European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care最新文献

{"title":"The prolonged-release oral formulations: a new era in hormonal contraception technology?","authors":"Giovanni Grandi, Vincenzo Bettoli, Vincenzina Bruni, Alessandro Gambera, Rossella E Nappi, Angelo Cagnacci","doi":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2444241","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2444241","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50491,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care","volume":" ","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142916141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge of contraceptive methods among deaf women: a qualitative study.","authors":"Gabriela Fuster Barbosa, Laura Fernandes Berto, Sandra Dircinha Teixeira de Araujo Moraes, Edson Santos Ferreira-Filho, Luis Bahamondes, Edmund Chada Baracat, José Maria Soares-Junior, Isabel Cristina Esposito Sorpreso","doi":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2429373","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2429373","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To analyse the understanding of deaf women regarding contraceptive methods.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted a qualitative descriptive study in two referral centres for sexual and reproductive health (SRH) in São Paulo, Brazil, trough years 2020-2022. Twenty-eight deaf women who use Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) were interviewed face-to-face and remotely via videocall using a semi-structured questionnaire containing sociodemographic and clinical data and questions about understanding and knowledge of contraceptive methods. We performed a content analysis through transcription, interpretation, and validation of the LIBRAS translation with the assistance of NVivo software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Communication barrier (28/28) was the primary factor associated with low knowledge about contraceptive methods. Regarding barrier methods, 20 (71%) participants reported be familiar with condoms, 13 (46%) with diaphragms, 20 (71%) about oral contraceptives, and 17 (60%) about injectable methods. Concerning long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), 16 (57%) were aware about intrauterine devices and 7 (25%) with subdermal implants. Fifteen (53%) of participants were aware about female and male permanent contraception. Unplanned pregnancy rate was 59% and use of fertility awareness methods was reported by 6 (21%), barrier methods 5 (17%), short-acting methods 6 (21%), LARC 2 (7%) and permanent contraception among 4 (14%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In our sample of deaf women, condoms and oral contraceptives were identified more often and were more in use. All interviewed deaf women cited communication as a barrier to accessing information about contraceptive methods, highlighting the low knowledge and use of LARC.</p>","PeriodicalId":50491,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care","volume":" ","pages":"20-26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142819762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discontinuation of long-acting reversible contraception: a retrospective Dutch study in general practice.","authors":"Theodora A M Teunissen, Antoinette L M Lagro-Janssen, Demi Sturkenboom, Reinier P Akkermans, Annemarie A Uijen","doi":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2415361","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2415361","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In the Netherlands, the use of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods increases. Studies show high premature discontinuation rates of LARCs, but comprehensive insights into the Dutch situation remain limited.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study is to determine (1) the rate and reasons of discontinuation of different types of LARC in the first 2.5 years of use and (2) what patient characteristics are associated with premature discontinuation.</p><p><strong>Design and setting: </strong>Retrospective cohort study utilising data from a Dutch primary care research network.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We included all women who received a LARC between 2017 and 2019 with a 2.5-year follow-up period. We performed a descriptive analysis, Kaplan Meier and logistic regression analysis to answer the research questions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 642 women. In total, 166 women (25.9%) discontinued their LARC within 2.5 years. Discontinuation rates were 22% for levonorgestrel intra-uterine systems (LNG-IUS) 52 mg, 25% for LNG-IUS 19.5 mg, 39% for copper IUDs and 47% for subdermal implants. Common reasons for discontinuation were: alterations in bleeding pattern (68%), abdominal pain (32%), headache or mood fluctuation (24%) and a preference for natural contraceptive methods (23%). Factors associated with discontinuation for reasons other than pregnancy wish were: age between 30 and 34 years old (OR 5.1, 95% CI [1.26-20.48]) and a history of sexual, physical and/or psychological abuse (OR 3.16, 95% CI [1.60-6.23]). A high educational level (OR 0.33, 95% CI [0.12-0.89]) was associated with a lower risk of discontinuation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The discontinuation rates of LARCs are high. Better counselling might prevent premature discontinuation.