History of Science最新文献_第3页

"On the trail of the mercy bullet": Pain, scientific showmanship, and the early history of animal tranquilizing, c. 1912-1932. 《仁慈子弹的踪迹》：疼痛、科学表演和动物镇静剂的早期历史，约1912-1932年。

IF 1.1 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231197875

Mia Uys

{"title":"\"On the trail of the mercy bullet\": Pain, scientific showmanship, and the early history of animal tranquilizing, c. 1912-1932.","authors":"Mia Uys","doi":"10.1177/00732753231197875","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231197875","url":null,"abstract":"In June 1928, Captain Barnett W. Harris, an amateur naturalist from Indiana, arrived in Zululand to experiment on wild animals with his invention - the mercy bullet. This \"bullet\"consisted of a hypodermic needle filled with anesthetic drugs that could render an animal unconscious - an early model of what is now known as the tranquilizer gun. The history of this gun typically begins with Colin Murdoch, a New Zealand pharmacist and veterinarian, who patented the invention in 1959. While largely absent in the archives, through tracing popular science publications and press, this article exposes a longer history of animal tranquilizers from an unlikely source. Tracing Harris's story allows this article to speak to different historical discourses that influenced his rise as a celebrated inventor, and later to his disappearance from the scientific arena. This article argues that debates about pain relief (for both humans and nonhuman animals) and developments in military technology at the turn of the twentieth century resulted in experiments with narcotic bullets, a precursor to this \"mercy bullet moment.\" While hailed across the press as the man who might transform animal capturing into a humane practice, the workings of Harris's bullet remained ambiguous. Despite this, he promoted his invention through several lecture series and radio presentations to the American public in the 1930s, where elements of scientific showmanship can be observed. Overall, Harris's omission from the history of animal tranquilizing demonstrates the multiple contingencies that define a moment of scientific \"success\" - or, in this case, push some into relative obscurity.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"416-441"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11360270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41158547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biotechnics and politics: A genealogy of nonhuman technology. 生物技术与政治：非人类技术的谱系。

IF 1.1 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231187676

Matthew Vollgraff, Marco Tamborini

{"title":"Biotechnics and politics: A genealogy of nonhuman technology.","authors":"Matthew Vollgraff, Marco Tamborini","doi":"10.1177/00732753231187676","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231187676","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a new perspective on the intersection of technology, biology, and politics in modern Germany by examining the history of biotechnics, a nonanthropocentric concept of technology that was developed in German-speaking Europe from the 1870s to the 1930s. Biotechnics challenged the traditional view of technology as exclusively a human creation, arguing that nature itself could also be a source of technical innovations. Our study focuses on the contributions of Ernst Kapp, Raoul Heinrich Francé, and Alf Giessler, highlighting the gradual shift in political perspectives that influenced the merging of nature and technology in their respective visions of biotechnics. From Kapp's liberal radicalism to Francé's social organicism and ultimately to Giessler's totalitarian fascism, their writings increasingly vitalized technology by portraying it as a natural force independent from human influence. The history of biotechnics sheds light on previously unexplored aspects of debates surrounding the sciences and philosophy of technology in Germany, while also foreshadowing contemporary discussions on technocultural hybridity. As a genealogy of the idea of nonhuman technology, the article raises perturbing questions about the political implications of conflating nature and culture.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"366-390"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41154370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Science across the Meiji divide: Vernacular literary genres as vectors of science in modern Japan. 跨越明治鸿沟的科学：作为现代日本科学载体的乡土文学流派。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-11 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231170413

Ruselle Meade

{"title":"Science across the Meiji divide: Vernacular literary genres as vectors of science in modern Japan.","authors":"Ruselle Meade","doi":"10.1177/00732753231170413","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231170413","url":null,"abstract":"Histories of Japanese science have been integral in affirming the Meiji Restoration of 1868 as the starting point of modern Japan. Vernacular genres, characterized as \"premodern,\" have therefore largely been overlooked by historians of science, regardless of when they were published. Paradoxically, this has resulted in the marginalization of the very works through which most people encountered science. This article addresses this oversight and its historiographical ramifications by focusing on kyūri books - popular works of science - published in the years following the Restoration, when there was unprecedented public interest in science. It asks, what if we take these kyūri books on their own terms as science books, just as those of the time saw them? This article explores three genres of kyūri books, namely fictionalized formats, such as the epic tale (monogatari); epistolary guides; and genres, such as the sutra, that drew on religious textual practices. It argues that these literary genres provided interpretive frameworks that shaped readers' encounters with \"modern\" science. This exploration underscores the importance of engaging with vernacular genres to understand the emergence of science as a global category in the nineteenth century.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"227-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10132977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Saving newborns, defining livebirth: The struggle to reduce infant mortality in East-Central Europe in comparative and transnational perspectives, 1945-1965. 拯救新生儿，定义活产：从比较和跨国角度看东中欧降低婴儿死亡率的斗争，1945-1965 年。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231187486

Kateřina Lišková, Natalia Jarska, Annina Gagyiova, José Luis Aguilar López-Barajas, Šárka Caitlín Rábová

