Ethology最新文献

{"title":"Cooperative and Solitary Mobbing to Defend Offspring in Wild Gray Mouse Lemurs, Microcebus murinus","authors":"Sacha C. Engelhardt,&nbsp;Claudia Fichtel,&nbsp;Peter M. Kappeler","doi":"10.1111/eth.13512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13512","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gray mouse lemur, <i>Microcebus murinus</i>, mothers either cooperatively breed plurally with kin or breed solitarily. We describe the first observations of cooperative and solitary mobbing to defend offspring by wild cooperative breeding gray mouse lemur mothers in Kirindy Forest, Western Madagascar. We observed four groups of cooperatively breeding mothers and their offspring daily between 18:00 and 04:00 from January 1 to 15, 2023. Cooperative mobbing was observed twice, and solitary mobbing by a single cooperative breeding mother was observed once. There was one Malagasy tree boa, <i>Sanzinia madagascariensis</i>, per mobbing event. Mothers solitarily mobbed by directly approaching within 1 m of the boa, walking and changing distance while within 1 m of the boa. In addition to the solitary mobbing behaviors, cooperatively mobbing mothers approached the boa together from the same or different directions or alternated, and they gathered around the boa. Mothers collaborated in the context of offspring defense from predators and performed different complementary tasks: mobbing while another provided alloparental care by guarding the offspring of the association, that is, babysitting. Mothers performed similar mobbing behaviors and occasionally synchronized in time or coordinate in time and in space to approach from different directions and gather around the boa. Mothers did not come in contact with the boas during mobbing but kept a distance of at least 20 cm. On two mobbing events, the boa rose up with its head facing the mobbing mothers and climbed down the tree after the mobbing. Cooperative mobbing to defend offspring likely evolved by kin selection but reciprocity and an interaction between kin selection and reciprocity cannot be ruled out, since gray mouse lemur mothers cooperatively breed with kin and basically allonurse reciprocally.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are scientific journals delaying doctoral theses?","authors":"Wolfgang Goymann","doi":"10.1111/eth.13507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13507","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;In case you are surprised, such email messages are not uncommon. In fact, the first such email I received was quite effective in exerting moral pressure on me as an editor. The message attempted to hold me accountable for the timely submission of a thesis. Presumably, this even comes with a kind of obligation to also accept the manuscript, no matter how crappy it might be. Otherwise, I as editor would be responsible for a doctoral student's failure, thereby possibly ending a promising scientific career. But is this really so?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Editors of reputable scientific journals have an ethical obligation to readers and authors to accept and publish manuscripts on the basis of scientific quality and merit. Therefore—after an initial screening to assess the overall suitability for the journal—manuscripts must be peer-reviewed. Based on the reviewers' comments and the editor's own assessment, the editor then decides whether to accept the manuscript, whether it needs some revision, or whether it should be rejected. The possibility to reject a manuscript is essential in this process—unless you work for a predatory journal whose only interest is to generate revenue for the publisher.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;i&gt;Ethology&lt;/i&gt;, roughly half of all submissions are eventually rejected, so any attempt to guarantee an author a (positive) decision and within a set period of time would be irresponsible and unethical to all other authors and readers of the journal, who trust in the journal's reputation and expect only high-quality behavioural research to be published by &lt;i&gt;Ethology&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Presumably, most people who have written an email such as the one mentioned above are not even aware that what they do is unethical. They probably write such emails in an attempt to help their students finish their theses in time. But where does the expectation come from that a journal could make a (presumably) positive decision within a certain period of time? The problem may have to do with how many universities deal with the submission of dissertations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;When I was a doctoral student, it was still common practice at German universities to submit dissertations as monographs. My university was sort of progressive in that it allowed doctoral students to structure their dissertations into separate chapters, each of which could be published as a separate paper. However, the pressure on doctoral students to publish as early as possible and ideally before finishing their degree has strongly increased since then. As a consequence, my university also changed its policy: now theses have to be submitted as monographs or cumulatively as separate chapters, two of which have to be published or at least have to be accepted by a scientific journal before thesis submission. Most doctoral students in biology choose such a cumulative thesis, even if this comes at the cost of losing time with submitting and revising manuscripts. As a consequence, funding often runs out long before the chapters have been ","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13507","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Nest-Site