Flow Measurement and Instrumentation最新文献

{"title":"Intelligent non-intrusive thermal flow rate meter designed for small diameter applications","authors":"J.L.M. Amaral ,&nbsp;T.M. Quirino ,&nbsp;J.M. Quirino ,&nbsp;J.R.C. Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current non-intrusive flow measurement techniques still need improvements as they have disadvantages in small-diameter applications. This work proposes to develop a non-intrusive thermal flow meter to obtain the slightest full-scale deflection possible in low liquid flows. The meter uses a copper duct with an internal diameter of <span><math><mrow><mn>22</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>m</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>, six commercial K-type thermocouples, a microtubular heating resistance, and artificial intelligence to infer the flow rate from the thermal distribution on the duct surface. The sensors and the heater layout were calculated based on the theoretical temperature spread obtained from the physical model. To evaluate the meter, a test bench was built to control the heating resistor’s flow rate and temperature. The test bench is equipped with an electromagnetic flowmeter calibrated and certified in an external laboratory for reference and comparison, according to the ABNT (Brazilian Association of Norms Techniques) guidelines and the good practices used in the industries and calibration laboratories. In the meter evaluation, the resistance was activated so that the duct’s central region’s temperature remained at 70 degrees Celsius, and the thermal distribution data was collected with flow rates between 0.05 and <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>6</mn><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>/</mo><mi>h</mi></mrow></math></span> with intermediate increases of <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>01</mn><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>/</mo><mi>h</mi></mrow></math></span>. The experiment’s collected data were used to train the following models: linear regression, K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN), Decision Tree, Random Forests, and Gradient Boosting. Deep learning models were also trained. The best result was obtained with k-NN, demonstrating that the built prototype could infer the flow rate with a full-scale deflection equal to 0.14%. As a result, the evaluation indicated that artificial intelligence algorithms could improve non-intrusive flow measurement systems compared to the proposed analytical thermal flow model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102902"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A compact and cost effective GRU flow sensor to estimate propellant flow rate and mixture ratio for payload capacity enhancement in Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines","authors":"R. Anisha Selva Kala ,&nbsp;D. Jeraldin Auxillia ,&nbsp;J. Jessi Flora","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research focusses on developing a single GRU flow sensor to estimate the volumetric flow rate of propellants, Liquid Hydrogen (fuel) and Liquid Oxygen (oxidiser) and to compute Mixture ratio in Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine (LPRE). This single GRU flow sensor replaces a pair of massive Turbine flow meters in LPRE. This enhances the payload capacity (satellite weight) of the launch vehicle. The raw engine data is collected from the ground hot test of LPRE conducted for a duration of 100 s. The significance of this research is to estimate the flow rate of propellants from the functionally dependent pressure parameters such as Combustion chamber pressure (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>C</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>), Fuel injection pressure (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>) and Oxidiser injection pressure (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>). The GRU network learns the temporal flow rate dependencies and estimates the fuel and oxidiser flow rate in the three engine operating phases. Mixture Ratio is computed from the GRU estimated flow rate and compared with the actual. Analysis on transient errors in the engine operating phases, estimation performance evaluation with metrices, Root mean square error (RMSE), Mean absolute error (MAE) and R-squared (R²), and performance agreement using Bland Altman approach conducted to assess the estimation effectiveness of GRU flow sensor. An RMSE of 0.3640 and 0.3725 for fuel and oxidiser flow rate respectively and an error less than ±2 % in computed mixture ratio proves that GRU flow sensor estimation is accurate. Additional analysis on weight and cost from literatures show that the hardware model weighs approximately 1.5 kg with a cost benefit of around $71,000. This facilitates a three - fold enhancement in payload capacity of launch vehicle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102908"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balanced deep learning-based bubble segmentation: Model comparison, optimization, and application in microbubble detection","authors":"Tianyi Cai ,&nbsp;Ao Tang ,&nbsp;Rixin Xu ,&nbsp;Jiawen Zhou ,&nbsp;Wenchao Gong ,&nbsp;Wu Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accurate segmentation and analysis of bubbles are crucial for understanding bubble generation mechanisms and improving industrial microbubble detection. This study aims to evaluate and optimize deep learning-based bubble segmentation models. Firstly, a systematic model evaluation matrix is proposed, including the general model performance, defocused bubble size prediction accuracy, and overlapping bubble segmentation. Secondly, four models, including SplineDist, StarDist, YOLOv8-seg, and Mask R-CNN, are compared. The SplineDist-M16 model demonstrates superior image processing speed (7.84 FPS) and high accuracy in bubble size prediction with minimal misdetection (6.1 %). Compared to other models, SplineDist-M16 excels in edge fitting and overlapping bubble identification. The optimized model provides rapid, accurate measurement of bubble quantity, size, and shape, offering insights into bubble formation and guiding microbubble generator design. This study paves the way for real-time microbubble detection in industrial applications and suggests further model improvements through simulated data training and enhanced overlapping bubble segmentation. Furthermore, the SplineDist-M16 model was utilized to analyse the impact of flow rate and backpressure on microbubble characteristics generated by a Venturi-tube microbubble generator. The results show that increased flow rate reduces bubble size and increases bubble circularity, while backpressure has minimal impact on bubble size distribution and shape.