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(Un)making labor invisible: A syllabus. 使劳动隐形:教学大纲。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
History of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231180954
Patrick Anthony, Juliana Broad, Xan Chacko, Zachary Dorner, Judith Kaplan, Duygu Yıldırım
{"title":"(Un)making labor invisible: A syllabus.","authors":"Patrick Anthony, Juliana Broad, Xan Chacko, Zachary Dorner, Judith Kaplan, Duygu Yıldırım","doi":"10.1177/00732753231180954","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231180954","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>From industrial psychology and occupational therapy to the laboratory bench and scenes of \"heroic\" fieldwork, there are important connections between the science of labor and the labor of science. Participants in the 2022 Gordon Cain Conference explored how greater attention to these connections might deepen historical understanding of what constitutes \"science\" and what counts as \"labor.\" Our conversations circled around themes of vulnerability (of systems, individual bodies, historical testimony), affect (pertaining to historical actors and ourselves), and interdependence (e.g. across human groups, species, political boundaries, and time). For the members of this group, which grew out of a panel discussion, these themes and motivations coalesced around a topical focus on invisibility, which helped us to articulate - in the form of a co-created syllabus - research questions about science and labor from multiple angles pertaining to practice, archival preservation, and scholarly representation. This syllabus is organized into six thematic modules that aim to challenge and historicize the concept of invisible labor by facilitating comparisons across geographic, temporal, conceptual, and disciplinary boundaries. The goals of this collaborative syllabus, in sum, are manifold: we seek to facilitate more inclusive histories of science through critical engagement with \"invisibility\" and thereby promote a more expansive understanding of what constitutes scientific labor; to highlight the constitutive role of gendered labor practices in the scientific enterprise; to draw attention to interdependencies that make all forms of production (knowledge or material) possible; to elucidate systems of remuneration for scientific labor over the longue durée and through pointed comparisons; and, finally, to promote self-reflexivity about the methods we use to narrate the history of science and make sense of our own labors.</p>","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"61 4","pages":"608-624"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138464044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Ottoman plants, nature studies, and the attentiveness of translational labor. 奥斯曼帝国的植物,自然研究,以及翻译劳动的注意力。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
History of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231191340
Duygu Yıldırım
{"title":"Ottoman plants, nature studies, and the attentiveness of translational labor.","authors":"Duygu Yıldırım","doi":"10.1177/00732753231191340","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231191340","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Translations, whether in the form of text, illustration, or interpretive analysis, served knowledge-making in multiple ways. It offered a refuge, severed contexts, and concealed the various workers that created it. Over the course of the seventeenth century, European naturalists in Istanbul, such as Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1658-1730), procured illustrations of Ottoman nature as fundamental resources to identify, collect, and compare indigenous plants and newly bred varieties. Despite maintaining an actual mediation for cross-cultural interactions, these sources of virtual communication remain largely forgotten in modern scholarship. This article argues that this curious yet invisible corpus was not a nonagentive medium in an alienated leisure of a gentleman-scholar; instead, these illustrations were designed to call upon the viewer's constant attention in self-motivated scientific labor. Such handy tools responded and contributed to early modern scholars' modes of working, and in exchange they determined these sources' own function, position, and visibility - either as a by-product or as a derivative. It is therefore only when integrated into the labor history of science that the degrees of invisibility pertaining to both Ottoman nature studies and self-directed labor can come into a granular view.</p>","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"61 4","pages":"497-521"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138464079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Science and/as work: An introduction to this special issue. 科学与/作为工作:本期特刊简介。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
History of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231206580
Lissa Roberts, Seth Rockman, Alexandra Hui
{"title":"Science and/as work: An introduction to this special issue.","authors":"Lissa Roberts, Seth Rockman, Alexandra Hui","doi":"10.1177/00732753231206580","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231206580","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This brief essay introduces a special issue dedicated to exploring two themes: \"science and work\" and \"science as work.\" Following a brief overview of these two themes, it briefly describes the other contributions to the special issue.</p>","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"61 4","pages":"439-447"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10693720/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138464081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Preparatory labor for chemical fertilizer: Rural modernity and the practices of South Korean farmers in the 1960s. 化肥预备劳动:20世纪60年代韩国农村现代化与农民实践。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
History of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231188253
Juyoung Lee
