History of Science最新文献_第2页

Biotechnics and politics: A genealogy of nonhuman technology. 生物技术与政治：非人类技术的谱系。

IF 1.1 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231187676

Matthew Vollgraff, Marco Tamborini

{"title":"Biotechnics and politics: A genealogy of nonhuman technology.","authors":"Matthew Vollgraff, Marco Tamborini","doi":"10.1177/00732753231187676","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231187676","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a new perspective on the intersection of technology, biology, and politics in modern Germany by examining the history of biotechnics, a nonanthropocentric concept of technology that was developed in German-speaking Europe from the 1870s to the 1930s. Biotechnics challenged the traditional view of technology as exclusively a human creation, arguing that nature itself could also be a source of technical innovations. Our study focuses on the contributions of Ernst Kapp, Raoul Heinrich Francé, and Alf Giessler, highlighting the gradual shift in political perspectives that influenced the merging of nature and technology in their respective visions of biotechnics. From Kapp's liberal radicalism to Francé's social organicism and ultimately to Giessler's totalitarian fascism, their writings increasingly vitalized technology by portraying it as a natural force independent from human influence. The history of biotechnics sheds light on previously unexplored aspects of debates surrounding the sciences and philosophy of technology in Germany, while also foreshadowing contemporary discussions on technocultural hybridity. As a genealogy of the idea of nonhuman technology, the article raises perturbing questions about the political implications of conflating nature and culture.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"366-390"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41154370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Science across the Meiji divide: Vernacular literary genres as vectors of science in modern Japan. 跨越明治鸿沟的科学：作为现代日本科学载体的乡土文学流派。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-11 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231170413

Ruselle Meade

{"title":"Science across the Meiji divide: Vernacular literary genres as vectors of science in modern Japan.","authors":"Ruselle Meade","doi":"10.1177/00732753231170413","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231170413","url":null,"abstract":"Histories of Japanese science have been integral in affirming the Meiji Restoration of 1868 as the starting point of modern Japan. Vernacular genres, characterized as \"premodern,\" have therefore largely been overlooked by historians of science, regardless of when they were published. Paradoxically, this has resulted in the marginalization of the very works through which most people encountered science. This article addresses this oversight and its historiographical ramifications by focusing on kyūri books - popular works of science - published in the years following the Restoration, when there was unprecedented public interest in science. It asks, what if we take these kyūri books on their own terms as science books, just as those of the time saw them? This article explores three genres of kyūri books, namely fictionalized formats, such as the epic tale (monogatari); epistolary guides; and genres, such as the sutra, that drew on religious textual practices. It argues that these literary genres provided interpretive frameworks that shaped readers' encounters with \"modern\" science. This exploration underscores the importance of engaging with vernacular genres to understand the emergence of science as a global category in the nineteenth century.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"227-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10132977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Saving newborns, defining livebirth: The struggle to reduce infant mortality in East-Central Europe in comparative and transnational perspectives, 1945-1965. 拯救新生儿，定义活产：从比较和跨国角度看东中欧降低婴儿死亡率的斗争，1945-1965 年。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231187486

Kateřina Lišková, Natalia Jarska, Annina Gagyiova, José Luis Aguilar López-Barajas, Šárka Caitlín Rábová

{"title":"Saving newborns, defining livebirth: The struggle to reduce infant mortality in East-Central Europe in comparative and transnational perspectives, 1945-1965.","authors":"Kateřina Lišková, Natalia Jarska, Annina Gagyiova, José Luis Aguilar López-Barajas, Šárka Caitlín Rábová","doi":"10.1177/00732753231187486","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231187486","url":null,"abstract":"After World War II, infant mortality rates started dropping steeply. We show how this was accomplished in socialist countries in East-Central Europe. Focusing on the two postwar decades, we explore comparatively how medical experts in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany saved fragile newborns. Based on an analysis of medical journals, we argue that the Soviet Union and its medical practices had only a marginal influence; the four countries followed the recommendations of the World Health Organization instead, despite not being members. Importantly, we analyze the expert clashes over definitions of livebirth, which impact infant mortality statistics. We analyze the divergent practices and negotiations between countries: since the infant mortality rate came to represent the level of socioeconomic advancement, its political significance was paramount. Analyzing the struggle to reduce infant mortality thus helps us understand how socialist countries positioned themselves within the transnational framework while being members of the \"socialist bloc.\"","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"252-279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11157972/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10211173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Silver refining in the New World: A singularity in the history of useful knowledge. 新大陆的炼银术：实用知识史上的一个奇点。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231185027

Saul Guerrero, David Pretel

引用次数: 0

Mining knowledge: Nineteenth-century Cornish electrical science and the controversies of clay. 采矿知识：十九世纪康沃尔电气科学与粘土的争议。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-09 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231189965

