History of Science最新文献_第2页

Nafia for the Tigris: The Privy Purse and the infrastructure of development in late Ottoman Iraq, 1882-1914. 底格里斯河的纳菲亚：1882-1914 年奥斯曼帝国晚期伊拉克的枢密院和发展基础设施。

IF 1.1 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-03-16 DOI: 10.1177/0073275321999265

Camille Lyans Cole

{"title":"Nafia for the Tigris: The Privy Purse and the infrastructure of development in late Ottoman Iraq, 1882-1914.","authors":"Camille Lyans Cole","doi":"10.1177/0073275321999265","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0073275321999265","url":null,"abstract":"Between 1893 and 1908, at least six private consortia and the municipality of Baghdad were denied permission to operate steamships on the Tigris and Euphrates on the grounds that a navigation concession had already been granted to the Privy Purse (hazine-i hassa). The Privy Purse justified its insistence on monopoly with reference to the emerging ideology of development (nafia), though its ideas about the role of steam technology in nafia stood in contrast to those of private investors and other Ottoman bureaucrats. Working from the hazine-i hassa's planning memos and contracts, I show that the private treasury envisioned a primarily agrarian future for Iraq, with steamships serving agricultural aims. As such, it focused on envisioning future steamships rather than managing its existing fleet, while still acquiring dominance over land and transport in the region. However, private companies and officials contested this vision, emphasizing the materiality of existing steamships, their roles in trade, and the potential for commercial competition as a means of resisting British imperial encroachment. After the Committee of Union and Progress came to power in 1908, the Privy Purse was disestablished and its properties reverted to the Finance Ministry, opening a brief window during which steamship companies were encouraged to proliferate. Quickly, however, new comprehensive schemes were proposed, though with railways replacing steamships as the corollary to Iraq's imagined riches. Engaging questions about the futurity of both infrastructure and capital, as well as those posed by the technology-in-use paradigm, this article suggests that the hazine-i hassa is a rich starting point for analysis because the scalar and ontological tensions it embodied highlight how different kinds of futures interact in development planning to affect the present.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"488-510"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25484049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

National climate: Zhu Kezhen and the framing of the atmosphere in modern China. 民族气场：竺可桢与近代中国气场的建构。

IF 1.1 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231157453

Mark E Frank

引用次数: 0

The politics of electricity use and non-use in late Ottoman Istanbul. 奥斯曼晚期伊斯坦布尔的用电和不用电政治。

IF 1.1 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-11 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231211175

Nurcin Ileri

{"title":"The politics of electricity use and non-use in late Ottoman Istanbul.","authors":"Nurcin Ileri","doi":"10.1177/00732753231211175","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231211175","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the earlier encounters and uses of electricity, its technology, and its infrastructure to understand how electricity formed a contested terrain of politics among the city's varying actors, such as state officials, financial investors, and consumers, in late Ottoman Istanbul, roughly between the 1870s and early 1920s. I contend that people used electricity as a political tool in their everyday lives even before they could access it physically. Electricity skepticism during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II (1876-1909) increased Istanbul residents' inclination for an electrified future; the longer the sultan's prohibitions lasted, the more they fueled this inclination, causing problems about the use of electricity. In contrast to the previous regime's skepticism about electricity use, the Committee of Union and Progress (1909-18) administrators considered electricity a public service that a larger population could use rather than a source of energy for a small, privileged elite. The first urban-scale power plant was completed in 1914. However, the inability to import technical equipment and raw materials due to political and financial troubles caused by World War I (1914-18) and the Occupation Period (1918-23) hampered electricity production and consumption, causing serious problems in electricity use on public and private scales. Amid the wave of challenges, the city inhabitants witnessed numerous unpleasant encounters with electricity use; some perished in tram accidents, while others became criminals. At a time when much of society viewed electricity as a vital element for progress and economic growth, the prevalence of crowded trams, tram accidents, blackouts, and instances of electricity theft within the Ottoman capital called into question the notion of electricity as a technological promise and public good. Consequently, the initial enthusiasm for electricity's transformative potential waned due to tensions between expectations and daily realities, resulting in a cautious approach toward technological modernity.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"511-538"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139724721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Objectivity, honesty, and integrity: How American scientists talked about their virtues, 1945-2000. 客观、诚实和正直：1945-2000 年美国科学家如何谈论他们的美德。

