Ethology最新文献

{"title":"Investment in By-Product Benefits (Pseudo-Reciprocity) Explains the Majority of Help Provided to Non-Relatives Found in Nature","authors":"Richard Connor","doi":"10.1111/eth.13546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13546","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pseudo-reciprocity, or investment in byproduct benefits, was introduced originally as an alternative explanation to many claims of reciprocity that followed the classic papers of Trivers and Axelrod and Hamilton. Although widely in use, the term pseudo-reciprocity has had the unfortunate effect of keeping the concept of Investment in Byproduct Benefits (IBB) in the orbit of reciprocity (reciprocal investments). A recent example is the paper by Carter (2023) linking reciprocity and pseudo-reciprocity in a continuum of ‘interdependency’ and ‘responsiveness’. As a heuristic exercise, I imagine an alternative history in which the phenomena of byproduct benefits (BB) and IBB were explored fully before the first paper on reciprocity appeared in the literature. This exercise makes clear that the simple concepts of BB and IBB, when joined with kin selection, would lead to a very reasonable description of most cases of cooperation in nature, including market effects, such as partner choice and control. Reciprocity would have claimed its rightful place as a fascinating concept, clearly important in humans and perhaps requiring specific cognitive abilities, that might emerge from the complex web of cooperation in social animals that included kin selection, BB, and IBB. In this context, continua between reciprocity and investment in byproduct benefits are useful. However, the scope for IBB is much broader than reciprocity. IBB, along with reciprocity and kin selection, is one of the key evolutionary mechanisms explaining the origin of helping behavior or ‘investment’ in others of the same and different species, occurring in many contexts where it is not usefully linked to reciprocity. Going forward, it will be helpful to remove IBB from the orbit of reciprocity by using of the term Investment in Byproduct Benefits (IBB) rather than pseudo-reciprocity.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eumelanic Coloration Impacts Mating Behavior, Stress Response, and Predator Preference in the Polymorphic Eastern Mosquitofish","authors":"Eve Humphrey,&nbsp;Christine Wright,&nbsp;Christian Martinez,&nbsp;Blake Jones,&nbsp;Kimberly Hughes,&nbsp;Joseph Travis","doi":"10.1111/eth.13547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13547","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The expression of melanic or black coloration is ubiquitous and has significant behavioral and ecological relevance. Although black coloration is common, melanic morphs within populations are often considered rare. The mechanism for the maintenance of rare melanic morphs is often associated with differences in morph behavior, predator preference, or the interaction of both. Mechanistically, the genetic loci associated with black coloration in rare morphs can also influence behaviors, and these pleiotropic effects may provide some benefit to black morphs. We predicted that different mating behaviors, antipredator responses, and stress response, as well as predator preference influenced the maintenance of a rare black morph in freshwater Eastern mosquitofish. We created predator and control treatments to measure differences in melanic and silver mosquitofish behavior and cortisol levels. We also measured predator approach and attack of melanic and silver morphs. Overall, melanic morphs exhibited a higher number of mating behaviors compared to silver morphs and returned to mating attempts quicker than silver morphs after predator exposure. Melanic males also exhibited higher baseline cortisol levels, but silver males produced more cortisol after predator exposures compared to melanic males. These specific responses may provide the mechanism by which melanic males continue to persist in populations where they are rare.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13547","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual Selection and Predator Response in a Male-Polymorphic Livebearing Fish","authors":"Crystal Castillo,&nbsp;Hannah K. Brown,&nbsp;Amy P. Knudsen,&nbsp;Elvira Olivera–Angon,&nbsp;Rob Brewster,&nbsp;Gita R. Kolluru","doi":"10.1111/eth.13548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13548","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sexual polymorphism describes discrete variation among individuals of one sex, often involving conspicuously colored, displaying male morphs and inconspicuous, sneaking male morphs. Sexual polymorphism may be maintained over evolutionary time if the displaying morph is favored by sexual selection and the sneaking morph experiences reduced predation. We tested these ideas using 3D printed models and live males in the sexually polymorphic poeciliid fish, <i>Girardinus metallicus</i>. Females did not prefer the displaying black morph; however, black morphs exhibited more