Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems最新文献

{"title":"The 2021–2022 Fukushima-Oki Earthquakes in Northeastern Japan: Dehydration Triggered Fault Reactivation Boosted by Slab Segmentation","authors":"Yuyang Tan,&nbsp;Liangliang Wang,&nbsp;Mutian Qin,&nbsp;Jianchao Wang,&nbsp;Jianming Zhang,&nbsp;Huilin Xing,&nbsp;Sanzhong Li,&nbsp;Haijiang Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2025GC012700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GC012700","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The 2021–2022 Fukushima-Oki earthquakes in northeastern Japan provide a valuable opportunity to deepen our understanding of intraslab earthquakes generated by the reactivation of subducted outer-rise bending faults. This study integrates high-resolution seismic velocity models with numerical modeling results to investigate the roles of slab dehydration and segmentation in the generation of these earthquakes. The seismic velocity models reveal distinct high-velocity, low-<i>V</i>_<i>p</i>/<i>V</i>_<i>s</i> anomalies beneath the earthquake hypocenters, providing evidence for a dehydrated mantle and potential increase in pore pressure in the source region. Additionally, the numerical models demonstrate that stress can accumulate within the subducted bending fault network due to slab segmentation, with stress buildup occurring near the focal depths of the earthquakes. These findings indicate that both fluid and tectonic factors contribute to the earthquake occurrence. Our analysis therefore suggests that the combined effects of slab dehydration and segmentation may facilitate the reactivation of pre-existing faults, thereby promoting intraslab earthquakes. This study underscores the importance of incorporating both fluid-driven weakening mechanisms and tectonic stress accumulation into the assessment of seismic hazards in subduction zones.</p>","PeriodicalId":50422,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GC012700","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constraining Sources of Mid-Pleistocene to Present Explosive Volcanism in the Gulf of Alaska Using Machine Learning and Compositional Data Analysis","authors":"Jordan Lubbers,&nbsp;Matthew Loewen,&nbsp;Kristi Wallace","doi":"10.1029/2026GC013096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026GC013096","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The long-term eruptive record of a region helps better elucidate magmatic processes at depth as well as volcanic hazards at the surface. Typically, reconstructing such records is done using proximal tephrostratigraphy and linking individual tephras to source volcanoes. These records, however, can only be accurately constructed if they are both well preserved and correctly linked to source volcanoes—not a trivial task, especially in areas such as Alaska that have experienced numerous glaciation events since the Pleistocene. This ultimately necessitates another way of assessing the long-term volcanic record such that these histories may be better discerned. Here we present data from 70 marine core tephras from the Gulf of Alaska, which have a virtually uninterrupted depositional record going back through the mid-Pleistocene. We utilize compositional data analysis techniques to quantify 37 eruptions over the span of eight cores, machine learning classification and conformal prediction algorithms to assign the most probable volcanic source(s) to each eruption, and multivariate distance-based metrics when machine learning classification algorithms are inappropriate. We find that the Mount Katmai magmatic system is the most probable volcanic source for analyzed tephras and that large volcanic centers such as Mount Katmai, Fisher Caldera, and Emmons Lake volcanic center have produced nearly invariant incompatible trace element ratio magmas, allowing for them to be confidently identified in long-term tephra records. This highlights the utility of trace elements for tephra studies, especially when paired with compositional data analysis, multivariate statistical tests, and petrologically informed discriminants.</p>","PeriodicalId":50422,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026GC013096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional Variations in Sea Ice and Primary Productivity in the Bering Sea During Marine Isotope Stage 11","authors":"N. S. Thompson,&nbsp;B. E. Caissie","doi":"10.1029/2025GC012904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GC012904","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 (424–374 ka) has long been an analog for Holocene climate because it is the most recent interglacial period with similar orbital conditions. However, there is global and regional variability in the climate response to MIS 11 warmth. Here, we review sediment core records from across the Bering Sea to investigate changes in paleoceanographic conditions from late MIS 12 to early MIS 10. Sea ice was present over much of the Bering Sea during MIS 11, but today, none of the sites investigated are ice-covered. This suggests that sea ice regimes in the Bering Sea during MIS 11 were different from those of the Holocene. There are also regional differences in the response of sea ice to warming. At the Umnak Plateau (southeastern Bering Sea), sea ice concentrations decline during deglaciation, but they remain high at the slope sites (western Bering Sea) until peak MIS 11. During peak interglacial