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102907"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, simulation, and experimental analysis of water hydraulic artificial muscle joint flow replenishment valve","authors":"Yong Yang ,&nbsp;Zengmeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yunrui Jia ,&nbsp;Dayong Ning ,&nbsp;Yongjun Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The movement speed and energy consumption of the water hydraulic artificial muscle joint (WHAMJ) increase with the increase of the control valve flow rate. To achieve both fast movement speed and low energy consumption, a new-type flow replenishment valve was proposed. The flow replenishment valve is connected between the pressure difference valve and the WHAMJ. It opens when the WHAMJ is moving to increase the movement speed, and closes when the WHAMJ is stable to prevent additional flow rate generation. Based on the principle, several flow replenishment structure forms were designed, and the simulation analysis was carried out. Through comparison, the best replenishment form was chosen, and a prototype was manufactured. The replenishment effect was further analyzed by experiments. The results show that the flow replenishment valve can increase the WHAMJ speed without affecting the steady system flow rate, improving the practicability of the valve-controlled WHAMJs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102903"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of rheological vibration of high-pressure differential string multistage control valve","authors":"Haozhe Jin,&nbsp;Zhansong Xu,&nbsp;Xiaofei Liu,&nbsp;Chao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coal chemical system is faced with high temperature, high pressure difference and large flow rate and other harsh conditions, and the control valve is a key control element in the whole coal chemical system. This study employs experimental methods to validate the numerical model accuracy and utilizes fluid-structure interaction analysis to investigate the vibration characteristics and underlying mechanisms of series multi-stage control valves. Set the inlet pressure to 18.7 MPa, the outlet pressure to 2.9 MPa, and the fluid is water, based on the flow characteristics of the string multi-stage valve under complex working conditions. The vibration characteristics of the valve under five different openings are compared and analyzed, and the resonance response of the intrinsic frequency and modal frequency are studied. The results show that the maximum deformation of the valve reaches 0.011763 mm at 80 % opening; the maximum stress intensity value can reach 199.7Mpa, which has the risk of fluid impact damage; The valve opening directly affects the flow rate and fluid velocity. When the opening is small, the fluid velocity increases, which can easily lead to turbulence and vortex formation, thereby inducing vibrations. Conversely, when the opening is large, the fluid velocity decreases, resulting in smoother flow and reduced vibrations. The vibration damage caused by the tandem multistage regulating valve is mainly due to the influence of vibration positive stress. The location of stress and deformation changes will not change with the change of opening, while the change of opening has a significant effect on the stress value and deformation value. The resonance frequency of the control valve is about 671HZ at low frequency, which has a greater impact on the upper valve body and valve stem. To provide a research basis for the study of vibration and noise reduction of string type multistage control valve.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102906"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on suppression of flow-induced noise in gas turbine fuel control valves","authors":"Fu-qiang Chen ,&nbsp;Qin-rong Cai ,&nbsp;Xue-yang Wei ,&nbsp;Qian Xu ,&nbsp;Zhi-jie Zhu ,&nbsp;Wang-kou Liu ,&nbsp;Xue-fei Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to address the lack of a well-established design method for fuel control valves in gas turbines, specifically in relation to noise comprehension and mitigation. It utilizes a theoretically validated and widely used precise numerical method to understand how flow induced noise is generated, evaluate the effectiveness of porous plates in noise suppression, and propose an optimized design method for reducing fuel control valve noise. Results reveal that the bias flow effect leads to an uneven force distribution at the valve core and an uneven flow in the outlet pipe. This uneven flow generates numerous vortices at valve throat, resulting in aerodynamic noise. Based on the understanding of the noise generation mechanism, it is found that using porous plates can effectively correct the bias effect at the valve core and suppress the eddy currents generated by bias current. Furthermore, in the pursuit of achieving an optimal design for noise reduction, a sensitivity analysis is performed and the impact on noise suppression varies across different parameters is observed. This study aims to investigate the mechanisms behind valve noise and explore suppression methods, ensuring the safe operation of gas turbine fuel control valves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102904"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluid-solid heat transfer analysis: In situ validation and calibration of a boiling meter using a combined experimental-numerical heat transfer approach","authors":"Abdelkabir Zaite ,&nbsp;Himanshi Kharkwal ,&nbsp;Hervé Combeau ,&nbsp;Lounès Tadrist","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102905","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102905","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To study and quantify the heat transfer between wall and fluid at the transition regime between natural convection and nucleate boiling, a boiling meter, incorporating two heat