History of the Human Sciences最新文献_第6页

Beyond following rules: Teaching research ethics in the age of the Hoffman Report 超越规则:霍夫曼报告时代的教学研究伦理

IF 0.9 2区历史学

History of the Human Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-06 DOI: 10.1177/09526951221124781

Elissa N. Rodkey, Michael Buttrey, Krista L. Rodkey

{"title":"Beyond following rules: Teaching research ethics in the age of the Hoffman Report","authors":"Elissa N. Rodkey, Michael Buttrey, Krista L. Rodkey","doi":"10.1177/09526951221124781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09526951221124781","url":null,"abstract":"The Hoffman Report scandal demonstrates that ethics is not objective and ahistorical, contradicting the comforting progressive story about ethics many students receive. This modern-day ethical failure illustrates some of the weaknesses of the current ethics code: it is rule-based, emphasizes punishments for noncompliance, and assumes a rational actor who can make tricky ethical decisions using a cost–benefit analysis. This rational emphasis translates into pedagogy: the cure for unethical behavior is more education. Yet such an approach seems unlikely to foster ethical behavior in the real world, either for students or for mature scientists. This article argues for an alternative ethical system and a different way of teaching ethical behavior. Virtue ethics emphasizes the development of ethical habits and traits through regular practice and reflection. We show how virtue ethics complements a feminist approach to science, in which scientists are encouraged to reflect on their own biases, rather than attempting to achieve an impossible objectivity. Our article concludes with pedagogical suggestions for teaching ethical behavior as a practical and intelligent skill.","PeriodicalId":50403,"journal":{"name":"History of the Human Sciences","volume":"35 1","pages":"80 - 107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45681504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Hoffman Report in historical context: A study in denial 历史语境下的霍夫曼报告：否认研究

IF 0.9 2区历史学

History of the Human Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-06 DOI: 10.1177/09526951221122694

Dan Aalbers

{"title":"The Hoffman Report in historical context: A study in denial","authors":"Dan Aalbers","doi":"10.1177/09526951221122694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09526951221122694","url":null,"abstract":"Using the concept of social denial, this article puts the American Psychological Association's (APA’s) pattern of willful blindness, identified by independent reviewer David Hoffman, in historical context by examining the contributions of Cold War social scientists to the CIA's KUBARK torture manual, and discusses the implications of this history for the reform of the APA's ethics policies. David Hoffman found that the leadership of the APA colluded with Department of Defense (DoD) to ensure that the APA's ethical policies were no stronger than those issued by the DoD. While the independent reviewer did not find evidence of collaboration between the CIA and the APA, this was not due to a lack of effort on the part of the APA, which was anxious to establish good relations and so promote the use of psychology in the national security arena. While Hoffman did not find that the APA knew that its collaborations would facilitate the development of abusive interrogation techniques, it showed a marked, motivated lack of interest in whether or not the DoD or CIA was abusing prisoners. The APA maintained its strategic ignorance even while engaging in a public relations campaign designed to give the impression that it was deeply concerned about multiple reports of psychologist involvement in a system of torture. This willful ignorance was not unprecedented and follows a predictable pattern of knowing and not-knowing to which all psychologists should attend.","PeriodicalId":50403,"journal":{"name":"History of the Human Sciences","volume":"35 1","pages":"27 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48428661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Introduction: The Hoffman Report in historical context 引言:历史背景下的霍夫曼报告

IF 0.9 2区历史学

History of the Human Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-06 DOI: 10.1177/09526951221124788

N. Weidman

引用次数: 0

Beyond torture: Knowledge and power at the nexus of social science and national security 超越酷刑:社会科学和国家安全关系中的知识和权力

IF 0.9 2区历史学

History of the Human Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-06 DOI: 10.1177/09526951221121733

Joy Rohde

引用次数: 0

A military/intelligence operational perspective on the American Psychological Association’s weaponization of psychology post-9/11 从军事/情报运作角度看美国心理协会在9/11后将心理学武器化