warmth, sea ice re-advances over the Umnak Plateau but declines over the slope sites. Late MIS 11 is characterized by high concentrations of seasonal sea ice at the Umnak Plateau, whereas sea ice at the slope sites fluctuates between consolidated and unconsolidated ice cover. This east-west dichotomy may be explained by changes in the behavior of the Aleutian Low pressure system. Productivity increases dramatically during deglaciation, due to increased upwelling and sea level rise bringing fresh nutrients into the oceans. This is characterized by increased diatom productivity, increased terrestrial carbon deposition, and laminations at all sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":50422,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GC012904","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-Miocene Transtensional Opening of the Northern Red Sea","authors":"Thomas Lüdmann,&nbsp;Hildegard Westphal,&nbsp;Fabio Marchese,&nbsp;Alexander Petrovic,&nbsp;Volker Vahrenkamp","doi":"10.1029/2025GC012813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GC012813","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The mechanism of opening, as well as the crustal characteristics of the northern Red Sea are subject of ongoing controversial scientific debate. With the objective of elucidating the nature of rifting in this area, a grid of 2D multi-channel reflection seismic data was acquired off the Al Wajh carbonate platform (AWCP), and supplemented by high-resolution bathymetric data. Along the previously proposed rift axis, a major meandering graben system is identified trending NNW-SSE that exhibits characteristics indicative of a strike-slip zone. The observed slip is left-lateral with a predominant extensional component. At the Mabahiss Deep, the fault zone bends to the south and steps over. Consequently, the basin functions as a pull-apart basin and is supposed to be a part of the Zabargad Fracture Zone. Bathymetric data highlight the complex seafloor topography in the study area today, which is caused by various subsurface salt structures. Their surface expression reflects the prevailing tectonic regime. Three distinct domains have been identified. The first encompasses the AWCP and its surrounding slopes. The second domain comprises the distal part of the rift, where salt structures trend NNW–SSE in line with the inferred rift axis. In the third, proximal domain, salt structures trend obliquely to the rift axis in places. This is attributed to intrinsic extension and normal faulting transverse to the strike-slip zone. Our results suggest that the NRS is in a transitional phase from continental rifting to seafloor spreading. The observed magmatic intrusions and submarine volcanoes are precursors to continental breakup.</p>","PeriodicalId":50422,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GC012813","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Terrestrial Native Iron Discovered on Earth's Surface","authors":"Tingwei Zhang,&nbsp;Shuhui Cai,&nbsp;Zhipeng Zeng,&nbsp;Youqian Li,&nbsp;Shixia Yang,&nbsp;Chenglong Deng","doi":"10.1029/2026GC013104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026GC013104","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Native iron is a major common mineral in lunar samples and meteorites but rarely occurs on Earth's surface, as its stability requires highly reducing conditions with very low oxygen fugacity. To date, native iron has mainly been found in basalts, ophiolites, and deep hydrothermal systems. In this study, native iron was discovered within metamorphic rocks from Xiaonanshan, Raohe, northeastern China, through rock magnetic analyses and microscopic observations. These samples experienced complex metamorphic processes, including skarnization and greenschist-facies metamorphism. However, the formation of native iron postdates these metamorphic processes, and the minerals occur as irregular particles or flocculent aggregates along microfractures, distinct from the nodular textures commonly observed in previous studies. We propose a new formation mechanism for these native minerals, which were likely produced by rapid precipitation from strongly reducing fluids. Such reducing fluids may be related to the serpentinization of residual oceanic slab fragments within the Raohe Complex.</p>","PeriodicalId":50422,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026GC013104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of a Microplate on Plume-Ridge Interactions: Constraints From Comparing Easter and Juan Fernandez Microplates in the Eastern Pacific Ocean","authors":"Katherine Ames,&nbsp;Jennifer Georgen","doi":"10.1029/2025GC012860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GC012860","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the nature of plume-ridge interactions near a tectonic microplate using mantle Bouguer anomaly (MBA) gravity calculations. The focus of this investigation is a comparison of the Easter and Juan Fernandez microplates, which are located in the eastern Pacific Ocean along the Pacific, Nazca, and Antarctic plate boundaries. The microplates have several similar characteristics, including general size, time of formation, and clockwise rotation within the larger bounding mid-ocean ridge systems. Unlike the Juan Fernandez microplate, however, the Easter microplate is located near a mantle plume (Easter/Salas y Gomez). Previously published geochemical