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A Data-Driven Method for Calculating Neutron Flux Distribution Based on Deep Learning and the Discrete Ordinates Method 基于深度学习和离散顺序法的中子通量分布数据驱动计算方法
Energies Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.3390/en17143440
Yanchao Li, Bin Zhang, Shouhai Yang, Yixue Chen
{"title":"A Data-Driven Method for Calculating Neutron Flux Distribution Based on Deep Learning and the Discrete Ordinates Method","authors":"Yanchao Li, Bin Zhang, Shouhai Yang, Yixue Chen","doi":"10.3390/en17143440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143440","url":null,"abstract":"The efficient and accurate calculation of neutron flux distribution is essential for evaluating the safety of nuclear facilities and the surrounding environment. While traditional numerical simulation methods such as the discrete ordinates (SN) method and Monte Carlo method have demonstrated excellent performance in terms of accuracy, their complex solving process incurs significant computational costs. This paper explores a data-driven and efficient method for obtaining neutron flux distribution based on deep learning, specifically targeting shielding problems with constant geometry and varying material cross-sections in practical engineering. The proposed method bypasses the intricate numerical transport calculation process of the discrete ordinates method by constructing a surrogate model that captures the correlation between transport characteristics and neutron flux from data characteristics. Simulations were carried out using Kobayashi-1 and Kobayashi-2 geometric models for shielding problems with constant geometry and varying material cross-sections. A series of validations have proved that the data-driven surrogate model demonstrates high generalization ability and reliability, while reducing the time required to obtain neutron flux distribution to 0.1 s without compromising on calculation accuracy compared to the discrete ordinates method.","PeriodicalId":504870,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141652747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Prediction of Global Solar Irradiance on Parallel Rows of Tilted Surfaces Including the Effect of Direct and Anisotropic Diffuse Shading 平行排列倾斜表面上的全球太阳辐照度预测,包括直接和各向异性漫射遮阳的影响
Energies Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.3390/en17143444
S. Pereira, P. Canhoto, Rui Salgado
{"title":"Prediction of Global Solar Irradiance on Parallel Rows of Tilted Surfaces Including the Effect of Direct and Anisotropic Diffuse Shading","authors":"S. Pereira, P. Canhoto, Rui Salgado","doi":"10.3390/en17143444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143444","url":null,"abstract":"Solar photovoltaic power plants typically consist of rows of solar panels, where the accurate estimation of solar irradiance on inclined surfaces significantly impacts energy generation. Existing practices often only account for the first row, neglecting shading from subsequent rows. In this work, ten transposition models were assessed against experimental data and a transposition model for inner rows was developed and validated. The developed model incorporates view factors and direct and circumsolar irradiances shading from adjacent rows, significantly improving global tilted irradiance (GTI) estimates. This model was validated against one-minute observations recorded between 14 April and 1 June 2022, at Évora, Portugal (38.5306, −8.0112) resulting in values of mean bias error (MBE) and root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of −12.9 W/m2 and 76.8 W/m2, respectively, which represent an improvement of 368.3 W/m2 in the MBE of GTI estimations compared to the best-performing transposition model for the first row. The proposed model was also evaluated in an operational forecast setting where corrected forecasts of direct and diffuse irradiance (0 to 72 h ahead) were used as inputs, resulting in an MBE and RMSE of −33.6 W/m2 and 169.7 W/m2, respectively. These findings underscore the potential of the developed model to enhance solar energy forecasting accuracy and operational algorithms’ efficiency and robustness.","PeriodicalId":504870,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"56 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141654764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Influence Mechanism of Cathode Curvature Radius on Corona Discharge at Microscale 微尺度阴极曲率半径对电晕放电的影响机制
Energies Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.3390/en17143411
Jingyuan Zhang, Bei Zhang, Yong Yang, Zhenzu Liu, Hongguang Pan
{"title":"Influence Mechanism of Cathode Curvature Radius on Corona Discharge at Microscale","authors":"Jingyuan Zhang, Bei Zhang, Yong Yang, Zhenzu Liu, Hongguang Pan","doi":"10.3390/en17143411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143411","url":null,"abstract":"Micro-corona devices could be extensively utilized in gas sensing, switchgear, biomedicine, and other fields. As the influence mechanism of the cathode curvature radius on micro-corona discharge dynamical processes is very important for performance optimization and the promotion of these devices, a micro-scale corona discharge gas model in a mixture of N2-O2 is proposed based on the fluid–chemical mixing method, which describes the dynamic process of the discharge at atmosphere and normal temperatures. To reveal the influence mechanism of