{"title":"Saving newborns, defining livebirth: The struggle to reduce infant mortality in East-Central Europe in comparative and transnational perspectives, 1945-1965.","authors":"Kateřina Lišková, Natalia Jarska, Annina Gagyiova, José Luis Aguilar López-Barajas, Šárka Caitlín Rábová","doi":"10.1177/00732753231187486","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231187486","url":null,"abstract":"After World War II, infant mortality rates started dropping steeply. We show how this was accomplished in socialist countries in East-Central Europe. Focusing on the two postwar decades, we explore comparatively how medical experts in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany saved fragile newborns. Based on an analysis of medical journals, we argue that the Soviet Union and its medical practices had only a marginal influence; the four countries followed the recommendations of the World Health Organization instead, despite not being members. Importantly, we analyze the expert clashes over definitions of livebirth, which impact infant mortality statistics. We analyze the divergent practices and negotiations between countries: since the infant mortality rate came to represent the level of socioeconomic advancement, its political significance was paramount. Analyzing the struggle to reduce infant mortality thus helps us understand how socialist countries positioned themselves within the transnational framework while being members of the \"socialist bloc.\"","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"252-279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11157972/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10211173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Silver refining in the New World: A singularity in the history of useful knowledge. 新大陆的炼银术：实用知识史上的一个奇点。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231185027

Saul Guerrero, David Pretel

引用次数: 0

Mining knowledge: Nineteenth-century Cornish electrical science and the controversies of clay. 采矿知识：十九世纪康沃尔电气科学与粘土的争议。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-09 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231189965

Edward J Gillin

{"title":"Mining knowledge: Nineteenth-century Cornish electrical science and the controversies of clay.","authors":"Edward J Gillin","doi":"10.1177/00732753231189965","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231189965","url":null,"abstract":"Michael Faraday's laboratory experiments have dominated traditional histories of the electrical sciences in 1820s and 1830s Britain. However, as this article demonstrates, in the mining region of Cornwall, Robert Were Fox fashioned a very different approach to the study of electromagnetic phenomena. Here, it was the mine that provided the foremost site of scientific experimentation, with Fox employing these underground locations to measure the Earth's heat and make claims over the existence of subterranean electrical currents. Yet securing philosophical claims cultivated in mines proved challenging for Fox, with metropolitan audiences, including Faraday, loath to give credit to the results of these underground experiments. This article explores how Fox developed a way of modeling his mine experiments, using clay samples, to communicate knowledge from industrial Cornwall to urban centers of elite science. It argues that the mine was an epistemologically complex venue of scientific activity, at once seeming to provide a way of examining nature directly, without recourse to laboratory contrivance, while simultaneously being a place where knowledge claims were hard to verify without access to these physically challenging locations. In exploring Fox's work, this study contributes to a growing literature of spatial investigation that takes the vertical as its unit of analysis.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"202-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10246232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performing the Manhattan Project in Los Alamos. 在洛斯阿拉莫斯执行曼哈顿计划。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-28 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231187011

Aimee Slaughter

引用次数: 0

Beyond green chemistry: Radical environmental transformation through Sanfte Chemie (1985-1995). 超越绿色化学：通过 Sanfte Chemie 进行激进的环境改造（1985-1995 年）。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231194801

Marcin Krasnodębski

引用次数: 0

The mule on the Mount Wilson trail: George Ellery Hale, American scientific cosmology, and cosmologies of American science. 威尔逊山小径上的骡子乔治-埃勒里-黑尔、美国科学宇宙学和美国科学宇宙学。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-06 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231179330

Kendrick Oliver

{"title":"The mule on the Mount Wilson trail: George Ellery Hale, American scientific cosmology, and cosmologies of American science.","authors":"Kendrick Oliver","doi":"10.1177/00732753231179330","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231179330","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the relation between two different modes of cosmology: the social and the scientific. Over the twentieth century, scientific understandings of the dimensions and operations of the physical universe changed dramatically, significantly prompted by astronomical and astrophysical research undertaken at the Mount Wilson Observatory in Pasadena, California. Could those understandings be readily translated into social theory? Studies across a range of disciplines have intimated that the scientific cosmos might be less essential to the worlds of meaning and belonging that people and communities compose around themselves than more local and relational models of an ordered whole. The article applies that proposition to the Mount Wilson Observatory itself, arguing that the observatory's founder, George Ellery Hale, and his acolytes were deeply invested in practices of terrestrial place-making, the politics of belonging, and the cadences of civilizational time as applied to their city and its region. Moreover, they struggled to construct a philosophy integrating the cosmos they were seeking to fix at home with the contortions and careering trajectories of the universal whole.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"144-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10903137/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10132852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

George Howard Darwin and the "public" interpretation of The Tides. 乔治-霍华德-达尔文和《潮汐》的 "公众 "解读。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-18 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231181548

Edwin D Rose

{"title":"George Howard Darwin and the \"public\" interpretation of The Tides.","authors":"Edwin D Rose","doi":"10.1177/00732753231181548","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231181548","url":null,"abstract":"Processes of adapting complex information for broad audiences became a pressing concern by the turn of the twentieth century. Channels of communication ranged from public lectures to printed books designed to serve a social class eager for self-improvement. Through analyzing a course of public lectures given by George Howard Darwin (1845-1912) for the Lowell Institute in Boston and the monograph he based on these, The Tides and Kindred Phenomena of the Solar System (1898), this article connects the important practices of public lecturing and book production-two aspects of knowledge dissemination that tend to be studied as separate entities. Darwin, Plumian Professor of Astronomy at the University of Cambridge and son of the famous naturalist, relied on a diverse material culture when lecturing and producing a book. Giving a new account of Darwin's scientific work through exploring his adaption of it for broader audiences, this article connects the diverse material culture Darwin employed in talks to the practice of producing a published book. The content of objects demonstrated and the lantern slides projected during Darwin's lectures evolved to form a book designed to engage broad sectors of society in Europe and the United States. Darwin's lectures were attended at full capacity, while The Tides was soon printed in numerous English editions and translated into German, Italian, Hungarian, and Spanish.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"111-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10903139/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9830560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0