History of Science最新文献_第4页

A benefactor to mankind? Captain Warner's secrets and the politics of invention in early Victorian Britain. 人类的恩人？华纳船长的秘密与维多利亚时代早期英国的发明政治。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231157953

Zak Leonard

{"title":"A benefactor to mankind? Captain Warner's secrets and the politics of invention in early Victorian Britain.","authors":"Zak Leonard","doi":"10.1177/00732753231157953","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231157953","url":null,"abstract":"This article delves into Captain Samuel Alfred Warner's dogged campaign to sell two inventions - his submersible mine and \"long range\" missile - to the British government in the 1840s and 1850s. Departing from a historiography that dismisses Warner as a fraudster, it clarifies how he managed to generate widespread interest in his weapons technologies for nearly twenty years. I therefore analyze three key elements of his self-promotion: his personal branding, his pitch, and his simultaneous embrace and rejection of publicity. Neither elite nor highly educated, Warner ran up against a culture of \"polite science\" that distinguished disinterested practitioners from profit-minded schemers. To establish his credentials, he emphasized his practical maritime experience and represented himself as a martyr willing to bear the scorn of a disbelieving establishment. In pitching his devices, Warner capitalized on alarmism over border security and the integrity of the empire; he declared that they could hobble France's modernizing navy and quickly end colonial conflicts. When skeptics began to fret over the proliferation of his destructive weapons, Warner flipped the script and lauded the threat of mutual annihilation as a deterrent to needless warfare. The issue of publicity, however, would ultimately be Warner's professional undoing. Despite successful demonstrations, his clashes with official investigators and his refusal to disclose his chemical secrets led critics to dispute the originality of his discoveries. An examination of Warner's self-promotional strategies, his fraught interactions with the British state, and the ambivalent public reaction to his contraptions provides insight into how scientific authority was acquired and lost in this period.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"81-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9165935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Herbaria as manuscripts: Philology, ethnobotany, and the textual-visual mesh of early modern botany. 作为手稿的标本馆：文字学、人种植物学和早期现代植物学的文字-视觉网状结构。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231181285

Bettina Dietz

{"title":"Herbaria as manuscripts: Philology, ethnobotany, and the textual-visual mesh of early modern botany.","authors":"Bettina Dietz","doi":"10.1177/00732753231181285","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231181285","url":null,"abstract":"While interest in early modern herbaria has so far mainly concentrated on the dried plants stored in them, this paper addresses another of their qualities - their role as manuscripts. In the 1670s, the German botanist Paul Hermann (1646-95) spent several years in Ceylon (today Sri Lanka) as a medical officer in the service of the Dutch East India Company. During his stay he put together four herbaria, two of which contain a wealth of handwritten notes by himself and several later owners. First, it will be shown that these notes provide information on the linguistic skills and interests of those who collected plants in an overseas trading settlement. Hermann's botanical practice demanded and, at the same time, generated knowledge of Sinhalese (an Indo-Aryan language that is spoken by the largest ethnic group on the island) and its script. In his herbarium, observations on the semantics, morphology, and pronunciation of Sinhalese are inextricably intertwined with those of botanical nature. Second, on the basis of these voluminous notes, the character of early modern herbaria as manuscripts will be highlighted. And third, Hermann's herbaria will be integrated into an investigation of scribal practices and publication strategies of eighteenth-century botany. Along with field notes, letters, manuscripts, illustrations, and printed books, herbaria were knots in the textual-visual mesh of early modern botany.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"3-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9832276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thunderstorms underground: Giuseppe Saverio Poli and the electric earthquake. 地下雷暴朱塞佩-萨维里奥-波利和电地震。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-07 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231178142

Salvatore Esposito

{"title":"Thunderstorms underground: Giuseppe Saverio Poli and the electric earthquake.","authors":"Salvatore Esposito","doi":"10.1177/00732753231178142","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231178142","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a case study of the \"electric hypothesis\" of the causes of earthquakes, which emerged in the second half of the eighteenth century as part of the first studies of seismology. This hypothesis was related to Franklin's views on atmospheric electricity and developed in a period when electric phenomena were widely studied, and was essentially based on solid empirical evidence and confirmed by model experiments. Even though it resulted from scientific reasoning, the theory remained strongly empirical, and was supported by Italian scholars who were familiar with seismic events. Among these, Giuseppe Saverio Poli, a follower of Franklin, was able to provide a careful and comprehensive explanation of the disastrous earthquake of 1783, which occurred in Calabria, a region of southern Italy, and the St. Anne earthquake of 1805, by drawing not just upon the electric evidence, but all the relevant phenomenology available. We outline here the emergence, the development, and the later evolution (up to the beginning of the nineteenth century) of the \"electric earthquake\" paradigm by focusing on different works by Poli, including a previously unknown manuscript containing a thorough account of the Calabria earthquake prepared by the Neapolitan scholar for the Royal Society. The present case study therefore offers the opportunity to illustrate how electrical science shaped earthquake science to a degree not usually appreciated in the literature, and is also supported to some extent by the transition from Enlightenment scientific ideals to the Romantic conception of unity in the natural world, in search of common causes among phenomena belonging to different fields.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"23-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10137759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The borderline of science: Western exploration and study of Chinese insect white wax from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. 科学的边界线：十七世纪至十九世纪西方对中国昆虫白蜡的探索与研究。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231180264

