Flow Measurement and Instrumentation最新文献

{"title":"Experimental investigation on two-phase flow parameters and patterns of gas-liquid flow in small-diameter helically coiled tubes","authors":"Fucheng Chang ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Yang ,&nbsp;Xi Li ,&nbsp;Hengyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Kexin Chen ,&nbsp;Huixiong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The helically coiled tube (HCT) heat exchangers, recognized for the high heat transfer coefficients and excellent thermal expansibility, are crucial devices with wide-ranging engineering applications. The unique combination of gravity and centrifugal force yields a distinctive distribution and transformation of flow patterns, emphasizing the need for precise measurement and understanding of the two-phase parameters within the HCT. This paper presented an electrical conductivity probe measurement system designed to detect two-phase flow patterns and parameters in gas-liquid flow within small-diameter HCTs, specifically with inner diameters of 6 mm and 10 mm. The influence of superficial gas and liquid velocities on flow patterns in HCTs was investigated, resulting in four distinct classifications: bubble flow, plug flow, slug flow, and annular-slug flow. Correspondingly, the voltage signals from the conductivity probes manifested as descending pulse waves, descending narrow rectangular waves, descending wide rectangular waves, and ascending pulse waves. The variations in two-phase flow parameters were analyzed, revealing that the probability density distribution of bubble chord lengths conformed to the Lorentzian peak function. Then, quantitative criteria for flow pattern classification within the HCTs were developed using primarily voltage signals and supplemented by high-speed camera imagery. The effect of the inner diameter of the HCT on the flow pattern transition boundaries was discussed. Finally, the applicability of the existing correlations for the flow transition boundaries was verified based on experimental data within small-diameter HCTs.This study provides a crucial reference basis for subsequent studies on bubble dynamics and heat transfer mechanisms within HCTs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102844"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid model of ResNet and transformer for efficient image reconstruction of electromagnetic tomography","authors":"Xianglong Liu ,&nbsp;Huilin Feng ,&nbsp;Ying Wang ,&nbsp;Danyang Li ,&nbsp;Kun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electromagnetic tomography (EMT) is an electrical tomography technique based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, aimed at studying the spatial distribution of materials with electromagnetic properties. However, traditional image reconstruction in EMT faces challenges such as ill-posedness and non-linearity, which lead to problems such as poor reconstruction accuracy, unclear positioning, and blurred image contours. To address these issues, this paper proposes a hybrid model that combines ResNet-18 and Vision Transformer (ViT) neural network to solve the inverse problem. In this hybrid model, the excellent feature extraction ability of CNNs and the global feature extraction ability of Transformers are fully utilized. By incorporating the last two residual blocks of ResNet-18 and the 8-head attention mechanism of ViT, the model effectively captures long-range dependencies and integrates features of different scales, enhancing robustness and generalization. The results after 250 iterations show that the hybrid model achieves better performance in EMT image reconstruction compared with the traditional algorithms. In addition, the robustness of the proposed model to noise and its reconstruction performance with random samples are tested, which confirms the reliability and generalization ability of the proposed model. Furthermore, an 8-coil EMT experimental system was built to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the hybrid model and demonstrate its potential for application in EMT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102843"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lightweight real-time network for multiphase flow patterns identification based on upward inclined pipeline pressure data","authors":"Fenghua Wang ,&nbsp;Yuchao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yongqi Xu ,&nbsp;Qiumei Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Within the realm of oil and gas pipelines, multiphase flow phenomena are universal existence. To mitigate the various potential hazards caused by multiphase flow, accurate recognition of flow patterns is crucial. Current research on flow pattern identification typically employs data such as images and Doppler ultrasound signals. These types of data have obvious drawbacks: image data have poor universality and are only applicable to transparent pipelines, while Doppler ultrasound signal acquisition is complex. Therefore, this article uses upward inclined pipeline pressure data that are more generally applicable and easier to collect. Machine learning methods represented by deep learning have strong feature extraction capabilities. But the deep learning models proposed in current research have poor real-time performance and large parameter size, making them unsuitable for deployment on resource-constrained devices which are widely used in industrial sites. In response to the above problems, this paper proposes a novel lightweight YOLOv8_1D network model based on the YOLOv8 lightweight model. This model has fewer parameters, higher real-time performance, and utilizes universally applicable one-dimensional pressure data for training, aiming for precise identification of various flow patterns. During the data preprocessing stage, z-score standardization is applied to prevent gradient explosion and enhance model performance. To further improve model performance, the Empirical Wavelet Transform, an adaptive filter banks generation method, is introduced during the data preprocessing phase. The final experimental results show that EWT can effectively extract features from pressure data, enabling the YOLOv8_1D model to achieve the accuracy of 97.37 % which is higher than other contrast models and meet real-time requirements (63 samples/second). The source code of this paper is publicly available at <span><span>https://github.com/JiuYu77/flow_identification</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102840"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An