</p>","PeriodicalId":50491,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care","volume":" ","pages":"33-38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142479713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A randomised double-blind trial to determine the bleeding profile of the prolonged-release contraceptive dienogest 2 mg/ethinylestradiol 0.02 mg versus an immediate-release formulation of drospirenone 3 mg/ethinylestradiol 0.02 mg.","authors":"Kristina Biskupska-Bodova, Joanna Sójka-Kupny, Tamás Nyirády, Anne E Burke, Alicyoy Angulo, Pedro Antonio Regidor","doi":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2398433","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2398433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dienogest (DNG) 2 mg/ethinylestradiol (EE) 0.02 mg is the first low-dose combined oral contraceptive (COC) with a prolonged-release formulation that allows stable plasma concentrations and has high contraceptive efficacy (Pearl index: 0.2). The aim of this trial was to determine the bleeding profile of this contraceptive compared to an immediate release formulation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective double-blind randomised controlled trial evaluated the bleeding patterns of DNG 2 mg/EE 0.02 mg compared with immediate-release drospirenone (DRSP) 3 mg/EE 0.02 mg in a 24/4-day regimen over nine cycles (randomisation ratio, 5:2). Participants recorded scheduled and unscheduled bleeding/spotting data using an electronic diary. A non-inferiority analysis for the proportion of participants with unscheduled bleeding/spotting was prespecified for Cycles 2-6. Safety, including adverse events, were monitored throughout the trial.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seven-hundred six and 288 participants received DNG/EE and DRSP/EE, respectively. Scheduled bleeding patterns per each 28-day cycle were similar in both groups. During Cycles 2-6, the proportion of participants with unscheduled bleeding/spotting was significantly lower in the DNG/EE group (50.5% [280/574] than in the DRSP/EE group (72.8% [171/235]]; treatment difference 22.3% [95% CI 15.9, 28.6%]; <i>p</i> < 0.0001). A low proportion of participants discontinued the trial due to bleeding disorders (1.7% and 0.7%, respectively). The safety profiles were similar for both treatments.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The prolonged-release DNG 2 mg/EE 0.02 mg offers a significant decrease in unscheduled bleeding/spotting compared with an immediate-release COC, DRSP/EE, combined with high contraceptive efficacy and a very low adverse event profile.</p>","PeriodicalId":50491,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care","volume":" ","pages":"3-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142300023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The cost burden of adolescent and young adult pregnancy: real-world evidence from the Brazilian public health care system.","authors":"Bruna Marmett, Julia Mathias Reis, Amanda Ferreira de Carvalho, Daniela Dal Forno Kinalski, Carmem Lisiane Escouto de Souza, Natália Jaeger Basso Werle, Mayara Ribeiro Masseli, Ana Paula Beck da Silva Etges, Carisi Anne Polanczyk, Tiago Chagas Dalcin, Sérgio Luis Amantea","doi":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2416587","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2416587","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In low- and middle-income countries, pregnancy in adolescence represents an important public health issue. Rates of early pregnancy have significant social and economic consequences that extend beyond the individual sphere, impacting public/governmental budgets.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To estimate the cost implications of early pregnancies from the perspective of the Brazilian Unified Public Health System.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective secondary data analysis focuses on assessing direct hospital costs. The study cohort comprises adolescents and young adults who underwent prenatal care at a reference maternity hospital between January and December 2021. Individual procedure costs were extracted from hospital records and converted into monetary values using the Brazilian Federal Fee. The sample size for each group was determined based on preliminary data collected during a pilot study. Descriptive analyses presented costs stratified by age groups. To estimate budgetary impacts and sensitivity we used national live birth incidence rates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean cost per case of adolescent pregnancy was US$ 704.92 (SD: 1,707.74) and for adult pregnancy was US$ 592.40 (SD: 941.43). The cost of hospital admission accounted for 61% of the total cost of adolescent pregnancies. The annual budget impact of pregnancies among women under 30 years was estimated at US$ 1 billion, with 239 million coming from women under 20 years old.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pregnancy in adolescence may lead to a significant annual budget impact, representing 24% of costs attributed to pregnancies among women under 30 years. Costs related to hospital admissions and complications represent a substantial share of the total costs of adolescent pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":50491,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care","volume":" ","pages":"13-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142548731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiences and impacts of side effects among contraceptive users in the UK: exploring individual narratives of contraceptive side effects.","authors":"Catherine Stewart, Rose Stevens, Fiona Kennedy, Paulina Cecula, Elena Rueda Carrasco, Jennifer