Ethology最新文献

{"title":"The Biases in Captive Chimpanzee Cognitive Research: First Insights From the Ape Research Index (ARI) Database","authors":"Elisa Bandini,&nbsp;Siddharth Girish,&nbsp;Paige Barnes,&nbsp;Max Boot,&nbsp;Claudio Tennie,&nbsp;Sofia Forss","doi":"10.1111/eth.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Comparative studies provide crucial insights on human behaviour and our evolutionary past, ranging from the roots of human culture and cognition to understanding the mechanisms behind specific phenomena such as addiction. Chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>) are the primary model species for comparative cognition research. In particular, <i>captive</i> chimpanzees are important comparative models due to the more controlled settings provided by captivity and the generally easier access than wild populations. This reliance on captive chimpanzees has resulted in the rise of specific research-intensive facilities that house chimpanzees which, in some cases, are tested regularly throughout their entire lifetimes. These differences in individual research experience history may not only affect performance in tasks, but also overall cognition and motivation to participate in research. The overarching aim of the Ape Research Index (ARI) project is to assess whether research participation over time results in variation in captive chimpanzee cognition and behaviour. To do so, we must first identify whether chimpanzee research participation varies at the group and/or individual level. Accordingly, for this perspectives piece, we carried out a systematic literature review to develop the largest (to our knowledge) database on captive chimpanzee cognitive experiments between 1950 and 2024. Using this (ARI) database, we identified systematic differences in both the <i>extent</i> and <i>type</i> of accumulated research experience in captive chimpanzees within and across facilities. Based on our data, we argue that the current approach in comparative research may be biassing our understanding of ape cognition, and reducing the robustness of insights drawn from these studies. Future work will involve empirically testing these biases in order to validate any behavioural variation potentially emerging from this effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 10","pages":"133-141"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.70007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Male–Male Competition Affects Color Phenotype Expression and Color-Dependent Oxidative Stress Levels in a Polymorphic Cichlid Fish","authors":"Peter D. Dijkstra,&nbsp;Olivia D. K. Buzinski,&nbsp;Tyler W. Beyett,&nbsp;Zachary D. Hager,&nbsp;Ezekiel T. Maes","doi":"10.1111/eth.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In some animal species, body coloration can change dramatically during the lifetime of an individual in response to environmental conditions. Body coloration is often a target in sexual selection, but how competition for mates influences phenotypic plasticity in body coloration is rarely considered. Here, we provide experimental evidence in the polymorphic cichlid fish <i>Astatotilapia burtoni</i> that male–male competition for mating territories influences the expression of body coloration. In this species, males can express yellow or blue body coloration and may change color. We housed males individually with visual access to a neighboring male and placed halved terracotta pots as defendable structures either near the neighbor (proximal treatment) or further away from the neighbor (distal treatment). We found that males were more aggressive in the distal treatment, and that a higher proportion of males expressed the yellow phenotype in this setting compared to those housed in the proximal treatment toward the end of the six-week experiment. Unexpectedly, we found that males in the proximal treatment who were smaller than their neighbor were more likely to express the blue phenotype while larger males tended to express the yellow phenotype at the beginning of the experiment. We also found that oxidative stress levels were higher in blue males compared to yellow males. As previous studies show that yellow males are better fighters and blue males more attractive to females, our findings suggest that males can adjust their color phenotype depending on the level of competition or resource holding potential. Our results support the notion that male–male competition may be an important factor influencing the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in coloration.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 10","pages":"152-162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electric Rays Defend Themselves From Large Sharks Using Electric Discharge","authors":"Yannis P. Papastamatiou,&nbsp;Sarah Luongo,&nbsp;Ali Ansaar,&nbsp;Christopher G. Lowe,&nbsp;Mauricio Hoyos-Padilla","doi":"10.1111/eth.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Marine animals have a variety of traits to protect themselves from predators, including camouflage, toxins, venom, and spines. However, most of these appear ineffective against large animals like some sharks or mammals. Electric rays are able to produce strong electric organ discharges (EODs) that they use to stun and capture prey. Here we use biologging and diver observations to provide evidence that torpedo rays are able to repel large sharks, including white and tiger sharks. Furthermore, we perform in situ measurements of EODs on Pacific electric rays (<i>Tetronarce californica</i>) off the coast of California and show that rays emit longer and more EODs during predatory attempts than they do for defensive purposes. EOD production likely uses anaerobic metabolic pathways, and short duration discharges allow the electric organ to be rapidly reused if a predator returns. Our observations, the lack of electric rays in the diets of large sharks, and the bold behavior of these rays in the wild suggest that EODs may be a highly effective defensive strategy.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 10","pages":"198-202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Function of Duet Coordination in a Territorial Socially Monogamous Bird","authors":"Frigg J. D. Speelman,&nbsp;Emma Scheltens,&nbsp;Hugo Loning,&nbsp;Marc Naguib,&nbsp;Simon C. Griffith","doi":"10.1111/eth.