Availability on Male–Male Competition and the Foraging Costs of Egg Attendance in an Arachnid With Exclusive Paternal Care","authors":"Laís A. Grossel,&nbsp;Rachel M. Werneck,&nbsp;Glauco Machado","doi":"10.1111/eth.13511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13511","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Natural cavities are monopolizable resources used as nest sites across many species exhibiting exclusive male care. However, our understanding of how the availability of this type of reproductive site influences male–male competition and the foraging costs associated with parental care is limited and based on studies of fish. The harvestman <i>Magnispina neptunus</i> offers the opportunity to explore these questions in invertebrates because males defend natural cavities used as oviposition sites and provide exclusive parental care. We hypothesized that low nest availability would increase male–male competition and the foraging costs of egg attendance. To test this hypothesis, we collected observational data in the field and conducted a laboratory experiment with two groups, low and high nest availability. Field data indicate natural cavity scarcity, as only 50% of the males were nest holders. Larger males were more likely to hold nests in the field, but body size did not predict nest ownership in the laboratory. In the field, nests with openings smaller than average were equally occupied by small and large males, while nests with openings larger than average were occupied almost exclusively by large males. The nest opening in the laboratory experiment was adjusted to be equal to the average found in the field, which may have increased nest defensibility, regardless of male size. Thus, prior residency may outweigh body size in determining nest possession. Because nest owners seem to have an advantage over intruders, the costs of abandoning a nest are likely high. This may explain why the frequency of nest takeovers and foraging outside the nests did not differ between experimental groups. In conclusion, although underexplored in empirical studies, external factors, such as the opening size of cavities defended by males of many species with resource-defense mating systems, may play a key role in the defensibility of nest sites.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142641577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncoupled Evolutionary Patterns in Spectral and Temporal Components of Acoustic Signals in Anurans Associated With Streams","authors":"Fernando Vargas-Salinas,&nbsp;Carlos A. Londoño-Guarnizo,&nbsp;Sebastián Duarte-Marín,&nbsp;Olga L. Torres-Suárez,&nbsp;Adolfo Amézquita","doi":"10.1111/eth.13510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13510","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The use of high-pitched auditory signals by species communicating alongside noisy streams has been often considered an adaptation, yet studies testing this hypothesis have yielded inconclusive results. The major challenge has been to quantify the proportion of across-species signal variation that could be attributed to either common history (phylogenetic load) or adaptation. We further advance in this approach by comparing the phylogenetic load between different components of anuran calls. Because stream noise allegedly represents a stronger selective pressure for call frequency than for call temporal traits, we predicted a weaker phylogenetic signal in call frequency, particularly in the taxa that breed alongside streams. We first built a phylogenetic hypothesis using four mitochondrial genes on each of three clades: the genus <i>Hyloscirtus</i> and the family Centrolenidae, which call alongside streams and the subfamily Phyllomedusinae, known to call at lentic water bodies. In parallel, we compiled data on the advertisement calls of 154 species and used them to calculate Blomberg's <i>K</i> values as a proxy for the phylogenetic load (signal) of the call traits. The phylogenetic signal was weaker in spectral than in temporal call traits within the <i>Hyloscirtus</i> calls and weak or absent in both spectral and temporal components of Phyllomedusine calls. Against our expectations, the phylogenetic signal was strong in call frequency, but absent in call temporal components of the centrolenid calls. Our results support uncoupled evolution between spectral and temporal components of anuran calls. They also indicate that the selective role of abiotic noise varies among taxa and that other factors must be invoked to fully understand among-species variation in advertisement calls.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personality may modulate learning and memory differences in two taxa of the African striped mouse genus Rhabdomys","authors":"Candice N. Neves,&nbsp;Neville Pillay","doi":"10.1111/eth.13509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13509","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Different environments place different cognitive demands on constituent taxa. Learning and memory involve cognitive processes with associated costs, and it is expected that different levels of learning will occur in taxa from different environments. Greater memory loads linked to increased environmental complexity require greater learning and memory capacities. We investigated the variation in learning and memory in sister taxa of striped mice (genus <i>Rhabdomys</i>). We studied two populations each of the mesic grassland-occurring <i>R. d. chakae</i> and the mostly arid-occurring <i>R. pumilio.