Xue Jiang, Tao Shi

引用次数: 0

(Un)making labor invisible: A syllabus. 使劳动隐形:教学大纲。

IF 0.8 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231180954

Patrick Anthony, Juliana Broad, Xan Chacko, Zachary Dorner, Judith Kaplan, Duygu Yıldırım

{"title":"(Un)making labor invisible: A syllabus.","authors":"Patrick Anthony, Juliana Broad, Xan Chacko, Zachary Dorner, Judith Kaplan, Duygu Yıldırım","doi":"10.1177/00732753231180954","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231180954","url":null,"abstract":"From industrial psychology and occupational therapy to the laboratory bench and scenes of \"heroic\" fieldwork, there are important connections between the science of labor and the labor of science. Participants in the 2022 Gordon Cain Conference explored how greater attention to these connections might deepen historical understanding of what constitutes \"science\" and what counts as \"labor.\" Our conversations circled around themes of vulnerability (of systems, individual bodies, historical testimony), affect (pertaining to historical actors and ourselves), and interdependence (e.g. across human groups, species, political boundaries, and time). For the members of this group, which grew out of a panel discussion, these themes and motivations coalesced around a topical focus on invisibility, which helped us to articulate - in the form of a co-created syllabus - research questions about science and labor from multiple angles pertaining to practice, archival preservation, and scholarly representation. This syllabus is organized into six thematic modules that aim to challenge and historicize the concept of invisible labor by facilitating comparisons across geographic, temporal, conceptual, and disciplinary boundaries. The goals of this collaborative syllabus, in sum, are manifold: we seek to facilitate more inclusive histories of science through critical engagement with \"invisibility\" and thereby promote a more expansive understanding of what constitutes scientific labor; to highlight the constitutive role of gendered labor practices in the scientific enterprise; to draw attention to interdependencies that make all forms of production (knowledge or material) possible; to elucidate systems of remuneration for scientific labor over the longue durée and through pointed comparisons; and, finally, to promote self-reflexivity about the methods we use to narrate the history of science and make sense of our own labors.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"61 4","pages":"608-624"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138464044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ottoman plants, nature studies, and the attentiveness of translational labor. 奥斯曼帝国的植物，自然研究，以及翻译劳动的注意力。

IF 0.8 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231191340

Duygu Yıldırım

{"title":"Ottoman plants, nature studies, and the attentiveness of translational labor.","authors":"Duygu Yıldırım","doi":"10.1177/00732753231191340","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231191340","url":null,"abstract":"Translations, whether in the form of text, illustration, or interpretive analysis, served knowledge-making in multiple ways. It offered a refuge, severed contexts, and concealed the various workers that created it. Over the course of the seventeenth century, European naturalists in Istanbul, such as Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1658-1730), procured illustrations of Ottoman nature as fundamental resources to identify, collect, and compare indigenous plants and newly bred varieties. Despite maintaining an actual mediation for cross-cultural interactions, these sources of virtual communication remain largely forgotten in modern scholarship. This article argues that this curious yet invisible corpus was not a nonagentive medium in an alienated leisure of a gentleman-scholar; instead, these illustrations were designed to call upon the viewer's constant attention in self-motivated scientific labor. Such handy tools responded and contributed to early modern scholars' modes of working, and in exchange they determined these sources' own function, position, and visibility - either as a by-product or as a derivative. It is therefore only when integrated into the labor history of science that the degrees of invisibility pertaining to both Ottoman nature studies and self-directed labor can come into a granular view.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"61 4","pages":"497-521"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138464079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Science and/as work: An introduction to this special issue. 科学与/作为工作:本期特刊简介。

IF 0.8 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231206580

Lissa Roberts, Seth Rockman, Alexandra Hui