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Duetting, a cooperative vocal behaviour performed by mated pairs, is a distinctive vocal behaviour among many species in specifically primates and birds. Yet, the exact features of duets that may make them a stronger territorial signal are still not well understood. One hypothesis is that the precision of duet coordination can indicate the quality of a pair bond or dedication of a pair, and thus the degree of threat posed to a rival pair. To address the implications of duetting precision in a territorial context, we here determined to what extent the antiphonal duetting behaviour in the chirruping wedgebill (<i>Psophodes cristatus</i>), a territorial, socially monogamous passerine, is affected by the precision of fine-level duet coordination. We tested this with playback experiments where we broadcast coordinated and uncoordinated duets at mated pairs, predicting that pairs would exhibit stronger responses to coordinated duets than to uncoordinated ones and sing more coordinated after the simulated intrusion. We found that neither response intensity nor coordination of either sex differed in responses to playback of coordinated and uncoordinated duets. Since chirruping wedgebills did respond consistently to playback, we suggest that either (1) fine-level coordination of duetting does not hold a function in joint resource defence in this species, (2) playback stimuli were too threatening for them to adjust their coordination on a level we could detect or (3) they do not discriminate between our coordinated and uncoordinated playback treatments. We highlight the notion that there may be variety in functions of duetting at play within and across avian species, and that different aspects of duets such as coordination and intensity may hold different functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 10","pages":"142-151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.70004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observer Distance and Identity Effects on Mixed-Species Flocks of Parids","authors":"S. Ryan Risner,&nbsp;Todd M. Freeberg","doi":"10.1111/eth.13577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13577","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>When studying non-human animals in the wild, the presence of a human researcher can potentially affect the behavior of the animal being observed. This phenomenon is known as the “observer effect,” and it has been demonstrated across a wide variety of species. Much of the research performed in the field on Carolina chickadees (<i>Poecile carolinensis</i>), tufted titmice (<i>Baeolophus bicolor</i>), and white-breasted nuthatches (<i>Sitta carolinensis</i>)—birds that flock together in the winter months throughout much of the eastern United States—is done with an observer present, but no research has explicitly tested the observer effect with respect to these flocks. Thus, using feeders supplied with seed, we measured seed-taking rates of 33 flocks of these species with a human researcher standing at distances from 3 to 20 m. We found that all three species were less likely to take seed when the human observer stood 3 or 5 m from the feeder, and chickadees were less likely to take seed with the observer at 10 m, compared to 15 m or the baseline condition of the human observer standing 20 m away. A follow-up experiment was conducted to assess the difference between the number of seeds taken with an observer at 5 and 20 m compared to the number taken when an observer was so far away as to be effectively out of sight (40 m). This additional experiment indicated that all three species took significantly fewer seeds when an observer was at 5 m, while the number of seeds taken at 20 and 40 m was not significantly different. Additionally, results from both experiments suggest potential effects of the specific observer standing at the different distances. Our results suggest that researchers studying these animals in the wild should conservatively maintain a minimum observer distance of 15 m so as not to affect the behavior of any of the three species within these mixed-species flocks and that researchers be aware of potential idiosyncratic observer effects in studies. The presence of a human observer can have a wide range of influences on non-human animal behavior—some quite long-lasting—and so should be carefully considered in observational and experimental research in ethology.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 8","pages":"48-54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to Do Green Lynx Spiders (Peucetia viridans) Change Color in Response to Their Backgrounds?","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/eth.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vickers, M. E., M. L. Heisey, and L. A. Taylor. 2025. “Do Green Lynx Spiders (<i>Peucetia viridans</i>) Change Color in Response to Their Backgrounds?” <i>Ethology</i> 131: e13558. https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13558</p><p>In the originally published article, an error in data labeling swapped the variable labels “red chroma” and “green chroma.” This has been corrected in the text, as well as in figures 4–6 of the article, and the supporting material. The authors have made some minor text adjustments in the Discussion section to align with these changes. They have reanalyzed the data and confirm that the main conclusions reported in the article remain unchanged.</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.70000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individual Behavioral Responses to Novel Stimuli in Breeding Common Terns (Sterna hirundo)","authors":"Melina Vanesa Castano,&nbsp;Germán Oscar García,&nbsp;Nathalie Kürten,&nbsp;Sandra Bouwhuis","doi":"10.1111/eth.13578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13578","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The way individuals respond to novel stimuli may provide insight into their ability to thrive in different situations, or into their role, for example during reproduction. Here, we analyze variation in the behavioral response of common terns (<i>Sterna hirundo</i>) when confronted with such novel stimuli. We quantify the latency to return to the nest upon facing a novel stimulus, and test for short-term repeatability, whether variation in this trait is explained by sex, age, and reproductive phase, and whether there is evidence for assortative mating with respect to this trait. We find a repeatability of 32% across the responses recorded during incubation and chick-rearing. Moreover, females take a longer time to return to the nest than males, and this latency is longer during incubation than during early chick rearing. Variation in this trait is not related to age, and responses are not correlated between the two members of a breeding pair. We suggest the sex effect reflects role differences during parental care, while the vulnerability of the offspring may dictate the effect of reproductive phase. Finally, we assess exploratory behavior during the incubation phase, and find that it does not vary with sex, age, or the response to the novel stimulus. Further work should assess the long-term repeatability of the two traits we assessed, as well as elucidate whether connections to other repeatable behaviors observed in these birds exist.