male–male aggression, and dominant black morph males achieved higher mating success than all plain morph males, suggesting a sexual selection advantage. Predatory blue tilapia (<i>Oreochromis aureus</i>) did not show a preference for either morph, suggesting no plain morph advantage in this regard that would maintain the polymorphism. It is possible that the polymorphism is instead maintained because as black morphs become common, aggressive interference among them causes their fitness to decline, thereby keeping black morphs rare relative to plain morphs, but not eliminating them entirely. Our results underscore the need to further explore the function of the black morph display, as it appears not to be sexually selected via female choice, in contrast to mating displays in similar species.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mating May Enhance Rapid Formation of Stable Pair Bonds in the Monogamous California Mouse","authors":"Robert Roy,&nbsp;Elsa Hammerdahl,&nbsp;Andrew Sage,&nbsp;Elizabeth A. Becker","doi":"10.1111/eth.13545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13545","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pair bonds are a hallmark of many monogamous species, yet in the monogamous California mouse (<i>Peromyscus californicus</i>) pair-bond formation is poorly understood. While pair bonds are often assumed to be present after a week of cohabitation, when they actually form in this species is debated. To characterize pair bond latency in California mice, we conducted three-chamber partner preference tests for both males and females following 1, 3, 5, or 7 days of cohabitation. Since copulation may contribute to pair-bond formation, animals were paired when females were in estrus and were assessed continuously throughout the cohabitation period for copulatory behavior. We found evidence of pair bonds after 24 h of cohabitation for both sexes with no significant changes in partner preference behaviors across cohabitation periods. Focal animals spent more time in the partner's chamber, were more affiliative toward the partner than the stranger and displayed more aggressive behavior toward the stranger. Affiliative behaviors were consistent between the sexes, while males attacked the stranger more frequently and for longer durations than females. Pairs that copulated prior to partner-preference testing spent more time in the partner's chamber and more time huddling, licking, and grooming their mate than those that did not copulate. We conclude that although copulation may not be necessary for pair-bond formation, sexual receptivity at time of pairing is important for the development of these social relationships and that copulation may serve to enhance pair bonds in California mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13545","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143594790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Movement in 3D: Novel Opportunities for Understanding Animal Behaviour and Space Use","authors":"Robert J. Lennox,&nbsp;Timo Adam,&nbsp;Milan Riha,&nbsp;Natasha Klappstein,&nbsp;Christopher T. Monk,&nbsp;Knut Wiik Vollset,&nbsp;Larissa T. Beumer","doi":"10.1111/eth.13529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13529","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Animals move in three spatial dimensions, but many animal movement tools have only focused on the use of 2D coordinates for modelling space use, habitat selection, behavioural classification, social interactions and movement. Here, we submit that many common movement ecology analyses can and should be extended to consider all three spatial dimensions to make more robust inferences about ecological processes. We provide an overview of how home range analysis, network analysis and social network analysis, hidden Markov models, resource selection and step selection functions and hierarchical linear and additive models are used for studying animal movement in two dimensions. Then, we explain how the third dimension, z, can be used within these existing frameworks to consider how depth and altitude affect key ecological inferences drawn from animal tracking data. Our position builds on empirical and theoretical work about how three-dimensional methods can contribute to stronger inferences in movement ecology. Key limitations to operationalisation of this framework include calibration of uncertainty in pressure sensors used to measure depth and altitude, visualisation and rendering of three-dimensional data to make them interpretable and understandable to end-users and generally more conventional and accepted methods for using three dimensions when conducting standard animal movement analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13529","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex and Morph Variation in Activity From Early Ontogeny to Maturity in Ruffs (Calidris pugnax)","authors":"Veronika A. Rohr-Bender,&nbsp;Krisztina Kupán,&nbsp;Guadalupe Lopez-Nava,&nbsp;Wolfgang Forstmeier,&nbsp;Anne Hertel,&nbsp;Vitali Razumov,&nbsp;Katrin Martin,&nbsp;Bart