data suggest that material from this plume significantly contributes to mantle melting processes along the east rift of the Easter microplate. For both microplates, average MBA is different between the west and east ridges, which is consistent with the east ridges rifting into cooler, older, denser lithosphere. Interestingly, MBA anomalies along the plume-affected portion of the Easter microplate are minimal despite other indications of robust plume strength such as significant off-axis seafloor depth anomalies. It is possible that complex plate boundary geometry at the mid-ocean ridge, and specifically microplate lithospheric structure, modifies the geophysical expression of plume-ridge interaction in this setting. Overall, these MBA results provide insights into the importance of taking plate boundary geometry into consideration when using observational data to constrain plume properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":50422,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GC012860","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimal Perturbation of the Global Mercury Cycle by the Paraná–Etendeka Large Igneous Province (PE–LIP) During the Onset of the Valanginian Weissert Event","authors":"K. Krishnaswamy,&nbsp;J. Frieling,&nbsp;L. M. E. Percival,&nbsp;K. Littler,&nbsp;S. Reboulet,&nbsp;I. M. Fendley,&nbsp;T. A. Mather,&nbsp;S. A. Robinson","doi":"10.1029/2026GC012969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026GC012969","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Valanginian positive carbon isotope excursion (Weissert Event, <i>ca.</i> 135 million years ago) documents a major global carbon cycle and climate perturbation. Radioisotopic dating suggests that this event was broadly contemporaneous with an interval of profoundly enhanced volcanic activity during the emplacement of the Paraná–Etendeka Large Igneous Province (PE–LIP). Recent studies have utilized sedimentary mercury (Hg)—a proxy for volcanic activity—to support a proposed causal link between volcanism and environmental change, focusing primarily on the onset of the Weissert Event. Here, we generate new Hg data from Berriasian–Hauterivian strata at four different localities, allowing us to contextualize the previous studies within a longer time perspective, and use the latest statistical and analytical methodologies to assess whether a Hg cycle perturbation can be directly linked to the PE–LIP and the Weissert Event. We find no consistent patterns in organic-matter-associated residual Hg (Hg_R-OMS) between different sites, and only a few statistically rigorous residual Hg anomalies, particularly during the PE–LIP main volcanic phase. The lack of a distinct Hg cycle perturbation might relate to a combination of the overall low Hg budget, the prolonged eruption duration of the PE–LIP, and intrusion of PE–LIP into Hg-lean country rocks. Consequently, a link between the PE–LIP eruption and the Weissert Event is not conclusively supported by Hg evidence, which contrasts with other parts of the geological record where Hg enhancements corroborate links between LIPs and carbon cycle perturbations.</p>","PeriodicalId":50422,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026GC012969","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148785226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magma Mixing Processes in a Continental Collision Zone: Insights From Mineralogical and Geochemical Constraints","authors":"Yuanku Meng,&nbsp;Jinghao Zhou,&nbsp;Di Wang,&nbsp;Junling Pei,&nbsp;Qingling Wang,&nbsp;Yu Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2025GC012876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GC012876","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Eocene magmatism in southern Tibet records deep geodynamic processes associated with the India-Asia collision. The Quxu batholith, a representative segment of the Gangdese magmatic belt, hosts widespread mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) indicating magma mixing. However, the nature of the mafic and felsic end-members, the evidence for magma mixing, and the role of the Neo-Tethyan slab break-off in triggering the magmatism remain debated. In this study, we integrate field observations, petrography, mineral chemistry, zircon U-Pb geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry, zircon Lu-Hf isotope analyses, and phase equilibrium simulations to systematically delineate the genetic relationship between the host monzogranites and the MMEs. Our results indicate that the host monzogranites and the MMEs are contemporaneous (∼47 Ma). The felsic end-member was derived from partial melting of juvenile lower crust, whereas the mafic end-member formed via decompression melting of the upwelling asthenospheric mantle. Evidence for magma mixing includes amphibole microtextures, plagioclase with distinct core-mantle-rim zoning textures and variable anorthite (An) contents, and abundant acicular apatite within the MMEs. Geochemically, linear covariant relationships in major elements between the two lithologies further support magma mixing, whereas contrasts in SiO₂ and Mg# values reflect a substantial mantle-derived contribution to the MMEs. Both the host rocks and MMEs show typical arc-like features, marked by enrichment in light rare earth elements and depletion in heavy rare earth elements. The host monzogranites yield (La/Yb)_N ratios of 9–16, while the MMEs show high (La/Yb)_N ratios of 16–23. Zircon <i>ε</i>_Hf(<i>t</i>) values were similar in the host monzogranites (+2.2 to +7.0) and MMEs (+2.6 to +7.7). Binary mixing models suggest that mantle-derived compositions account for approximately 60%–85% of the MMEs and 15%–30% of the host monzogranites. Taken together, we propose a two-stage petrogenetic model for the Quxu batholith, involving initial mixing of basaltic and felsic magmas at deep crustal levels, followed by re-mixing of hybrid magmas at shallower depths. This pulsed magmatism and widespread mixing were genetically associated with the Neo-Tethyan slab break-off during the early stage of the India-Asia collision.