the nanowire curvature radius on the micro-corona discharge, the effect of the cathode nanowire radius on the discharge current, electric field, ionization reaction rate, and charged particle characteristics at different gaps and voltages were determined. The findings indicate that the effect of curvature radius on discharge intensity varies under different gap and voltage conditions. Further analysis indicates that an increase in curvature radius reduces the electric field near the tip while increasing the ionization area and secondary emission area as well as the number of positive ions in the space, consequently affecting the coupling process between the collision ionization and the secondary emission. Especially under the conditions of either small gap or low voltage, a suitable increase in the curvature radius could promote the coupling process and then increase the discharge current.","PeriodicalId":504870,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"58 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141655603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Integrating Renewable Energy Produced by a Library Building on a University Campus in a Scenario of Collective Self-Consumption 在集体自用的情况下整合大学校园图书馆大楼生产的可再生能源
Energies Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.3390/en17143405
Ivo Araújo, Leonel J. R. Nunes, David Patíño Vilas, A. Curado
{"title":"Integrating Renewable Energy Produced by a Library Building on a University Campus in a Scenario of Collective Self-Consumption","authors":"Ivo Araújo, Leonel J. R. Nunes, David Patíño Vilas, A. Curado","doi":"10.3390/en17143405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143405","url":null,"abstract":"Rising fossil fuel costs and environmental concerns are driving the search for new energy sources, particularly renewable energy. Among these sources, solar photovoltaic (PV) is the most promising in southern European countries, mainly through the use of decentralised PV systems designed to produce electricity close to the point of demand and primarily to meet local energy needs. In an urban scenario, a decentralised energy system usually operates in parallel with the grid, allowing excess power generated to be injected into the grid. Solar carports and rooftop systems are excellent examples of distributed photovoltaic systems, which are far more sustainable than large centralised systems because they do not compete for land use. Despite their operational advantages, these decentralised photovoltaic production plants, which are in most cases financed by specific energy efficiency programs, present challenges in a regulated market where the injection of energy into the electricity grid is restricted by law and support programs. The aim of this work is to integrate two different photovoltaic systems within an academic campus where the only PV source currently available is a solar car park, a solution designed both to provide shaded space for vehicles and to produce energy to be consumed within the facilities. Due to legal restrictions, surplus electricity cannot be sold to the national grid, and solar batteries to store the generated energy are expensive and have a short lifespan. Therefore, since the campus has two different grid connections and a 102.37 kWp PV system, the newly designed system to be installed on the library roof must be calculated to support the installed electricity system during the most critical working hours, determining the specific angle and orientation of the solar panels. On this basis, the energy management of a school campus is fundamental to creating a collective self-consumption system, the basis of a local energy community that can meet energy, environmental, and social objectives.","PeriodicalId":504870,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"132 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141656675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Highly Conductive Single-Ion Polymeric Electrolyte for Long-Cycle-Life Lithium Metal Batteries 用于长循环寿命金属锂电池的高导电性单离子聚合物电解质
Energies Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.3390/en17143398
Yuying Yang, Yabin Zhang, Yuxin Song, Tingbin Ma, Luqing Zhang, Shuxiang Zhang
{"title":"Highly Conductive Single-Ion Polymeric Electrolyte for Long-Cycle-Life Lithium Metal Batteries","authors":"Yuying Yang, Yabin Zhang, Yuxin Song, Tingbin Ma, Luqing Zhang, Shuxiang Zhang","doi":"10.3390/en17143398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143398","url":null,"abstract":"Considerable research has been conducted on single-ion conductive polymeric electrolytes with high lithium ion transference numbers. However, low ionic conductivity is a long-standing challenge for lithium metal batteries, hindering the development of extending their cycle life. In this study, we synthesized a novel fluorine-containing single-ion polymeric electrolyte, LiP(VDF-co-MAF)BB (Polyvinylidene fluoride trifluoromethyl acrylate lithium borate polymer; subsequently referred to as PPMBB), exhibiting a room temperature conductivity of 1.03 × 10−3 S/cm. This electrolyte demonstrates a high lithium ion transference number of 0.7901 and an extended electrochemical stability window of 5.5 V. Under a 2 C discharge rate, it manifests a remarkable discharge specific capacity of 146.8 mAh/g. Moreover, even after 364 cycles, the capacity retention remains at 76%. The single-ion polymeric gel electrolyte designed in this work provides a promising strategy for the prolonged cycling performance of lithium metal batteries.","PeriodicalId":504870,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"119 36","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141656765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