approach to solving the influence of high solids holdup ring and background in fluidized bed on electromagnetic tomography","authors":"Chao Wang ,&nbsp;Jiacheng Liu ,&nbsp;Xinyu Luan ,&nbsp;Xiao Liang ,&nbsp;Muting Wang ,&nbsp;Jingyi Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102836","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102836","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electromagnetic tomography (EMT) technology based on tunneling magneto resistance (TMR) can efficiently detect phase distributions in the gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed by the difference of permeability. The solid clusters and bubble clusters are distributed within the background formed by the mixture of three phases, while the solids gather near the pipe wall and form a high solids holdup ring. Since the boundary measurement data obtained by the TMR-EMT system are significantly influenced by the background and ring, it is difficult to reconstruct the cluster distribution directly with the raw data. In order to improve the reconstruction quality, a method to weaken the influence of the background and ring is proposed. Based on the equivalent magnetic circuit model, the ring permeability is estimated and the Ring model is established. Combining the virtual reference field (VRF) model and the Ring model, the virtual reference field with the high solids holdup ring (VRF-R) model is established. Using the VRF-R model to process the boundary measurement data, the quality of the cluster distribution reconstruction is improved greatly. Compared with VRF, the correlation coefficient of VRF-R increases from 0.52 to 0.77 (in simulation) and 0.50 to 0.73 (in experiment), respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102836"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study of flow characteristics over a compound rectangular weir","authors":"Junaid Amin ,&nbsp;Kashif Mehmood ,&nbsp;Usman Ghani","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This numerical study presents discharge prediction on range of upstream head levels over a compound rectangular broad crested weir (CR-BCW). The computational domain was built in Ansys workbench, while 3D simulation and postprocessing were performed in CFD based tool Fluent using volume of fluid (VOF) method. Two turbulence models, the Re-Normalization Group (RNG) K-ε and the Shear Stress Transport (SST) K-ω, were considered to check their capability for flow prediction under different upstream head levels. The calculated numerical results initially compared with the published experimental data. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE) were used to check the accuracy of the numerical results. The findings demonstrate that the SST K- ω model presents better agreement with experimental data, indicating its optimal performance for simulating flow characteristics and predicting discharge over the CR-BCW model. This study does not only validate the SST K- ω model's effectiveness, but also highlights the sensitivity of hydraulic parameters to the choice of turbulence model, thus contributing valuable insights for the design and analysis of hydraulic structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102835"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SLowFlowS: A novel flow standard for semiconductor process gases","authors":"J.G. Pope,&nbsp;K.A. Gillis,&nbsp;A.N. Johnson,&nbsp;J.T. Boyd,&nbsp;J.D. Wright","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerous process gases are used in the production of semiconductor chips. Accurate metering of these gases into process chambers is critical for maximizing device throughput and yield. A national flow standard for semiconductor process gases does not exist, forcing the industry to rely on approximate “meter factors” to extrapolate a meter calibration carried out with nitrogen to the actual process gas. To address this issue, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed a novel rate-of-rise flow standard featuring long, slender tubing for the collection tank geometry. This design, paired with an air bath for thermal stability, ensures efficient heat transfer and accurate temperature prediction during the filling process. This standard will enable modeling the species effects of commercial flow meters and controllers. These models will enable a meter calibrated with nitrogen to provide accurate measurements of hazardous semiconductor process gases. We describe the design, experimental validation of the thermodynamic model, tests of the new flow standard, and uncertainty analysis. The standard is called SLowFlowS (Semiconductor Low Flow Standard), and it has an expanded uncertainty (95 % confidence level) between 0.056 % and 0.098 % of the flow and covers a flow range of 0.01 cm³/min to 1000 cm³/min at the standard conditions of 273.15 K and 101.325 kPa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102831"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The attitude changes and leakage characteristics of large-scale plunger pairs in high-pressure plunger pumps","authors":"Shendan Zhao ,&nbsp;Hesheng Tang ,&nbsp;Yan Ren ,&nbsp;Defa Wu ,&nbsp;Yinshui Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the most critical friction pair in high-pressure plunger pumps, the plunger pair significantly influences both the volumetric and mechanical efficiency of the pump. During actual operation, the relative position and orientation between the plunger and plunger sleeve are in constant flux. Moreover, factors such as the large diameter of the plunger, high working pressure, and low medium viscosity contribute to the complexity of gap flow, complicating the evaluation of the sealing efficiency of the plunger pump. Therefore, this article develops a fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulation model of the plunger pair and investigates the flow characteristics of the clearance under various eccentric postures, as well as the corresponding variations. A large-scale experimental platform was constructed to test the sealing performance of the plunger pair gap. Using a custom eccentricity testing device, the changes in attitude and leakage characteristics during the movement of the plunger pair were elucidated, thereby validating the accuracy of the simulation model. The findings of this study provide a foundation and technical support for the design and application of gap seals in reciprocating piston pumps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102838"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of enhanced hybrid optimization models for discharge prediction of cosine sharp-crested weirs","authors":"Samira Akhgar ,&nbsp;Amir H. Azimi ,&nbsp;Ali Foroudi","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102839","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102839","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The discharge coefficient plays a crucial role in estimation of discharge over sharp-crested weirs. This study employs various hybrid optimization algorithms to predict the discharge coefficient over half-cycle and full-cycle cosine sharp-crested weirs. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm was utilized, with its parameters optimized using the Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm. The performance of the GWO-SVM hybrid model was compared against the Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) model. Additionally, Gene Expression Programming (GEP) was applied to derive the best predictive equations for both weir types. For this purpose, a broad range of laboratory data, comprising geometric and hydraulic information (110 data sets for half-cycle and 270 data sets for full-cycle cosine weirs), has been considered. The results indicated that the GWO-SVM model demonstrated high accuracy, particularly in peak discharge predictions, achieving errors below 4 %. The proposed models incorporated the influence of the approach Froude number, a critical factor often overlooked in prior discharge prediction models. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the ratio of weir height to upstream water head (<em>h</em>_<em>o</em>/<em>P</em>) and Froude number play significant roles in prediction of discharge coefficient for cosine sharp-crested weirs. The frequency histogram of prediction for half- and full-cycle cosine sharp-crested weirs showed that the GEP model exhibited a uniform error distribution with a slight underprediction tendency, whereas regression models were less reliable for both weir types. Overall, the AI-based models outperformed conventional regression approaches, effectively minimizing underpredictions and overpredictions, and providing robust discharge coefficient predictions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102839"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143224536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of water holdup in slug region of oil-gas-water intermittent flow by plug-in conductance sensors","authors":"Lusheng Zhai,&nbsp;Xinyu Meng,&nbsp;Jiawei Qiao,&nbsp;Yukun Huang,&nbsp;Wenhao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The water holdup measurement in the horizontal intermittent oil-gas-water flow slug region is of great significance for understanding interfacial heat and mass transfer and revealing the mechanism of flow pattern transition. Considering the multi-scale structural characteristics of the horizontal oil-gas-water intermittent flow, two plug-in conductance sensors are designed for the water holdup measurement in the slug region. They are distributed multi-electrode conductance sensor (DMECS) and ring-electrode conductance sensor (RECS). The finite element method is employed to optimize the geometries of the sensors to enhance the sensitivity and uniformity of the detection field. Experiments are conducted in horizontal gas-water and oil-gas-water flows within a 20 mm diameter pipe. Response signals from both conductance sensors are collected. Recurrence plots are drawn based on the collected signals to demonstrate the capability to detect local flow structures. The non-uniform distribution characteristics of water holdup in the intermittent flow slug region are studied. Besides, the influence of the oil phase on the local flow structures and water holdup is further explored. Finally, the water holdup measured by the conductance sensors is compared with the wire-mesh sensor. The results indicate that the RECS can reflect the average water holdup, whilst the DMECS is sensitive to the local water holdup characteristics. Thus, the DMECS has a higher measurement resolution for small-scale oil droplets and bubbles. By comparison, the RECS demonstrates better measurement performance for the pseudo slug flow with large-scale flow structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102832"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydraulic behavior and energy dissipation in Piano key weirs vs. Rectangular labyrinth weirs: A comparative study","authors":"Parisa Mirkhorli ,&nbsp;Amir Ghaderi ,&nbsp;Hossein Mohammadnezhad ,&nbsp;Mirali Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Ozgur Kisi","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flow characteristics and energy dissipation of Piano Key Weirs (PKWs) were investigated in this study and compared with rectangular labyrinth weirs (RLWs). Despite their increasing popularity as efficient spillway structures, more research was needed on the hydraulic behavior of PKWs. Numerical simulations using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software were conducted, and the results were validated against experimental data for an RLW. The findings revealed distinct flow patterns in PKWs, with sloping and stepped ramps promoting smooth evacuation of near-bed streamlines and enhancing turbulence and aerated flow downstream. Water surface profiles differed between RLWs and PKWs, with PKWs exhibiting a more even and efficient flow distribution. The study further examined energy dissipation and residual energy efficiency in PKWs, showing a nonlinear decrease in relative energy dissipation with increasing head-to-weir height ratios. PKWs demonstrated superior energy dissipation compared to RLWs, with A-type PKWs outperforming D-type PKWs. The width ratio of keys emerges as a crucial factor influencing energy dissipation, with smaller ratios promoting higher energy dissipation rates. Incorporating steps in D-type PKWs enhanced energy dissipation, especially at lower heads. However, local submergence effects reduced the differences in energy dissipation between PKWs at higher heads. These findings contributed to a better understanding of PKW hydraulic performance, providing valuable insights for optimizing PKW designs and enhancing the cost-effectiveness of hydraulic structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102830"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}