{"title":"Preparatory labor for chemical fertilizer: Rural modernity and the practices of South Korean farmers in the 1960s.","authors":"Juyoung Lee","doi":"10.1177/00732753231188253","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231188253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article examines preparatory labor practices that South Korean farmers had to undertake to use chemical fertilizers in the 1960s. Preparatory labor, such as learning about and acquiring fertilizers, that came prior to the use of chemical fertilizer in the field was mundane and often invisible. However, it was this logistical and emotional labor that was essential for the maintenance of South Korea's chemical fertilizer system. In the system, which was part of the government's efforts to establish rural modernity through increased crop productivity, the state looked down on farmers as the subject of edification. Nevertheless, the farmers were crucial maintainers of the state-led agricultural reform, realizing the government's vision of modernity. To reveal the hidden relationship between farmers, technology, and the state, this article extensively uses diaries written by two farmers - Yoon Heesoo from Daecheon Village and Shin Kwonsik from Daegok Village. By doing so, this article aims to shed light on the voices of farmers and their roles in the agricultural reform of 1960s South Korea and, more broadly, of the Green Revolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"61 4","pages":"588-607"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138464080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Kepler's labors: Figurations of scholarly work c. 1600. 开普勒的劳动:约1600年学术工作的图示。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
History of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231180287
Gadi Algazi
{"title":"Kepler's labors: Figurations of scholarly work c. 1600.","authors":"Gadi Algazi","doi":"10.1177/00732753231180287","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231180287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kepler's intricate trajectory, his self-reflective comments about the conditions of production of knowledge in his time, and the wealth of materials preserved make it possible to reconstruct a whole set of regimes of scholarly work around 1600, each with its typical mode of control, forms of subordination, temporal economy, and means of remuneration. Kepler's maneuvering in this landscape was shaped by his attempts to carve out spaces for the kind of work he considered his very own - his \"speculations\" or \"private studies\" - within work relationships involving service and subordination. Thus, we find nonalienated, self-directed scholarly work embedded, constrained, and enabled by heteronomous regimes of work, a field of tensions that I seek to capture in the formula \"work within work.\" A labor history of science could thus offer us an opportunity for exploring historically documented, nonincidental and partly institutionalized forms of less alienated work, and trace the ways in which they related to and interacted with dominant relations of production.</p>","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"61 4","pages":"475-496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138464047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Chemical 'canaries': Munitions workers in the First World War. 化学“金丝雀”:第一次世界大战中的军需品工人。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
History of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-02 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231173063
Patricia Fara
{"title":"Chemical 'canaries': Munitions workers in the First World War.","authors":"Patricia Fara","doi":"10.1177/00732753231173063","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231173063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the early twentieth century, scientific innovations permanently changed international warfare. As chemicals traveled out of laboratories into factories and military locations, war became waged at home as well as overseas. Large numbers of women were employed in munitions factories during the First World War, but their public memories have been overshadowed by men who died on battlefields abroad; they have also been ignored in traditional histories of chemistry that focus on laboratory-based research. Mostly young and poorly educated, but crucial for Britain's military success, these female workers were subjected to procedures of social regulation and consigned to carrying out dangerous chemical procedures causing chronic illness or death; in particular, when TNT died their skin yellow, they were colloquially known as 'canaries.'</p>","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"546-560"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9626889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Global circulation of low-end expertise: Knowledge, hierarchy, and labor migration in a Burmese oilfield. 低端专业技术的全球流通:缅甸某油田的知识、层级和劳动力迁移。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
History of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231189442
Chao Ren
{"title":"Global circulation of low-end expertise: Knowledge, hierarchy, and labor migration in a Burmese oilfield.","authors":"Chao Ren","doi":"10.1177/00732753231189442","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231189442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article examines the phenomenon of the \"global circulation of low-end expertise\" through an exploration of the social dynamics surrounding American oil drillers who migrated from the Pennsylvania oil region to British colonial Burma during the early 1900s to the mid-1930s. These working-class drillers, with practical knowledge in oil drilling acquired through familial and community networks, played a crucial role in operating mechanized oil wells and providing geological expertise in colonial Burma. Positioned between labor-intensive agricultural economies in colonial Asia and the higher echelons of British colonial society, these drillers occupied an intermediate social location. Despite their indispensable expertise, they were marginalized due to their lower social standing, leading to their expertise being disregarded by their superiors and forgotten over time. By understanding the complexities of the \"global circulation of low-end expertise,\" this study sheds light on the social construction and erasure of the expertise held by these working-class drillers, revealing overlooked aspects of global histories of science and labor and highlighting the need to reassess dominant historical narratives on knowledge-labor.</p>","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"61 4","pages":"561-587"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138464045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Historiographies of science and labor: From past perspectives to future possibilities. 科学与劳动史学:从过去的观点到未来的可能性。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