Kempenaers,&nbsp;Clemens Küpper","doi":"10.1111/eth.13543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13543","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Intraspecific variation provides the substrate for the evolution of organisms. Ruffs show exceptional phenotypic variation in physiology, appearance and behaviour linked to variation between sexes and male alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs). The male ARTs are associated with the evolution of separate morphs, which are encoded by an autosomal supergene. However, the effects of the supergene on females and chicks are much less well understood. In particular, it is still unknown, whether females also show morph-specific behavioural variation, when behavioural differences emerge during ontogeny and whether behavioural differences can be detected outside of the breeding context. To address these knowledge gaps, we repeatedly measured the activity in an unfamiliar environment, also known as exploration behaviour, of 109 hand-raised young ruffs throughout their first two years of life. We used automated tracking in an open field arena and quantified the distance moved within 10 min to examine behavioural differences between sexes, morphs and individuals. After their crouching reflex, which is a response to potential threats, subsided during the first month of life, the activity of young ruffs rapidly increased. Repeatability of individual activity was initially low but increased throughout juvenile ontogeny and was high (<i>R</i> = 0.5) from day 21 onwards. Variation in activity was clearly sex-linked with females moving more than males, indicating potential energetic trade-offs accompanying the strong sexual size dimorphism. In contrast, morph differences in activity remained inconsistent and elusive, both in females and in males. Our results indicate that in species in which much of the known behavioural variation is linked to mating tactics, a non-reproductive behaviour can show between-individual variation and clear-sex differences, whereas morph differences appear less pronounced.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13543","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-Snake Behavior and Snake Discrimination in Vervet Monkeys","authors":"Lukas Schad,&nbsp;Erica van de Waal,&nbsp;Julia Fischer","doi":"10.1111/eth.13541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13541","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anti-predator behavior can inform how animals classify potential threats and which cognitive mechanisms might be involved in risk assessment. Snakes are common predators for many primate species, yet most of our knowledge on primate anti-snake behavior stems from predator model experiments. Only some studies could investigate natural predator–prey interactions. Here, we combine an observational study on anti-snake behavior in free-ranging vervet monkeys, <i>Chlorocebus pygerythrus,</i> with an experimental test of snake classification to achieve an integrated understanding of the monkeys' responses to and classification of snakes. Over 25 months, we gathered data from over 200 individuals in five groups and recorded natural encounters between vervet monkeys and five different species of snakes. We assessed whether the time that monkeys spent in close proximity (≤ 10 m) to snakes varied with the encountered species and whether age and sex classes differed in their propensity to approach snakes (≤ 10 m) or produce alarm calls. Encounters with pythons lasted longer, and monkeys were likelier to approach them than other species. While adult males were less likely to approach snakes, we found no effect of age or sex class on alarm-calling probability. Alarm calling was restricted to individuals close to snakes, apparently facilitating the recruitment of nearby group members to a snake's position. In experiments, we tested whether vervet monkeys discriminated snake models by length or diameter, but found no effect of model size. While the experimental data showed the same trends as data from natural encounters, the model pythons were approached by a much larger proportion of subjects than real pythons. This contrast between responses in natural predator encounters and simulated events stresses how assessing the variation in natural encounters can provide valuable context when evaluating experimental data.