IF 0.9 2区历史学

History of the Human Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-06 DOI: 10.1177/09526951221121711

Jean Maria Arrigo, Lawrence P. Rockwood, Jack O’Brien, Dutch Franz, David DeBatto, John Kiriakou

{"title":"A military/intelligence operational perspective on the American Psychological Association’s weaponization of psychology post-9/11","authors":"Jean Maria Arrigo, Lawrence P. Rockwood, Jack O’Brien, Dutch Franz, David DeBatto, John Kiriakou","doi":"10.1177/09526951221121711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09526951221121711","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the role of the American Psychological Association (APA) in the weaponization of American psychology post-9/11. In 2004, psychologists’ involvement in the detention and interrogation of terrorist suspects generated controversy over psychological ethics in national security (PENS). Two signal events inflamed the controversy. The 2005 APA PENS Report legitimized clinical psychology consultation in support of military/intelligence operations with detained terrorist suspects. An independent review, the 2015 Hoffman Report, found APA collusion with the US Department of Defense in producing the APA PENS Report and subsequent policies. Ongoing activities within APA to weaponize psychology sharpened the controversy. The authors—two psychologists and four former military/intelligence professionals—bring a military/intelligence operational perspective to detail two neglected areas of collateral damage. The first is the toll on psychology as a scientific enterprise. The second is covert influence on professional associations for incompatible security-sector objectives. We establish epistemic, historical, institutional, legal, and operational foundations for evaluation of these damages, as well as implications for APA and related professional associations in the ongoing Global War on Terror.","PeriodicalId":50403,"journal":{"name":"History of the Human Sciences","volume":"35 1","pages":"51 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49384337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Kinship acknowledged and denied: Collecting and publishing kinship materials in 19th-century settler-colonial states 承认与否认亲属关系:19世纪移民-殖民国家亲属资料的收集与出版

IF 0.9 2区历史学

History of the Human Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-27 DOI: 10.1177/09526951221125352

H. Gardner

{"title":"Kinship acknowledged and denied: Collecting and publishing kinship materials in 19th-century settler-colonial states","authors":"H. Gardner","doi":"10.1177/09526951221125352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09526951221125352","url":null,"abstract":"In the second half of the 19th century, anthropology rode the coat-tails of modernity, adopting new printing technologies, following new travel networks, and gaining increasing access to Indigenous people as colonialism spread and new policies were developed to contain and control people in settler-colonial states. The early innovator in kinship studies Lewis Henry Morgan and his two greatest proteges, Lorimer Fison and A. W. Howitt, working respectively in the United States, Fiji, and Australia, epitomised this conflation of governance, technologies of representation, and anthropology. They corresponded on the alterity of kinship systems across increasingly regularised postal routes, and developed new forms of collecting and new diagrammatic representations of kinship using developments at the press. Nineteenth-century kinship studies were focused exclusively on relationships formed through biology and descent, and there was little recognition of kinship making beyond these forms. This was especially significant for Howitt, whose closest Aboriginal interlocutor, Tulaba, claimed him as a brogan (brother), according to Gunaikurnai kinship paradigms. This article tracks the links between the collection and publication of kinship material in the questionnaires and the books of the latter part of the 19th century across the English-speaking world and the outcomes for Indigenous peoples, as arguments for distinctive kinship systems helped define their ‘primitiveness’ and dismissed Aboriginal attempts to forge kinship links across the settler/Indigenous divide.","PeriodicalId":50403,"journal":{"name":"History of the Human Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49033163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A genealogy of the scalable subject: Measuring health in the Cornell Study of Occupational Retirement (1950–60) 可扩展主题的谱系：康奈尔大学职业退休研究中的健康测量（1950-60）

IF 0.9 2区历史学

History of the Human Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-27 DOI: 10.1177/09526951221113438

Tiago Moreira

引用次数: 0

Against well-being: A critique of positive psychology 反对幸福:对积极心理学的批判

IF 0.9 2区历史学

History of the Human Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-18 DOI: 10.1177/09526951221114733