Hall","doi":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2410841","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2410841","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>While many women worldwide use contraception, there is a paucity of research on individual experiences of side effects. To address this gap, we investigated individual's contraception experiences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Women aged 18 to 35, living in the UK were invited to participate in an online survey on contraception. Free text responses were collected. Through a directed content analysis approach, we developed a coding framework (based on existing literature and initial response review) including six themes; method(s) of contraception, side effect(s) experienced, impact of side effect(s), timing of side effect(s), interactions with healthcare practitioners, and trial-and-error.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 337 participants provided free-text responses. Side effect experiences and impacts varied greatly between individuals and contraceptives. Most participants described negative effects, including mental health issues and bleeding problems. However, some shared positive experiences mainly related to bleeding management or the absence of side effects. Participants described how side effects often varied or appeared over time. Some participants felt unheard by healthcare practitioners.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study highlights how specific contraceptive experience is to the individual. We advocate for a patient-centred approach to contraceptive counselling. Practitioners should play an active role in improving contraception prescription, acknowledging the diverse experiences and preferences of patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":50491,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care","volume":" ","pages":"27-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142479714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of laboratory markers of anaemia in the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding with a 19.5-mg intrauterine device: a pilot study.","authors":"Marco Viscola, Ana C Marcelino, Paula da C Pereira, Ilza Monteiro, Ximena Espejo-Arce, Luis Bahamondes","doi":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2406496","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2406496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate improvements in laboratory markers of anaemia (haemoglobin, haematocrit, serum iron, and ferritin) in women with subjective heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) treated with the levonorgestrel 19.5-mg intrauterine device.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We conducted a pilot study at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Campinas, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Campinas, SP, Brazil. We compared anaemia markers in 73 women aged 18-48 years suffering from HMB, one year after placement of the IUD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of participants was 30.0 years (range 24-38); more than half were white, and the mean body mass index (kg/m²) was 27.0. Twenty (27.4%) participants exited the study due to loss to follow-up (<i>n</i> = 12; 16.4%), expulsion (<i>n</i> = 7; 9.6%) and uterine perforation (<i>n</i> = 1; 1.4%). One-year post-IUD placement, amenorrhoea was reported by 10 (13.7%) women. According to intention-to-treat and per protocol analyses, the proportion of women with normal haemoglobin levels significantly improved (<i>p</i> = 0.014 in both analyses), as did haematocrit (<i>p</i> < 0.001 in both analyses) and serum iron (<i>p</i> = 0.003 in both analyses) compared to baseline evaluations. The proportion of women with normal ferritin levels also improved (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in both analyses using a cut-off of 15 ng/ml, though no significant difference was observed using a 30 ng/ml cut-off (<i>p</i> = 0.083 in both analyses).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The levonorgestrel 19.5-mg IUD effectively improved laboratory markers of anaemia one year after placement in women with HMB.</p>","PeriodicalId":50491,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care","volume":" ","pages":"282-286"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142331652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of the implementation of the three-child policy with changes in contraceptive methods among women who underwent induced abortion: a cross-sectional study of Wuhan, a megacity in central China.","authors":"Yajing Wu, Qing Zhang, Jie Zeng, Youling Zeng, Yuliang Zou","doi":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2400967","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2400967","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Induced abortion, as a legal medical practice in China, has an enormous negative impact on women's sexual and reproductive health. After the implementation of the three-child policy, guiding women to choose appropriate contraceptive measures to protect their fertility is the focus of China's family planning. But little is known about the impact of the family planning policy on women's contraceptive behaviour.