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13541","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defensive Behaviour in Intertidal Crabs","authors":"Manisha Koneru,&nbsp;Tim Caro","doi":"10.1111/eth.13544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13544","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite a long roster of prey defences against predators now documented by biologists, any given species utilises only some of them, and we have few a priori predictions as to if, when or where they will be employed. In order to uncover general trends in the way in which crabs avoid predation attempts after they have been detected, we examined the antipredator behaviour of nine intertidal decapod species on three continents. We studied five different types of defensive behaviour and seven morphological and environmental factors which might affect such behaviours at different stages of the predatory sequence. In combination with other studies, we suggest that although intertidal crabs invest a great deal in crypticity to avoid detection, once discovered, they remain immobile, raise their chelae or flee but the extent to which these and other defences are exhibited differ markedly across species. We found that luminance contrast with the background, body size, chelae size and immediate habitat in which crabs were found affected antipredator behaviour whereas neither sex, nor chromatic contrast with the background were important. Our findings broaden understanding of defensive behaviour in several decapod species and highlight how species tailor the use of the same defences in different ways according to threat, morphology and local environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13544","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abdominal Spines on an Amazonian Spiny Spider (Micrathena schreibersi): A Defense Against Mud-Dauber Wasps (Sceliphron spp.) Attack?","authors":"João Gabriel Lacerda de Almeida,&nbsp;Larissa Lotti Oliveira,&nbsp;Carine Mariá Cola","doi":"10.1111/eth.13540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13540","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The conspicuous abdominal spines in females of <i>Micrathena</i> spiders have evolved independently in several species within the genus. Like other orb-web spiders, <i>Micrathena</i> species can serve as prey to parasitoid mud-dauber wasps, which paralyzes the spiders and inserts them into their nests to serve as food to their larvae. Based on this fact, some studies suggest that <i>Micrathena</i> spines evolved as an antipredator defense against the wasp. However, there is no direct evidence of how the spines could act to avoid the wasp behavior. Here, we present two distinct records involving an Amazonian species of spiny spider, <i>Micrathena schreibersi</i>, where the abdominal spines act as a mechanical barrier against mud-dauber wasps (<i>Sceliphron</i> spp.). These spines prevented the wasps from completely inserting the paralyzed spiders into their tubular nests, forcing the wasps to alter the opening shape to close it. In our second record, the wasp was not able to completely close the nest, leading to predation of her offspring by ants. We discuss the ecological implications of this potential defense trait for both species and propose future hypotheses to further elucidate how these spines may have evolved based on the foraging behavior of mud-dauber wasps.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acoustic Features, Syllable Usage, and Song Rates of Male and Female Songs in a Tropical Island Songbird, the Puerto Rican Oriole","authors":"Michelle J. Moyer,&nbsp;Michael D. Ocasio,&nbsp;Emerson F. Lehnert,&nbsp;Noelia A. Nieves Colón,&nbsp;Eriberto Osorio,&nbsp;Ellie K. Bare,&nbsp;Alberic Ponce de León Laguna,&nbsp;Bukola A. Molake,&nbsp;Miguel J. Costas Sabatier,&nbsp;Brian S. Evans,&nbsp;Alcides L. Morales Pérez,&nbsp;Kevin E. Omland","doi":"10.1111/eth.13534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13534","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our understanding of elaborate signaling behaviors, such as bird song, has been hindered by historical biases towards male animals. Bird song has been shown to serve important functions like defending territories or attracting mates in both males and females, and singing in both sexes is likely the ancestral trait for songbirds. Female song is strongly associated with year-round territory defense, especially in the tropics. However, more studies of both male and female songs are needed to better understand the selection pressures acting on this elaborate signal trait. The common ancestor of the New World orioles (<i>Icterus</i>) was likely a nonmigratory tropical species, with both males and females singing and defending year-round territories. The Puerto Rican Oriole (<i>Icterus portoricensis</i>) has these natural history characteristics, but little is known about how each sex uses song in this understudied Caribbean endemic. We found that while male and female songs were significantly different acoustically, they were indistinguishable in the field, and showed no sex-specific pattern in syllable usage. Males sang at higher rates than females during the dawn chorus, but females sang frequently during the day. Song is likely evolving as a unified trait in this species, reflecting the characteristics of the common ancestor, but may serve different functions for each sex. In the future, playback studies and rate observations throughout the full day and throughout the year will provide additional insight into how males and females of this tropical songbird may be using their songs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"131 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}