IF 1.1 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231206773

Kim M Hajek, Herman Paul, Sjang Ten Hagen

{"title":"Objectivity, honesty, and integrity: How American scientists talked about their virtues, 1945-2000.","authors":"Kim M Hajek, Herman Paul, Sjang Ten Hagen","doi":"10.1177/00732753231206773","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231206773","url":null,"abstract":"What kind of people make good scientists? What personal qualities do scholars say their peers should exhibit? And how do they express these expectations? This article explores these issues by mapping the kinds of virtues discussed by American scientists between 1945 and 2000. Our wide-ranging comparative analysis maps scientific virtue talk across three distinct disciplines - physics, psychology, and history - and across sources that typify those disciplines' scientific ethos - introductory textbooks, book reviews, and codes of ethics. We find that, when inducting students into a discipline, evaluating peers, or codifying their professional standards, postwar American scientists routinely named virtues like carefulness, objectivity, and honesty. They applied such virtues not only directly to scholars' characters, minds, and attitudes (thereby equating virtues with personal qualities), but also to their methods, modes of reasoning, and working habits (in the form of what we call virtue-qualifiers). Strikingly, we find that physicists, psychologists, and historians drew upon largely similar repertoires of virtue. For all of them, scientific work required carefulness, thoroughness, and accuracy. Not all virtues, however, were equally important in all disciplines (notably objectivity), nor did each ethos-forming genre place equal emphasis on the directly personal nature of such virtues. All in all, our research establishes an extended framework for understanding the ways virtues remained present in postwar American scientific discourse writ large.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"442-469"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11360276/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139378713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Chemistry, trade, and the economy: Exploring the history of customs laboratories in the United States (1870s-1930s). 化学、贸易和经济：探索美国海关实验室的历史（1870s-1930年代）。

IF 1.1 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231197292

Ignacio Suay-Matallana

{"title":"Chemistry, trade, and the economy: Exploring the history of customs laboratories in the United States (1870s-1930s).","authors":"Ignacio Suay-Matallana","doi":"10.1177/00732753231197292","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231197292","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the history of the customs laboratories in the United States between the 1870s and the 1930s, focusing especially on the decades up to World War I. It pays attention to the various dimensions of these laboratories, in particular the context of their creation. The first customs laboratory was established in New York in 1878, and over the subsequent years, similar laboratories were set up across the country. The evolution of this network was influenced by factors such as the increasing specialization of these spaces, their geographic distribution, and changes in their organization and scope. The article also explores the types of imported merchandise analyzed in these labs; the roles of their staff, especially customs chemists, both within and outside these laboratories; their impact on the circulation of goods and in generating revenue from taxation; and the main challenges faced by customs chemists in adapting and standardizing their work. After discussing the necessity of customs laboratories in the United States, the article examines their progressive specialization, with a detailed study of the customs laboratory in New York. This laboratory was the largest and most significant due to its location and longevity. Finally, the paper considers the relationship between customs labs and the law, and how these spaces adapted to new challenges during the first third of the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"391-415"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41138778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Timing the stars: Clocks and complexities of precision in eighteenth-century observatories. 恒星计时：十八世纪天文台的时钟和精密度的复杂性。

IF 1.1 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231193819

Sibylle Gluch

{"title":"Timing the stars: Clocks and complexities of precision in eighteenth-century observatories.","authors":"Sibylle Gluch","doi":"10.1177/00732753231193819","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231193819","url":null,"abstract":"In the eighteenth century, the sciences and their applications adopted a new attitude based on quantification and, increasingly, on a notion of precision. Within this process, instruments played a significant role. However, while new devices such as the micrometer, telescope, and pendulum clock embodied a formerly unknown potential of precision, this could only be realized by defining a set of practices regulating their application and control. The paper picks up the case of pendulum clocks used in eighteenth-century observatories in order to show the process of learning in the course of which the pendulum clock first became a precision instrument. By examining the results of an especially developed statistical analysis, conducted to compare the performance of eighteenth-century clocks, it highlights the diversity of conditions, attitudes, and manners of handling that are characteristic for the epoch. In this way, it underlines the necessity of standardization of timekeeping practices rather than exclusively focusing on the technological development of clocks. Ultimately, the paper discusses the role of makers and users in order to show the evolution of a \"precision instrument.\"","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"329-365"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41162180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

"On the trail of the mercy bullet": Pain, scientific showmanship, and the early history of animal tranquilizing, c. 1912-1932. 《仁慈子弹的踪迹》：疼痛、科学表演和动物镇静剂的早期历史，约1912-1932年。

IF 1.1 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231197875

Mia Uys

{"title":"\"On the trail of the mercy bullet\": Pain, scientific showmanship, and the early history of animal tranquilizing, c. 1912-1932.","authors":"Mia Uys","doi":"10.1177/00732753231197875","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231197875","url":null,"abstract":"In June 1928, Captain Barnett W. Harris, an amateur naturalist from Indiana, arrived in Zululand to experiment on wild animals with his invention - the mercy bullet. This \"bullet\"consisted of a hypodermic needle filled with anesthetic drugs that could render an animal unconscious - an early model of what is now known as the tranquilizer gun. The history of this gun typically begins with Colin Murdoch, a New Zealand pharmacist and veterinarian, who patented the invention in 1959. While largely absent in the archives, through tracing popular science publications and press, this article exposes a longer history of animal tranquilizers from an unlikely source. Tracing Harris's story allows this article to speak to different historical discourses that influenced his rise as a celebrated inventor, and later to his disappearance from the scientific arena. This article argues that debates about pain relief (for both humans and nonhuman animals) and developments in military technology at the turn of the twentieth century resulted in experiments with narcotic bullets, a precursor to this \"mercy bullet moment.\" While hailed across the press as the man who might transform animal capturing into a humane practice, the workings of Harris's bullet remained ambiguous. Despite this, he promoted his invention through several lecture series and radio presentations to the American public in the 1930s, where elements of scientific showmanship can be observed. Overall, Harris's omission from the history of animal tranquilizing demonstrates the multiple contingencies that define a moment of scientific \"success\" - or, in this case, push some into relative obscurity.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"416-441"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11360270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41158547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biotechnics and politics: A genealogy of nonhuman technology. 生物技术与政治：非人类技术的谱系。