Luciano E. Sewaybricker, Gustavo M. Massola

引用次数: 0

For or against the molecularization of brain science?: Cybernetics, interdisciplinarity, and the unprogrammed beginning of the Neurosciences Research Program at MIT 支持还是反对脑科学分子化?控制论，跨学科，以及麻省理工学院神经科学研究项目的非程序化开端

IF 0.9 2区历史学

History of the Human Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-15 DOI: 10.1177/09526951221116260

Youjung Shin

{"title":"For or against the molecularization of brain science?: Cybernetics, interdisciplinarity, and the unprogrammed beginning of the Neurosciences Research Program at MIT","authors":"Youjung Shin","doi":"10.1177/09526951221116260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09526951221116260","url":null,"abstract":"It was no accident that the first neuroscience community, the Neurosciences Research Program (NRP), took shape in the 1960s at MIT, the birthplace of cybernetics. Francis O. Schmitt, known as the founding father of the NRP, was a famous biologist and an avid reader of cybernetics. Focusing on the intellectual and institutional context that Schmitt was situated in, this article unveils the way that the brain was conceptualized as a distinct object, requiring the launch of a new research community in the US. In doing so, this article moves beyond the dominant narratives on the triumph of molecularization of the brain at the beginning of neuroscience. Instead, it argues that what brought researchers together in the name of neuroscience was not just a molecule but an aspiration to develop biological theories of the brain/mind, which resonated with biologists in a postwar context and was materialized through support for basic research. The article highlights the tension over the computerization and molecularization of the brain, which shaped the interdisciplinary gathering of neuroscientists in the context of growing interest in basic research. Thereby, this article reveals the rise of theoretical concerns in brain science that reflect the distinct desires and concerns of biologists in the US at an intellectual and institutional level. By revisiting the launch of the NRP with a focus on Schmitt, the article sheds light on the historical contingencies in launching the new community as neuroscience in the US and their meaning for the locality and transiency of (inter)disciplinarity in brain science.","PeriodicalId":50403,"journal":{"name":"History of the Human Sciences","volume":"36 1","pages":"103 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44516664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

I never promised you a rose garden.… When landscape architecture becomes a laboratory for the Anthropocene 我从来没有答应过你一个玫瑰园。…当景观建筑成为人类世的实验室

IF 0.9 2区历史学

History of the Human Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-29 DOI: 10.1177/09526951221103077

H. Steiner

{"title":"I never promised you a rose garden.… When landscape architecture becomes a laboratory for the Anthropocene","authors":"H. Steiner","doi":"10.1177/09526951221103077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09526951221103077","url":null,"abstract":"In the summer of 2017, wildflower seeds were spread on a large, empty open space close to a motorway flyover just outside Copenhagen, Denmark. This was an effort to use non-mechanical methods to prepare the soil for an ‘urban forest’ to be established on the site, since the flowers’ roots would penetrate the ground and enable the planned new trees to settle. As a result, the site was transformed into a gorgeous meadow, and all summer long Copenhageners were invited to come and pick the flowers. In this article, I critically examine different aspects of this project – including the role of design, the perception of nature–culture relationships, climate change, and flower-picking as an event – in relation to my personal experience of visiting this meadow both on-site and on social media. The different temporalities that clash at the site give rise to conflicting interpretations, and I suggest that the meadow can be seen as a living plant archive of the Anthropocene, both physically and digitally. In doing so, I introduce and critique key conceptual pairs, including archive/death and bloom/decay, suggested by Lee Edelman’s queer cross-reading of Jacques Derrida’s ‘Archive Fever’ and Shakespeare’s Hamlet. I thereby contrast flower motifs pertaining to the cycles of blooming, decay, and nature’s (failed) eternal return in the meadow with the expansive futurity of the digitally mediated archive.","PeriodicalId":50403,"journal":{"name":"History of the Human Sciences","volume":"36 1","pages":"178 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47860702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0