</p>","PeriodicalId":50422,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GC012876","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupling UV Camera-Derived SO2 Emission Rate and Thermal Output at Mount Etna: A Decadal Analysis Across Eruptive Phases","authors":"Giovanni Lo Bue Trisciuzzi,&nbsp;Alessandro Aiuppa,&nbsp;Marcello Bitetto,&nbsp;Mauro Coltelli,&nbsp;Francesco Ciancitto,&nbsp;Gaetana Ganci,&nbsp;Mimmo Palano,&nbsp;Giuseppe Bilotta,&nbsp;Emilio Pecora,&nbsp;Paolo Principato,&nbsp;Angelo Vitale,&nbsp;Dario Delle Donne","doi":"10.1029/2025GC012808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GC012808","url":null,"abstract":"<p>At persistently degassing open-vent volcanoes, SO₂ emissions are especially useful to capture the transition from quiescence to eruption, though accurate quantification is challenged by complex volcanic plume dynamics and limited resolution of observations. Here, we present an exceptionally long (∼10–year) record of SO₂ emission rates from the Etna volcano in Italy, obtained using a permanent UV Camera system. We combine these data with satellite-derived thermal fluxes to explore the links between SO₂ degassing, thermal output, and eruptive behavior. We initially used the thermal flux to identify the main eruptive phases during 2015–2024. For each of these phases, we identify a typical increasing pattern in time-averaged SO₂ fluxes, from ∼2,000 t/d during inter-eruptive periods, to ∼2,500 t/d in the days before (and after) eruptions, to ∼3,800 t/d during eruptions. Coupling thermal-derived magma output rates with SO₂-derived magma supply rates, we quantify the volumetric imbalance between supplied and erupted magma. Results show that only ∼28% of the eruptible magma (i.e., the volume of magma in excess to that sustaining background activity) is discharged during eruptions, with the remaining magma fraction (∼72%) being stored intrusively. We additionally calculate that ∼120 Mm³ of magma (or more, considering that the UV-Camera derived SO₂ emission rates are likely minimum estimates) may have accumulated during the 2015–2021 interval, contributing to volcano deformation. Our analysis underscores the importance of integrated gas and thermal observations for improved interpretation of monitoring data.</p>","PeriodicalId":50422,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GC012808","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quaternary Glacial Erosion of the Hohe Tauern, Eastern European Alps: Assessing the Resolution Potential of Low-Temperature Thermochronology","authors":"I. M. Wapenhans,&nbsp;P. A. van der Beek,&nbsp;M. Bernard,&nbsp;C. Colleps,&nbsp;L. Gong,&nbsp;A. Mariotti,&nbsp;E. Sobel,&nbsp;J. Amalberti,&nbsp;J. Glodny,&nbsp;J. Stammeier","doi":"10.1029/2026GC012976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026GC012976","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Low-temperature thermochronology records rock cooling, which results from (generally erosion-driven) exhumation and/or other processes that alter the geotherm. Apatite (U-Th)/He (AHe) thermochronology can record landscape changes associated with km-scale erosion and has previously been used to assess Quaternary glacial incision in large valleys in the Western Alps. To further evaluate the capacity of the AHe system to detect glacial erosion, we present new AHe data from the Hohe Tauern massif (Austrian/Italian Eastern Alps), an area with smaller valleys and lower relief. One-dimensional thermal histories derived from the data show that ridgelines record only Miocene rock cooling, which ceased 6–9 Ma, while valley-bottom samples from the largest valley, the Ahrntal, also record Pliocene-Quaternary cooling. Next, we apply a stepwise modeling approach using the 3D thermal-kinematic code Pecube. First, we invert for the Miocene rock uplift history constrained by higher-temperature systems, assuming steady-state topography. Then, we use this history and lower-temperature systems to investigate the Pliocene-Quaternary history under either (a) a steady-state topography scenario or (b) Pliocene-Quaternary incision from a lower-relief paleo-topography scenario. All models resolve the ∼8 Ma end of rapid tectonically driven exhumation of the Tauern Window. Quaternary glacial incision cannot be resolved on a regional scale. At the scale of the Ahrntal, our results resolve Quaternary incision; however, precisely quantifying the amount of Quaternary glacial incision in the Ahrntal is beyond the resolution limit of conventional AHe data. We predict that ⁴He/³He analysis could significantly improve constraints on glacial incision.</p>","PeriodicalId":50422,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026GC012976","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}