History of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231209023
Lissa Roberts, Seth Rockman, Alexandra Hui
{"title":"Historiographies of science and labor: From past perspectives to future possibilities.","authors":"Lissa Roberts, Seth Rockman, Alexandra Hui","doi":"10.1177/00732753231209023","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231209023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article offers suggestions for what a labor history of science might look like and what it might accomplish. It does so by first reviewing how historians of science have analyzed the history of both \"science as labor\" and \"science and labor\" since the 1930s. It then moves on to discuss recent historiographical developments in both the history of science and labor history that together provide an analytical frame for further research. The article ends by projecting into the future, considering how a labor history of science might help us grapple with connecting our understanding of the past with the challenges of today and tomorrow.</p>","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"61 4","pages":"448-474"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10693716/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138464046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Unnamed, not unskilled: Toward a new labor history of pharmacy. 无名,并非不熟练:走向新的药学劳动史。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
History of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231187477
Zachary Dorner
{"title":"Unnamed, not unskilled: Toward a new labor history of pharmacy.","authors":"Zachary Dorner","doi":"10.1177/00732753231187477","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231187477","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>By recovering the dependent, often enslaved, laborers who helped to make European medicines commercially available in the New England colonies, this article offers a new history of early American pharmaceutical knowledge and production. It does so by considering the life and labor of an unnamed, enslaved assistant who was said to make tinctures, elixirs, and other common remedies in a 1758 letter between two business partners, Silvester Gardiner, a successful surgeon and apothecary in Boston, Massachusetts, and William Jepson, his former apprentice, in Hartford, Connecticut. Using strategies from slavery and critical archive studies, as well as from social history and the history of medicine, this article emphasizes the materiality and embodiment of pharmaceutical production and follows fragmentary evidence beyond the business archive to reverse the systemic erasure of enslaved and indentured laborers from the records of eighteenth-century manufacturers of medicines. The medicine trades of men like Gardiner and Jepson appear more reliant upon dependent laborers - named and unnamed - who not only performed rote tasks but brought their experience and judgment to their labors as well. Their contributions could be obviously medical (preparing remedies) or more ambiguous (stoking fires, shipping goods), but these actions together constituted early modern pharmacy, enabled the expansion of the transatlantic medicine trade, and laid the foundations for the more self-sufficient and industrialized pharmacy that developed in the nineteenth century. Centering the skill and knowledge among subordinated laborers in one facet of an emergent transatlantic care economy affirms the entanglement of slavery and science and underscores the necessity of asking new questions of old sources.</p>","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"61 4","pages":"522-545"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138464082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Maszyny Matematyczne, women, and computing: The birth of computers in the Polish communist era. Maszyny Matematyczne,女性与计算机:波兰共产主义时代计算机的诞生。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
History of Science Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753221121502
Carla Petrocelli
{"title":"Maszyny Matematyczne, women, and computing: The birth of computers in the Polish communist era.","authors":"Carla Petrocelli","doi":"10.1177/00732753221121502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00732753221121502","url":null,"abstract":"The history of computing usually focuses on achievements in Western universities and research centers and is mostly about what happened in the United States and Great Britain. However, in Eastern Europe, particularly in war-torn Poland, where there was very little state funding, many highly original hardware and software projects were initiated. The small number of publications available to us, especially those in English, led to the belief that technological progress was the result of research carried out in Western countries alone. This article aims to fill this knowledge gap by focusing on the numerous research projects initiated in Polish universities and computer industries that unfortunately turned into dead ends as the result of socialist policies. These are references that cannot be ignored, not only for a historical reconstruction of the evolution of technology but also with regard to the social effects recorded in Poland immediately after the Second World War. The communist ideology, which pursued gender equality policies after the end of the war, encouraged women to pursue education, enabling the many female students enrolled in mathematics degree courses to specialize in “Maszyny Matematyczne” (mathematical machines) and become, like men, experts in computer programming and design. As well as highlighting the role that Poland played in the nascent “computer science” and providing detailed information on what women contributed, this article will explain why the success of the Polish computer industry was limited due to the nonexistent coordination between the communist states (Comecon).","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"61 3","pages":"409-435"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10212421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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