IF 1.1 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231187676

Matthew Vollgraff, Marco Tamborini

{"title":"Biotechnics and politics: A genealogy of nonhuman technology.","authors":"Matthew Vollgraff, Marco Tamborini","doi":"10.1177/00732753231187676","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231187676","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a new perspective on the intersection of technology, biology, and politics in modern Germany by examining the history of biotechnics, a nonanthropocentric concept of technology that was developed in German-speaking Europe from the 1870s to the 1930s. Biotechnics challenged the traditional view of technology as exclusively a human creation, arguing that nature itself could also be a source of technical innovations. Our study focuses on the contributions of Ernst Kapp, Raoul Heinrich Francé, and Alf Giessler, highlighting the gradual shift in political perspectives that influenced the merging of nature and technology in their respective visions of biotechnics. From Kapp's liberal radicalism to Francé's social organicism and ultimately to Giessler's totalitarian fascism, their writings increasingly vitalized technology by portraying it as a natural force independent from human influence. The history of biotechnics sheds light on previously unexplored aspects of debates surrounding the sciences and philosophy of technology in Germany, while also foreshadowing contemporary discussions on technocultural hybridity. As a genealogy of the idea of nonhuman technology, the article raises perturbing questions about the political implications of conflating nature and culture.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"366-390"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41154370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Science across the Meiji divide: Vernacular literary genres as vectors of science in modern Japan. 跨越明治鸿沟的科学：作为现代日本科学载体的乡土文学流派。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-11 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231170413

Ruselle Meade

{"title":"Science across the Meiji divide: Vernacular literary genres as vectors of science in modern Japan.","authors":"Ruselle Meade","doi":"10.1177/00732753231170413","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231170413","url":null,"abstract":"Histories of Japanese science have been integral in affirming the Meiji Restoration of 1868 as the starting point of modern Japan. Vernacular genres, characterized as \"premodern,\" have therefore largely been overlooked by historians of science, regardless of when they were published. Paradoxically, this has resulted in the marginalization of the very works through which most people encountered science. This article addresses this oversight and its historiographical ramifications by focusing on kyūri books - popular works of science - published in the years following the Restoration, when there was unprecedented public interest in science. It asks, what if we take these kyūri books on their own terms as science books, just as those of the time saw them? This article explores three genres of kyūri books, namely fictionalized formats, such as the epic tale (monogatari); epistolary guides; and genres, such as the sutra, that drew on religious textual practices. It argues that these literary genres provided interpretive frameworks that shaped readers' encounters with \"modern\" science. This exploration underscores the importance of engaging with vernacular genres to understand the emergence of science as a global category in the nineteenth century.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"227-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10132977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Saving newborns, defining livebirth: The struggle to reduce infant mortality in East-Central Europe in comparative and transnational perspectives, 1945-1965. 拯救新生儿，定义活产：从比较和跨国角度看东中欧降低婴儿死亡率的斗争，1945-1965 年。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231187486

Kateřina Lišková, Natalia Jarska, Annina Gagyiova, José Luis Aguilar López-Barajas, Šárka Caitlín Rábová

{"title":"Saving newborns, defining livebirth: The struggle to reduce infant mortality in East-Central Europe in comparative and transnational perspectives, 1945-1965.","authors":"Kateřina Lišková, Natalia Jarska, Annina Gagyiova, José Luis Aguilar López-Barajas, Šárka Caitlín Rábová","doi":"10.1177/00732753231187486","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231187486","url":null,"abstract":"After World War II, infant mortality rates started dropping steeply. We show how this was accomplished in socialist countries in East-Central Europe. Focusing on the two postwar decades, we explore comparatively how medical experts in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany saved fragile newborns. Based on an analysis of medical journals, we argue that the Soviet Union and its medical practices had only a marginal influence; the four countries followed the recommendations of the World Health Organization instead, despite not being members. Importantly, we analyze the expert clashes over definitions of livebirth, which impact infant mortality statistics. We analyze the divergent practices and negotiations between countries: since the infant mortality rate came to represent the level of socioeconomic advancement, its political significance was paramount. Analyzing the struggle to reduce infant mortality thus helps us understand how socialist countries positioned themselves within the transnational framework while being members of the \"socialist bloc.\"","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"252-279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11157972/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10211173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0