animals build structures that are used for shelter, reproduction or to capture prey. The type of material used to build these structures is likely to influence their solidity, thermoregulation capacity and, in some species, may influence the attractiveness of the builders. In the case of animal nests, evidence for preference of nesting material has been documented in several species but, to date, few field experiments have been conducted, and it was seldom investigated whether individuals' attributes affected those preferences. We investigated these preferences in relation to individual attributes on sociable weavers (<i>Philetairus socius</i>) that build communally one of the largest known nest structures, using dry grass. We conducted an experiment where we presented two piles of straws, long and short, to wild individuals. We recorded 900 h of video and used a deep learning method to automatically detect images where birds were present (266 colour-ringed individuals). Our results showed that males picked more straws than females and showed a preference for longer straws, while no preference was found for females. In addition, older males showed a preference for long straws compared to younger males. Finally, males displayed higher repeatability than females in their preference for longer straws. In conclusion, we show that choice of nesting material is not random, and that preferences are associated with individual attributes. Future studies should assess how building is associated with social status, mating and reproductive success of the individuals building, to investigate which of these factors could have shaped the evolution of these preferences.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13472","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141062985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Absence of female preference and the origin of a unisexual species, the Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa)","authors":"Caden Smith,&nbsp;Waldir Miron Berbel-Filho,&nbsp;Montrai Spikes,&nbsp;Frederic Fyon,&nbsp;Francisco Úbeda,&nbsp;Ingo Schlupp","doi":"10.1111/eth.13469","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13469","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The role of hybridization as a formative process in evolution has received much attention in the past few decades. A particularly fascinating outcome of hybrid speciation is the formation of asexual hybrid species. The Amazon molly (<i>Poecilia formosa</i>) is such a hybrid and originated from a <i>P. mexicana</i> mother and a <i>P. latipinna</i> father. Consequently, a heterospecific mating must have occurred leading to the Amazon molly, indicating a breakdown of any potential prezygotic isolation between parental species. Here we studied the female mate preferences of extant <i>P. mexicana</i> and <i>P. latipinna</i> from several populations using standard binary choice tests with males of both sexual species that were matched for size. <i>Poecilia mexicana</i> and <i>P. latipinna</i> can be crossed in the lab, however, the offspring are not asexual, but sexual F₁s. In our study, we generated F₁s and tested their mating preferences with sexual males of both <i>P. mexicana</i> and <i>P. latipinna</i> against F₁ males. Overall, our results show that in extant <i>P. mexicana</i> and <i>P. latipinna</i> no female preference for conspecific males was detectable. Consequently, heterospecific matings are possible and not hindered by any apparent behavioral prezygotic isolation. If female preferences in these species were comparable around the time the Amazon molly originated as a hybrid species ca. 100,000 years ago, matings leading to hybrids would be very likely. F₁ females also have no discernable mating preferences for either sexual males or F₁ males. Such lack of prezygotic behavioral isolation could potentially lead to F₂ individuals, backcrosses, and introgression.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140935129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Steps into a Small World: First glimpses on everyday moment-to-moment decision making in an ecologically meaningful multi-choice system for assessing animal preferences","authors":"Fiona Puls,&nbsp;Louisa-Mae Kosin,&nbsp;Fiona Garbisch,&nbsp;Chadi Touma,&nbsp;Christa Thöne-Reineke,&nbsp;Lorenz Gygax","doi":"10.1111/eth.13468","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13468","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The behaviour shown by an animal at any one time is the consolidated output of its behavioural control mechanism. Moreover, what animals “want” is viewed as (the most) important component for individual welfare. Accordingly, studying the motivation of animals helps understanding basic mechanisms and welfare related needs. However, studying wants of animals is notoriously difficult and many previous studies on the preferences of animals have been restricted in the sense that only two choice options were presented in an artificial test environment. Here, an extended approach, the “Small World” is presented, in which the choices of animals between eight ecologically relevant resources can be observed in a long-term test to reach conclusions with respect to everyday moment-to-moment decisions. In this sense, the system offers a quasi-natural environment. The approach was tested in three experiments with observations of individual female rats, small groups of female rats (Long Evans, <i>Rattus norvegicus</i>) and small groups of female chickens (Lohmann Brown, <i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>). The animals oriented themselves quickly in the system and it was possible to collect multifaceted data on the use of the resources. These data included the faecal and urinary markings in the Small World cages, the daily frequency and duration of visits to these cages, the sequential analyses of the choices for and decisions among the resources, and the synchrony of the animals in the groups. Given the richness of these data and the lack of a stress response in the tested animals, the use of the Small World approach seems to be highly promising as an extension to previously used procedures. To further improve the approach and more directly reflect the subjective value of the different resources from the animals' point of view, the distances between the resources in a quasi-natural landscape shall be manipulated in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13468","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140934862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Of hormones (well, not really!), behavior, and observer bias","authors":"Wolfgang Goymann","doi":"10.1111/eth.13450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13450","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In our laboratory, we measure hormones such as testosterone, melatonin, or corticosterone to relate hormone concentrations to the behavior of animals. Sometimes, we get samples of animals whose hormone concentrations had been altered by hormone implants or injections. Usually, those are measured to test if the hormonal manipulation had worked. I typically ask the experimenter which of the samples are from manipulated animals and which ones are from control animals. As an answer, I sometimes receive a raised eye brow and a questioning face. This kind of answer makes me happy because it shows my cooperation partner is aware of observer bias. I then explain that I would actually prefer not to know, which animals had been manipulated or not. However, our method to measure the hormones, the radioimmunoassay, requires me to know about it. The method is quite sensitive, but has a narrow range of concentrations in which we can reliably tell the correct hormone concentrations. Therefore, we need to adjust the dilution of the samples to remain in the expected range of concentrations we can measure with high precision. Hormone-treated samples might easily fall out of this range, if not diluted properly.