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected 7022 cases who underwent abortion between July 2020 and June 2022 in Wuhan. Based on the time of implementation of the policy, the study population was divided into two groups, namely, the pre-policy group (before July 2021, Group 1) and the post-policy group (after July 2021, Group 2). Logistic regression was used to analyse the effect of the policy on women's choice of different contraceptive methods for abortion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were a total of 3487 cases in Group 1, accounting for 49.65%, and 3535 cases in Group 2, accounting for 50.34%. The proportion of women choosing efficient contraceptive methods after the Three-Child Policy decreased compared with before. A correlation was observed between the implementation of the Three-Child Policy and whether to choose efficient contraceptive methods after abortion (<i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study has found that after the Three-Child Policy, women opting for induced abortion tend to prefer less effective contraceptive methods, particularly condoms. There is a marked shift towards more effective contraception methods both before and after the implementation of the Three-Child Policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":50491,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care","volume":" ","pages":"269-275"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142331651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of the <i>Roe v. Wade</i> overturn on birth control prescriptions and sterilisation procedures in rural NC.","authors":"Eloise Joubert, Todd Anderson, Valeria Barreto-Nadal, David Schutzer","doi":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2409231","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2409231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/introduction: </strong>On June 24, 2022, the Supreme Court overturned the 1973 verdict in the <i>Roe v. Wade</i> legal suit that had established the constitutional right to medical abortion [1]. With the right to abortion now being left to the states, many restrictions regarding abortion procedures are being established [2]. We aim to evaluate whether this has led to an increase in the number of birth control prescriptions and sterilisation procedures at Cape Fear Valley Medical Centre in rural North Carolina.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>SlicerDicer program within EPIC medical records database was used to retrieve the records of all women that had an obstetrics and gynaecology appointment with Cape Fear Valley Health System between 11/01/21-12/31/2022 for contraception. The data was sorted into race/ethnicity, age, and types of birth control. Principal outcomes measured the trends in birth control prescription or sterilisation procedure appointments before and after the overturn of <i>Roe v. Wade</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Contraceptive pill prescriptions decreased from 51.70% to 32.40%. IUD insertions decreased from 39.40% to 11.30%. Injectable birth control remained consistent, at approximately 16%. Nexplanon implantations dropped from 20.60% to 9.70%. Lastly, sterilisation procedures increased from 6.7% to 10.7%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Majority of birth control prescriptions decreased following the overturn of <i>Roe v. Wade</i>, except for sterilisation, which increased by 4.0%. This may indicate that women are now looking for more permanent birth control options after the overturn of <i>Roe v. Wade</i>. Future research should investigate whether similar trends of increasing prevalence of sterilisation procedures is seen throughout the United States.</p>","PeriodicalId":50491,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care","volume":" ","pages":"294-297"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142479716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neighbourhood environment and early menarche among adolescent girls of five countries.","authors":"Erdenetuya Bolormaa, Taemi Kim, Eunson Gwak, Seung-Ah Choe, Adriane Martin Hilber","doi":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2387648","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13625187.2024.2387648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>We aim to investigate the relationship between individuals' perceptions of their neighbourhood environment and early menarche.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective cohort study of 7,486 girls of Ethiopia, India, South Korea, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US), born in 1997-2011 was analysed. Early menarche was defined as being below the 10th to 20th percentiles in each cohort, considering the varying distributions across countries. Perceived neighbourhood environments were assessed based on the responses for neighbourhood pollution, safety, and recreational facilities. We calculated the relative risk (RR) of early menarche for unfavourable environment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age at menarche was lowest in South Korea (10.6 years) and highest in Ethiopia (13.7 years). Unfavourable environment was associated with higher risk of early menarche overall (RR = 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.09-1.65) and each country (3.03, 95% CI: 1.15-7.96 in Ethiopia; 1.99, 95% CI: 0.97-4.10 in India, 1.23, 95% CI: 0.67-2.27 in Korea; 1.26, 95% CI: 0.96-1.64 in the UK). Specifically, pollution (1.29, 95% CI: 1.03-1.62) and low safety (1.19, 95% CI: 1.60-1.88) were associated with early menarche.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our finding highlights the potential role of perceived neighbourhood environment in the timing of puberty.</p>","PeriodicalId":50491,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care","volume":" ","pages":"263-268"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142019421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}