</i> We conducted two sets of experiments. (1) In a novel object recognition (NOR) test, we assessed memory by recording the duration of exploration of similar and novel objects by test mice. (2) In an associative learning task, we assessed whether mice could associate specific scents with or without a food incentive or with different quantities of the food incentive in previous training phases. We measured the latency of mice to contact scents in a two-sample choice in the test phase. In the NOR test, <i>R. pumilio</i> spent less time investigating similar objects in a training trial than <i>R. d. chakae</i> but increased absolute exploration of the novel object when presented with a novel and a familiar object in the retention trial, suggesting a sensitization to the novel object by <i>R. pumilio</i>. In the associative learning experiments, <i>R. pumilio</i> approached the stimuli faster than <i>R. d. chakae</i>, whereas mice from both taxa preferred scents associated with a seed versus no seed and scents associated with 5 seeds versus 1 seed. The data provide evidence of taxon-level differences in learning and memory, likely related to environmentally modulated personality differences between the taxa.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13509","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142449228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Male and female age affects the reproductive potential of two tephritid flies","authors":"Viviana Díaz,&nbsp;Antonella Giudice,&nbsp;Alfonsina Palladini,&nbsp;Andrea Moyano,&nbsp;Gisela Castillo,&nbsp;Diana Pérez-Staples,&nbsp;Solana Abraham","doi":"10.1111/eth.13506","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13506","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In insects, aging produces deterioration in physiological and cellular functioning, affecting their reproductive potential. <i>Anastrepha fraterculus</i> and <i>Ceratitis capitata</i> are two fruit fly species where overwintering adults resume their reproductive activity in spring, giving old individuals the possibility of mating with young adults. Most age studies focus on male reproductive capacity; however, we lack information on how the interaction between the ages of both sexes can determine post-mating processes. Here, we studied sex and age effects on (i) female fecundity and fertility, (ii) failure to leave viable offspring (reproductive failure), and (iii) female remating behavior. We found that young pairs of both species had higher fecundity, but young <i>C. capitata</i> males mated with old females had the lowest fecundity. This suggests that overwintering flies in this species will not substantially contribute to the next generation. We also found in <i>C. capitata</i> more prevalent reproductive failure in hetero-age combinations, which could be due to age recognition between mates, resulting perhaps in differential ejaculate allocation. Copula duration was positively associated with female age, yet it was longer for older <i>A. fraterculus</i> females and shorter for <i>C. capitata</i> females. Female remating was lower when young females mated with old males in <i>C. capitata</i>. This would imply that males perceive young females of “good quality” and thus invest and transfer all the ejaculate possible to ensure the delay of renewal of female receptivity. Aging does not always cause a decline in reproductive potential, which may be important in species that overwinter as adults. Complex interactions between female physiology and male ejaculate senescence can impact postcopulatory behaviors that affect reproductive success for both sexes.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polistes dominula spatial learning abilities while foraging","authors":"Sabrina Moreyra,&nbsp;Mariana Lozada","doi":"10.1111/eth.13505","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13505","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The eusocial “paper wasp” <i>Polistes dominula</i> is an invasive species that has successfully established worldwide. In the present study, we investigate the foraging behaviour of <i>P. dominula</i> wasps when revisiting previously gathered resources. We recorded the number of learning flights and food manipulation efficiency performed by a single target wasp during several consecutive collecting visits. Additionally, we analysed <i>P. dominula</i> relocating behaviour when dealing with changes in food position. We assessed whether wasps choose the previously visited dish containing food or opt for a novel baited dish placed 60 cm away. Then, we trained wasps to collect food either once or three times and compared the time taken to find the novel food position when it was displaced 60 cm away. This is the first study to demonstrate relocating behaviour in <i>P. dominula</i> in which wasps rapidly learned to return to certain food sites. A significant reduction in learning flights after only one collecting visit was observed. Likewise, wasps learned to manipulate the resource spending less time after each experience. Moreover, when two food sources were offered, after just one visit, the majority of wasps collected the resource from the previously rewarded dish. Furthermore, when food was displaced, foragers found the new food location more rapidly after one visit than after three consecutive collecting experiences. Our findings contribute to the understanding of <i>P. dominula</i> behavioural plasticity while collecting food sources in anthropized environments, which highlight the importance of considering such learning experiences.