About the Aged Degradation of the Materials Used for Medium-Voltage Distributors 关于中压配电器所用材料的老化退化问题
Energies Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.3390/en17143418
G. Popa, Dimitar Aleksiev Nikolov, C. Diniș
{"title":"About the Aged Degradation of the Materials Used for Medium-Voltage Distributors","authors":"G. Popa, Dimitar Aleksiev Nikolov, C. Diniș","doi":"10.3390/en17143418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143418","url":null,"abstract":"The medium-voltage components in the ignition installations for gasoline engines contain electroinsulating materials that lose their properties over time. The purpose of this paper is to measure and analyze the insulation resistance, dielectric absorption ratio and polarization index of the insulation of materials (three types of materials) used for medium-voltage distributors, for several operating periods, in automotive ignition installations. Experiments were conducted with old (operation tens of thousands of km, some with surfaces that have been cleaned) and new medium-voltage distributors, and a megohmmeter was used to measure, over time, the insulation resistance between the central terminal and the output terminals at different test voltages. The insulation resistance of the distributors depends on the use: in the old ones, they have values of tens of GΩ (e.g., up to 100 GΩ) and, in the new ones, of the order of TΩ (e.g., 4–7 TΩ). The more distributors are used, for the same distributor, there are greater differences between the measurements made between terminals and the average values (87% for used distributors, respectively, 2% for new ones). For new or less used distributors, higher values were obtained for the dielectric absorption ratio (1.26–1.27; for used ones, 0.91–0.95) and polarization index (1.15–1.25; for used ones, 0.96–1.15). The results show the importance of the volume insulation resistance of the electroinsulating material compared to the surface resistance and the insignificant improvement when cleaning the internal and external surfaces of the medium-voltage distributors.","PeriodicalId":504870,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"53 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141658293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Study on Lighting Energy Savings by Applying a Daylight-Concentrating Indoor Louver System with LED Dimming Control 应用带 LED 调光控制的日光集中室内百叶窗系统的照明节能研究
Energies Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.3390/en17143425
June-Hae Lee, Jae-Sik Kang
{"title":"Study on Lighting Energy Savings by Applying a Daylight-Concentrating Indoor Louver System with LED Dimming Control","authors":"June-Hae Lee, Jae-Sik Kang","doi":"10.3390/en17143425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143425","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzed the effect of indoor lighting energy reduction using a daylight-concentrating indoor louver system, which is a renewable energy equipment item. Daylight-concentrating indoor louver systems enhance indoor lighting by directing natural light, entering through windows, into the room via louvers. This study demonstrates significant lighting energy savings through the use of LED-linked dimming control, particularly during the transitional season, achieving an 85.65% reduction in power consumption. In contrast, the winter season showed higher cumulative power consumption due to reduced natural light availability, with a three-day average consumption of 1128.22 W compared to 836.60 W in the transitional season, representing a 25.85% increase. The illuminance distribution analysis revealed that, while winter had higher illuminance at 1 m from the window, the transitional season recorded higher values at 3 m and 5 m, indicating more effective natural light penetration. The solar altitude during the transitional season facilitated even light distribution through daylighting louvers. These findings confirm the substantial energy savings and improved illuminance distribution achieved with daylighting louvers and LED dimming control, with notable efficiency during the transitional season. Consequently, daylight-concentrating indoor louvers are confirmed to be effective in reducing indoor electric lighting energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":504870,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"139 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141655863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Developing Expert Systems for Improving Energy Efficiency in Manufacturing: A Case Study on Parts Cleaning 开发提高制造业能效的专家系统:零件清洗案例研究
Energies Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.3390/en17143417
B. Ioshchikhes, Michael Frank, G. Elserafi, Jonathan Magin, Matthias Weigold