Edward J Gillin

{"title":"Mining knowledge: Nineteenth-century Cornish electrical science and the controversies of clay.","authors":"Edward J Gillin","doi":"10.1177/00732753231189965","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753231189965","url":null,"abstract":"Michael Faraday's laboratory experiments have dominated traditional histories of the electrical sciences in 1820s and 1830s Britain. However, as this article demonstrates, in the mining region of Cornwall, Robert Were Fox fashioned a very different approach to the study of electromagnetic phenomena. Here, it was the mine that provided the foremost site of scientific experimentation, with Fox employing these underground locations to measure the Earth's heat and make claims over the existence of subterranean electrical currents. Yet securing philosophical claims cultivated in mines proved challenging for Fox, with metropolitan audiences, including Faraday, loath to give credit to the results of these underground experiments. This article explores how Fox developed a way of modeling his mine experiments, using clay samples, to communicate knowledge from industrial Cornwall to urban centers of elite science. It argues that the mine was an epistemologically complex venue of scientific activity, at once seeming to provide a way of examining nature directly, without recourse to laboratory contrivance, while simultaneously being a place where knowledge claims were hard to verify without access to these physically challenging locations. In exploring Fox's work, this study contributes to a growing literature of spatial investigation that takes the vertical as its unit of analysis.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"202-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10246232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performing the Manhattan Project in Los Alamos. 在洛斯阿拉莫斯执行曼哈顿计划。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-28 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231187011

Aimee Slaughter

引用次数: 0

Beyond green chemistry: Radical environmental transformation through Sanfte Chemie (1985-1995). 超越绿色化学：通过 Sanfte Chemie 进行激进的环境改造（1985-1995 年）。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/00732753231194801

Marcin Krasnodębski

引用次数: 0

Humboldtian Science and Humboldt's science. 洪堡科学和洪堡的科学。

IF 1.1 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.1177/00732753241252478

Andreas W Daum

引用次数: 0

Avian architects: Technology, domestication, and animal minds in urban America. 鸟类建筑师：美国城市中的技术、驯化和动物思维。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1177/00732753241235433

Matthew Holmes

{"title":"Avian architects: Technology, domestication, and animal minds in urban America.","authors":"Matthew Holmes","doi":"10.1177/00732753241235433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00732753241235433","url":null,"abstract":"In the mid-nineteenth century, the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) was introduced to the United States, quickly spreading across the country. For a brief period in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the observation of sparrow behavior was something of an urban pastime. Traits such as intelligence, reason, persistence, and craftsmanship were conferred onto sparrows by American urbanites. This paper argues that sparrow intelligence was often conflated with domestication: the ability of the birds to adapt to living alongside humans. Praise for the ingenuity of sparrows generally revolved around their nest building, particularly when such structures overcame the challenges posed by urban infrastructure and technology. Sparrows were far less praiseworthy when they caused electricity outages or contaminated water supplies. The sparrow in the United States demonstrates how the relationship between these anecdotes and their implications for animal minds was mediated by the technology and infrastructure of cities. Admirers of sparrows were not measuring the birds' mental capacity, but rather their ability to adapt to human habitations. Sparrows were only granted intelligence once they had demonstrated their ability to become domesticated.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"732753241235433"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140177532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Struggling with exactitude in a fragmented state: Intelligence testing in early twentieth-century China. 在支离破碎的状态下与精确性抗争：二十世纪初中国的智力测验。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2024-03-17 DOI: 10.1177/00732753241235432

Pang-Yen Chang

{"title":"Struggling with exactitude in a fragmented state: Intelligence testing in early twentieth-century China.","authors":"Pang-Yen Chang","doi":"10.1177/00732753241235432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00732753241235432","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the rise and decline of the enthusiasm for intelligence testing in early twentieth-century China, focusing on the appeal, the challenges, and the critiques revolving around this psychological instrument. The introduction of intelligence testing reflected not only China's urgent needs in modernizing its merit system, but also Chinese psychologists' aspirations for pursuing exactitude and redefining the racial characteristics of their compatriots against foreign interpretations. But despite psychologists' endeavors, the political and geographical fragmentation of Republican China troubled the epistemic imperative of uniformity demanded by Euro-American psychometrics and therefore undermined the validity of measurement. Subsequently, the legitimacy of intelligence testing began to be questioned by several influential Chinese psychologists in the late 1920s and 30s. The difficulties in standardization and the hostility within the psychology community formed a vicious cycle, impeding the progress of nationwide testing. Through this history, the article demonstrates not only the elevation of measurement to epistemic authority in modern China, but also how its promise was challenged by a diverse and rapidly changing society.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"732753241235432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140144512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0