fluxmeters coupled with thermocouples, along with other components, was designed and built. This paper explores the methods used to calibrate and characterize this sensor under in situ conditions. The boiling meter has been experimentally investigated in a test cell for two configurations regarding the orientation of its largest faces with gravity: one vertical and the other one horizontal. The experimental results showed inconsistencies when compared to physical expectations. To address this problem, calibration of the boiling meter, using numerical simulations is performed with the CFD software Star-CCM+. These simulations were achieved considering the heat transfer at the scale of the whole test cell. The temperature and the heat transfer rate calculated at the two surfaces at the borders of each heat fluxmeter were compared with the experimental results. It was found that one thermocouple provided temperatures closer to those calculated at the outer end of a heat fluxmeter, while the other was closer to those at the inner end. Moreover, the numerical results revealed that the temperatures and fluxes at the boiling meter-liquid interface differed from the experimental measurements. The reasons for this discrepancy were identified and analyzed. As a result, the combination of experimental and simulation approaches allowed for a deeper understanding of the heat transfer measurements and results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102905"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on transient characteristics and cavitation phenomenon of faulty rotor pump","authors":"Jiadi Lian ,&nbsp;Hubing Zhang ,&nbsp;Yibin Li ,&nbsp;Hangqing Xie ,&nbsp;Jing Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102899","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In contemporary refrigeration systems, the refrigerant pump serves as a critical power transmission device. This study examines the exacerbation of cavitation in refrigerant-mediated rotor pumps under multifactorial failure coupling, analyzing its correlation with performance degradation and pulsation signals. Through experimental validation, we establish a computational model that evaluates how rotational speed, pressure differential, fatigue pitting severity, crack depth, and gap dimensions collectively influence cavitation dynamics.The results demonstrate that cavitation intensity escalates nonlinearly with increasing rotational speed. Specifically, vapor fraction increases by 65.07 %, 65.24 %, and 57.76 % for pitted, cracked, and clearance-defective rotors respectively when the speed is elevated from 1305 to 1450 rpm. While higher pressure differentials lead to an overall reduction in cavitation (from 15.22 % to 14.74 % vapor fraction), localized cavitation intensifies at the inlet end-face meshing zones.Progressive failure severity reveals distinct nonlinear responses: an increase in pitting depth from 0.1 mm to 0.4 mm and crack propagation from 0.25 mm to 1 mm results in local vapor fractions rising by 3.26 % and 3.80 %, respectively; conversely, gap expansion from 0.1 mm to 0.25 mm induces a reduction of approximately 3.59 %. The established methodology provides an effective framework for diagnosing cavitation-coupled failures in rotary hydraulic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102899"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gas flow rate measurement in two-phase flows using an optical channel body flow sensor. Design and validation of the single-channel prototype","authors":"Ivan Condriuc ,&nbsp;Ragna Kipping ,&nbsp;Rhandrey Maestri ,&nbsp;Holger Kryk ,&nbsp;Eckhard Schleicher ,&nbsp;Uwe Hampel","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate measurement of gas holdup and flow rates in gas-liquid two-phase flows remains a complex and unresolved challenge. This paper presents the development and evaluation of an Optical Channel Body Flow Sensor (OCBFS) designed for the simultaneous measurement of volumetric gas and liquid flow rates. The measurement principle is based on formation of slug flow regime in small capillaries, where liquid and gas phase are separated. The sensor utilizes a plastic optical fiber-based sensing principle. Experimental validation of the OCBFS was conducted for a single channel across a range of superficial velocities, with liquid velocities between <em>v</em>_l,s = 0.14–0.31 m/s and gas velocities between <em>v</em>_g,s = 0.015–0.95 m/s, resulting in the formation of slug flow in a capillary with a diameter <em>D</em>_c = 2.5 mm.</div><div>The slug flow results showed deviations of less than 10 % from reference values, confirming the sensor's accuracy and reliability in gas flow measurements under adiabatic conditions. The OCBFS prototype provides a solid foundation for precise flow measurement in two-phase systems, advancing gas-liquid flow measurement technologies for applications that require reliable flow rate monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102901"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143806880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of channel slope on steep channel flow instability","authors":"Hsun-Chuan Chan,&nbsp;Yu-Zhou Lin,&nbsp;Po-Wei Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flow instability impacts negatively on hydraulic structures. Changes in water pressure or the periodic impact of water flows cause structural damage to channels. The rapid increase in water depth leads to overflows or sprays, which erode soil adjacent to channels. In this study, flow instability was examined through the basis of theories and experiments. The theoretical discriminants for flow instability were inferred by Vedernikov number and the effect of slopes on the Froude number was considered. A rectangular cross-section channel was selected for the experiments. The experimental results were compared with theories, it was shown that when the flow conditions were on the margin of instability, the discriminant established by this study is able to accurately determine the occurrence of instability. Through this new discriminant, the discrepancy which appears in traditional method can be avoided. The presented results are ideal for channel design and offer new approaches for flow instability prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102900"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}