{"title":"Developing Expert Systems for Improving Energy Efficiency in Manufacturing: A Case Study on Parts Cleaning","authors":"B. Ioshchikhes, Michael Frank, G. Elserafi, Jonathan Magin, Matthias Weigold","doi":"10.3390/en17143417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143417","url":null,"abstract":"Despite energy-related financial concerns and the growing demand for sustainability, many energy efficiency measures are not being implemented in industrial practice. There are a number of reasons for this, including a lack of knowledge about energy efficiency potentials and the assessment of energy savings as well as the high workloads of employees. This article describes the systematic development of an expert system, which offers a chance to overcome these obstacles and contribute significantly to increasing the energy efficiency of production machines. The system employs data-driven regression models to identify inefficient parameter settings, calculate achievable energy savings, and prioritize actions based on a fuzzy rule base. Proposed measures are first applied to an analytical real-time simulation model of a production machine to verify that the constraints required for the specified product quality are met. This provides the machine operator with the expert means to apply proposed energy efficiency measures to the physical entity. We demonstrate the development and application of the system for a throughput parts-cleaning machine in the metalworking industry.","PeriodicalId":504870,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"59 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141658136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Enhancing the Properties of Nanostructure TiO2 Thin Film via Calcination Temperature for Solar Cell Application 通过煅烧温度提高纳米结构二氧化钛薄膜在太阳能电池应用中的性能
Energies Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.3390/en17143415
Nurliyana Mohamad Arifin, Ervina Efzan Binti Mhd Noor, F. Mohamad, Norhidayah Mohamad, Nur Haslinda Mohamed Muzni
{"title":"Enhancing the Properties of Nanostructure TiO2 Thin Film via Calcination Temperature for Solar Cell Application","authors":"Nurliyana Mohamad Arifin, Ervina Efzan Binti Mhd Noor, F. Mohamad, Norhidayah Mohamad, Nur Haslinda Mohamed Muzni","doi":"10.3390/en17143415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143415","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) was deposited onto a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate using the sol–gel spin coating method. Through the implementation of calcination treatment on the thin film, enhancements were observed in terms of structural, optical, and morphological properties. Various calcination temperatures were explored, with TiO2 annealed at 600 °C identified as the optimal sample. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) pattern revealed the prominent orientation plane of (101), indicating the presence of anatase TiO2 with a tetragonal pattern at this temperature. Despite fluctuations in the optical spectrum, the highest transmittance of 80% was observed in the visible region within the wavelength range of 400 nm. The estimated band-gap value of 3.45 eV reaffirmed the characteristic of TiO2. Surface analysis indicated the homogeneous growth of TiO2, uniformly covering the FTO substrate. Cross-sectional examination revealed a thickness of 263 nm with dense and compact nature of TiO2 thin film. No presence of defects or pores reflects a well-organized structure and high-quality formation. Significant electrical rectification properties were observed, indicating the successful formation of a p–n junction. In summary, calcination treatment was found to be crucial for enhancing the properties of the thin film, highlighting its significance in the development of solar cell applications.","PeriodicalId":504870,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"127 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141656818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Detection and Classification of Voltage Disturbances in Electrical Power Systems Based on Multiresolution Analysis and Negative Selection Algorithm 基于多分辨率分析和负选择算法的电力系统电压干扰检测与分类
Energies Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.3390/en17143403
Haislan Bernardes, C. R. Minussi
{"title":"Detection and Classification of Voltage Disturbances in Electrical Power Systems Based on Multiresolution Analysis and Negative Selection Algorithm","authors":"Haislan Bernardes, C. R. Minussi","doi":"10.3390/en17143403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143403","url":null,"abstract":"Early detection of threats to electrical energy distribution systems helps professionals make decisions and mitigate interruptions in supply and improper activation of the protection system. Biologically inspired methods, e.g., artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, and ant colonies, solve optimization problems and facilitate pattern recognition and decision-making. The present work presents a tool for detecting and classifying voltage disturbances based on the negative selection algorithm, which identifies and eliminates self-reactive cells, associated with multiresolution analysis, which analyzes the signal at different scales of detail, allowing a more complete understanding and detailed description of the phenomenon in question. The negative wavelet selection algorithm demonstrates robustness to detect and classify disturbances.","PeriodicalId":504870,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"137 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141656047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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