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 8","pages":"55-63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13578","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deer Vigilance and Movement Behavior Are Affected by Edge Density and Connectivity","authors":"Savannah L. Bartel,&nbsp;Leotie Hakkila,&nbsp;John L. Orrock","doi":"10.1111/eth.13574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13574","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Animal behavior is an important component of individual, population, and community responses to anthropogenic habitat alteration. For example, antipredator behavior (e.g., vigilance) and animal movement behavior may both be important behavioral responses to the increased density of habitat edges and changes in patch connectivity that characterize highly modified habitats. Importantly, edge density and connectivity might interact, and this interaction is likely to mediate animal behavior: linear, edge-rich landscape features often provide structural connectivity between patches, but the functional connectedness of patches for animal use could depend upon how edge density modifies animal vigilance and movement. Using remote cameras in large-scale experimental landscapes that manipulate edge density (high- vs. low-density edges) and patch connectivity (isolated or connected patches), we examined the effects of edge density and connectivity on the antipredator behavior and movement behavior of white-tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>). Deer vigilance was 1.38 times greater near high-density edges compared to low-density edges, regardless of whether patches were connected or isolated. Deer were also more likely to move parallel to connected high-density edges than all other edge types, suggesting that connectivity promotes movement along high-density edges. These results suggest that increases in edge density that accompany human fragmentation of existing habitats may give rise to large-scale changes in the antipredator behavior of deer. These results also suggest that conservation strategies that simultaneously manipulate edge density and connectivity (i.e., habitat corridors) may have multiple effects on different aspects of deer behavior: linear habitat corridors were areas of high vigilance, but also areas where deer movement behavior implied increased movement along the habitat edge.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 8","pages":"22-30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13574","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evasive Maneuvers of Mosquitoes Reveal Variability in Escape Success and Echolocation Plasticity of Myotis riparius (Vespertilionidae)","authors":"Crasso Paulo Bosco Breviglieri,&nbsp;Fernando Rodrigues da Silva","doi":"10.1111/eth.13576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13576","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Evasive maneuvers are essential behaviors to escape predator attacks. Several studies describe the advantages of evasive maneuvers when adopted by eared moths, under the risk of attack by bats. However, little is known about this behavior when expressed by dipterans in natural environments. Here, we provide the first description of evasive flight strategies exhibited by two sympatric mosquito species, <i>Aedes scapularis</i> and <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i>, when attacked by <i>Myotis riparius</i> bats in riverine environments. Our results showed that <i>C. quinquefasciatus</i> exhibited highly maneuverable looping dives, which were 10 times more effective at avoiding predation compared to the linear escape strategy of <i>A. scapularis</i>. In both cases, bats adjust their call parameters to maximize their ability to capture mosquitoes. Our results indicate that mosquitoes can detect approaching bats and react appropriately, with escape largely influenced by the type of evasive maneuver. By demonstrating species-specific differences in mosquito escape strategies and corresponding adjustments in bat echolocation calls, this study provides new insights into the role of predation pressure in shaping both insect flight behavior and adaptability of predator hunting tactics. These findings provide empirical support to the concept of a co-evolutionary arms race between aerial predators and their prey.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 8","pages":"39-47"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lionfish (Pterois volitans) Show Social Attraction to Conspecifics When Selecting Shelters","authors":"Roxanne B. Holmes,&nbsp;Nadia M. Hamilton,&nbsp;Katie Dunkley,&nbsp;James E. Herbert-Read","doi":"10.1111/eth.13575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13575","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Group formation in animals can arise from two primary mechanisms: individuals aggregating over resources, or individuals socially benefiting from interacting with conspecifics. Distinguishing between these mechanisms allows us to infer the drivers of group formation, which is of considerable importance for informing management strategies of invasive species. Lionfish (<i>Pterois volitans</i>) are a teleost predator native to the Indo-Pacific but invasive in the Western Atlantic Ocean. Lionfish are often observed sheltering in refuges on their own or in groups, with previous research suggesting these groups form due to attraction towards preferred habitats rather than having a social function. Here, we find that lionfish were more likely to shelter with a conspecific rather than choosing to shelter alone. Lionfish were also more likely to shelter with larger conspecifics. Our findings demonstrate that lionfish are socially attracted to one another, which has implications for the control and management strategies of this invasive species.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 8","pages":"31-38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13575","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}