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142224088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intra-individual modulations and inter-individual variations of female signals in the domestic canary (Serinus canaria)","authors":"Camille Le Gal,&nbsp;Sébastien Derégnaucourt,&nbsp;Mathieu Amy","doi":"10.1111/eth.13502","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13502","url":null,"abstract":"<p>During courtship, animals perform conspicuous and elaborate signals. In birds, courtship involved often mutual engagement by both partners but most research on courtship behaviours has focused on male signals despite of growing interest for female signals in recent years. Here, we show that female domestic canaries (<i>Serinus canaria</i>) have the ability to modulate their sexual response to male songs. To do so, we exposed females to two types of song (very attractive and moderately attractive songs) during two consecutive reproductive cycles. We measured both visual (copulation solicitation displays, CSD) and vocal signals (copulation solicitation trills, CST; contact calls, CC and simple trills, ST) emitted by the females during song broadcast. We observed that females could modify the characteristics of their signals (duration and the number of elements of CSD, duration, frequency and number of notes of calls) depending on song attractiveness and the number of times they were exposed to a male's song. We also found that some females always emitted more signals than others (i.e. stable inter-individual differences) regardless of the song attractiveness and across reproductive cycles. Further studies are necessary to check whether female signals constitute sexual ornaments and if they could stimulate male canaries during courtship.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Male–female chemical interactions in a facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect","authors":"Wai Chi Vicky Ying,&nbsp;Daniela Wilner,&nbsp;Lewis Adler,&nbsp;Zachariah Wylde,&nbsp;Russell Bonduriansky","doi":"10.1111/eth.13503","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13503","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Facultative parthenogenesis is a form of reproduction in which females can either lay unfertilised eggs that typically develop into female offspring only or mate and lay fertilised eggs that develop into male and female offspring. Intriguingly, facultative parthenogens often occur in mixed-sex populations where reproduction is mostly sexual and all-female populations where reproduction is asexual. How all-female populations avoid invasion by males remains unknown. Here, we explored the use of pheromones in male–female communication in a facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect, the peppermint stick insect (<i>Megacrania batesii</i>), and compared chemical signals between females descended from sexually versus parthenogenetically reproducing populations. If parthenogenetic females release less attractive pheromones, this could help explain the persistence of all-female populations. We found that <i>M. batesii</i> exhibits slight sexual dimorphism in antenna morphology, and behavioural assays provided little evidence that males could locate females solely by volatile pheromones. However, CHC profiles differed substantially between different types of females. Analysis of CHC components indicated a clear genetic difference between females descended from all-female versus mixed-sex populations, as well as a maternal effect of female parthenogenetic versus sexual development. Together, our results suggest that males might rely more on close-range chemical cues to differentiate females, and chemical communication could play a role in the persistence of all-female populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13503","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daily variation and repeatability of advertisement calls in an austral temperate forest frog under controlled conditions","authors":"Felipe N. Moreno-Gómez,&nbsp;Gabriel Bidart-Enríquez,&nbsp;Romina Cossio-Rodríguez,&nbsp;Matías I. Muñoz,&nbsp;Maricel Quispe,&nbsp;Mario Penna","doi":"10.1111/eth.13504","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13504","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Estimating repeatability allows a first approximation that may indicate a potential response to selection of sexual traits. Acoustic sexual signals comprise spectral and temporal variables, where the former generally have lower intra-individual variation and higher repeatability values. Studies of repeatability in anurans have been conducted mainly in natural conditions, but the stability of laboratory settings allows extended recording intervals, favoring measurement accuracy. We conducted a study of variation and repeatability of the calls of males of <i>Batrachyla taeniata</i>, a frog from the South American temperate forest to evaluate under homogeneous environmental and social conditions: (i) the extent of variation in acoustic properties of calls within and among days, (ii) the extent of temporal variation in the repeatability of call properties, and (iii) differences in repeatability among call variables. Variation of acoustic properties differed within and across days of recording, call rate generally increased within and throughout days, suggesting sensitization processes. Call duration decreased during these time spans, yielding constant calling effort. In contrast, the dominant frequency decreased within days but increased across days. Overall repeatability differs significantly among variables: dominant frequency, call rate, and call duration having the highest, intermediate, and lowest values, respectively. The high repeatability of call rate relative to call duration contrasts with an opposing general tendency in previous studies in anurans. The repeatability of the three variables analyzed increases within days, and the repeatability of call rate also increases throughout days, highlighting the relevance of this variable for individual identity over different time ranges.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}