</p><p>Presumably, the radioimmunoassay as a biochemical method is unlikely to produce observer bias, but this is different with behavioral observations, where our expectations as experimenters may inadvertently bias data collection. For this reason, good textbooks such as the classic Martin and Bateson (<span>1985</span>) or its latest edition (Bateson &amp; Martin, <span>2021</span>) caution against observer bias and also highlight the importance of testing for inter-observer reliability. A good way to do so is blinding observers to the treatment and apply established methods to test and improve inter-observer reliability.</p><p>About 12 years ago, Gordon Burghardt and colleagues investigated how major journals in animal behavior did with regard to reporting observer bias. They demonstrated that in 2010 major journals of our field (<i>Animal Behaviour</i>, <i>Behaviour</i>, <i>Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology</i>, and <i>Ethology</i>) had observer bias reporting rates of &lt;10%, therefore lagging behind <i>Infancy</i>, a journal on human infant behavior with reporting rates of more than 75% (Burghardt et al., <span>2012</span>). <i>Journal of Comparative Psychology</i> had reporting rates of 20%.</p><p>In this issue of Ethology, Todd Freeberg, Scott Benson, and Gordon Burghardt offer a follow-up study (2024), showing that all behavioral journals have improved on reporting. This is good news! However, with rates in the range of 50% our field still lags behind <i>Infancy</i>, where basically every study reports observer bias and tests for inter-observer reliability. Also, <i>Journal of Comparative Psychology</i> still does better with roughly 75% or articles reporting on observer bias. Admittedly, it is more difficult and sometimes impossible to condu","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13450","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140820485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obituary: Professor Wolfgang Wickler (November 18, 1931– January 12, 2024)","authors":"Fritz Trillmich,&nbsp;Walter Arnold","doi":"10.1111/eth.13458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13458","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140820702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thanks to repetition, dustbathing detection can be automated combining accelerometry and wavelet analysis","authors":"Rocio Guadalupe Fonseca,&nbsp;Maria Candelaria Bosch,&nbsp;Florencia Cecilia Spanevello,&nbsp;Maria Victoria de la Fuente,&nbsp;Raul Hector Marin,&nbsp;Lucas Barberis,&nbsp;Jackelyn Melissa Kembro,&nbsp;Ana Georgina Flesia","doi":"10.1111/eth.13466","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13466","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Birds from at least a dozen orders engage in dustbathing, including Galliformes. Dustbathing is generally considered a behavioural need for poultry. It involves a precise and orderly sequence of movements repeated over time. The most characteristic movement involves tossing the dust with the wings and undulating the body beneath the dust shower. Thus, repetitive changes in body position during dustbathing could be automatically detected through data processing of body-mounted accelerometer recordings. The approach was tested in 13 adult male Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix japonica</i>) fitted with a body mounted triaxial accelerometer. Behaviour was video-recorded for at least 6 h. Observations showed that when the animal lies on its left- or right-side during dustbathing, the lateral (swaying) component of the acceleration vector adopts values of +1 or −1, respectively. Analysis shows that the bird repeats these shifts in body position every 25–60 s. The wavelet analysis (i.e. complex Morlet continuous wavelet transform (CWT)) detected this oscillatory behaviour within the time series as higher power values. This characteristic was used to automate the detection of dustbathing events, for which a threshold value for the maximum power value estimated was established for the corresponding range of scales between 25 and 60 s. The overall general accuracy of this classification method for dustbathing detection was 80%, with individual variations falling within the range of 66%–100%. Finally, an example of the potential of this method in the study of temporal dynamics, such as daily rhythms of dustbathing, is provided. Our results show that combining accelerometry and wavelet analysis could be useful for the assessment of intra- and inter-individual variability in dustbathing dynamics over long-term studies, even within large complex environments, such as natural habitats or breeding facilities. Moreover, this approach could open doors for future in-depth studies exploring the relationship between dustbathing and poultry welfare.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140662586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social buffering of behavioural stress response in two fish species, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)","authors":"Santiago Pintos,&nbsp;Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato,&nbsp;Luisa María Vera,&nbsp;Luis Conceição,&nbsp;Cristiano Bertolucci,&nbsp;Javier Sánchez-Vázquez,&nbsp;Paulo Rema","doi":"10.1111/eth.13464","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13464","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The presence of conspecifics plays a crucial role in mitigating stress responses in social teleost species and holds potential for enhancing welfare in captive fish. While studies on social buffering effects have typically focussed on single species, marked interspecific differences can exist. Here, we conducted an analysis of social buffering of stress response in two of the most extensively farmed fish, the Nile tilapia and the koi carp. Subjects were exposed to a behavioural stress response assay (open-field test) in three conditions simulating increasing levels of social enrichment: isolation, pairs, or shoals of five fish. We obtained five stress indicators from the assay: thigmotaxis, freezing, activity, erratic movements and interindividual distance in conditions with more than one fish. In both species, erratic movements significantly decreased with increasing levels of social enrichment, suggesting a similar social buffering effect. However, other indicators revealed species differences. Koi carp, but not Nile tilapia, showed a socially-mediated reduction in thigmotaxis, whereas Nile tilapia, but not Koi carp, showed a socially-mediated reduction in freezing behaviour. Furthermore, social enrichment determined opposite effects on the activity of the two species: Nile tilapia were more active as group size increased, whereas the opposite trend was found in koi carp. Finally, Nile tilapia showed increased interindividual distance with increasing social group size, whereas no changes were observed for koi carp. Our study indicates that the buffering effects of social enrichment on the behavioural stress response do not completely overlap between different fish species, highlighting the importance of developing finely-tuned species-specific enrichments and welfare indicators.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13464","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140678137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}