Adél Bihari, Ádám Nárai, Boris Kleber, Judit Zsuga, Petra Hermann, Zoltán Vidnyánszky
{"title":"Dissociating the processing of operatic and natural vocal sounds through interference effects on working memory.","authors":"Adél Bihari, Ádám Nárai, Boris Kleber, Judit Zsuga, Petra Hermann, Zoltán Vidnyánszky","doi":"10.18071/isz.79.0266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18071/isz.79.0266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Mastering the operatic voice requires many years of intensive training and leads to a widespread, global impact on the structural and functional organization of the human brain. However, whether training and experience in producing operatic style singing develops differential neural representation for operatic and natural voices in opera singers remains unexplored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We addressed this question by investigating the representation of short melodies sung in two distinct styles - a full operatic voice with vibrato (operatic style) and a straight voice without vibrato (natural style) - in working memory (WM) of professionally trained opera singers and amateur choir singers, using a distractor interference paradigm.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed that distractor effects on WM performance for operatic, but not for natural voices significantly differed depending on the type of delay distractors (P=0.0011). WM performance for operatic voices was significantly higher in the case of congruent, operatic voice distractor stimuli as compared to incongruent, natural voice distractor stimuli (P=0.0043).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings that operatic and natural voice distractors have differential effects on WM performance of both opera and choir singers for operatic voices imply that partially separate neural resources might be involved in maintaining natural and operatic voices in singers' WM, independent of any prior opera singing training.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"79 7-8","pages":"266-273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148674653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"[\"Noise\" in brain electrical activity. I. Basic research findings, cognitive processes].","authors":"Márk Molnár","doi":"10.18071/isz.79.0247","DOIUrl":"10.18071/isz.79.0247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For those who use electrophysiological methods the \"neuronal noise\" generated by the nervous system is well known and is usually regarded as an annoying phenomenon. Compared to this aperiodic signal, a much larger body of information has been accumulated to that which can be defined by oscillatory peaks in the conventional spectral plots both regarding basic research and also related to its role in cognitive processes. In this review the most important theoretical and technical aspects (types of noise, the generation mechanism and measurement of the so-called pink noise, stochastic resonance, importance of noise in synchronization processes) are discussed. After considering observations regarding neuronal noise the most important investigations related to the role of noise in cognitive processes are reviewed.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"79 7-8","pages":"247-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148674647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"[\"Noise\" in brain electrical activity. II. Age-related and clinical aspects].","authors":"Márk Molnár","doi":"10.18071/isz.79.0253","DOIUrl":"10.18071/isz.79.0253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The age-related changes of oscillatory periodic EEG-activity are well known. The aperiodic component of the EEG-activity, which so far has not been studied as intensively as the periodic one, progressively increases during aging which may play a role in the process of neural maturation. Even less data are available concerning the characteristics of neural noise in various diseases of neurology and psychiatry. As a common characteristic feature it may be noted that the efficiency of synchronization, essential for the realiza- tion of neural functions is biased by neural noise which may account for some clinical symptoms. In addition to its influence on synchronization, the measure of noise may provide information on the locally and/or globally prevailing ratio of excitatory/inhibi- tory processes which may also play a role in certain pathological processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"79 7-8","pages":"253-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148674658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabriella Sinkó, Eszter Dénes, Gábor Farkas, Márton Tompa, Bernadette Kálmán
{"title":"Globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe disease).","authors":"Gabriella Sinkó, Eszter Dénes, Gábor Farkas, Márton Tompa, Bernadette Kálmán","doi":"10.18071/isz.79.0284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18071/isz.79.0284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background - Globoid cell leukodystrophy or Krabbe disease is a rare condition caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the GALC gene. Accumulation of the metabolic intermedier galactosyl ceramide and psychosine leads to the death of myelin-producing cells. Demyelination results in large amounts of myelin debries that exceed the clearence capacity of microglial cells and macrophages and cause their transformation into globoid cells.Case presentation - We present the case of a currently 17 months old girl whose motor and cognitive development was noted to be delayed at 4 month of age. She had episodes of febrile enteritis followed by focal seizures and spasms with increasing frequency. Her neurological exam was significant for irritability, lack of eye contact, lethargy, increased limb tone, axial hypotonia, few spontaneous movements, sluggish deep reflexes, frequent myoclonus, and automatisms (chewing motions). The seizures were difficult to control. Her cranial MRI revealed confluent white matter abnormalities in the hemispheral white matter, cerebellum and brainstem suggesting an underlying metabolic abnormality. Whole exome sequencing identified two likely pathogenic variants in trans within the GALC gene, establishing the diagnosis of globoid cell leukodystrophy. At the time of diagnosis, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was not recommended due to the advanced disease. Antiseizure medications and supportive therapy have been the means of controlling her symptoms.Conclusion - Infantile Krabbe disease is a severe progressive disorder leading to death in 2-3 years. The only currently approved disease modifying therapy is HSCT that is effective only in early stages and is not without risks itself. There are numerous preclinical and clinical studies involving various forms of corrective gene therapy that may halt or reverse the course of this dismal condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"79 7-8","pages":"284-288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148674627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tamás Körtési, Lilla Ajkay-Donáth, Evelin Vágvölgyi-Sümegi, Zoltán Tapody, Noémi Varga, Rita Kis-György, Délia Szok, Gábor Nagy-Grócz, János Tajti, László Vécsei
{"title":"The role of Kynurenine-Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) axis in migraine pathophysiology and therapy.","authors":"Tamás Körtési, Lilla Ajkay-Donáth, Evelin Vágvölgyi-Sümegi, Zoltán Tapody, Noémi Varga, Rita Kis-György, Délia Szok, Gábor Nagy-Grócz, János Tajti, László Vécsei","doi":"10.18071/isz.79.0231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18071/isz.79.0231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Migraine is one of the most common types of primary headaches, and its pathomecha nism is not yet fully understood. Our know ledge of its pathophysiology has previously focused primarily on the serotonin system; however, in recent years, increa sing attention has been given to tryptophan metabolism, particularly the Kynurenine pathway (KP). The KP, which is involved in the regulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission, is responsible for the synthesis of several neuroprotective and neurotoxic metabolites. Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is endogenous glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist in the body. Experimental data indicate that KYNA plays an important role in the pathophysiology of migraine attacks. Preclinical studies support that KYNA and its synthetic analogs are able to inhibit the pathological processes occur ring during migraine. Our previous clinical studies have confirmed that in patients with migraine, the balance maintained by neuroprotective and neurotoxic KP metabolites is disrupted, affecting both the protective and the toxic side. It is important to note, however, that various molecules of KP metabolism can exert both positive and negative effects depending on their concentration at multiple sites of the body, and therefore there is no international consensus regarding the spectrum of protective and toxic molecules. Recently, \"migraine associated\" neuropeptides have emerged as another promising target for migraine therapy. Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) are involved, among other process es, in nociception and neurogenic inflammation, and their expression is altered duringmigraine attacks. Monoclonal antibody therapies targeting these neuropeptides are currently considered the most promising treatment for migraine. Our experimental data have demonstrated a close correla tion between the kynurenine pathway (KP), PACAP, and CGRP signaling, which suggests that investigation of these systems together may offer a new approach to understanding the pathological processes underlying migraine.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"79 7-8","pages":"231-245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148674656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of medial plantar, dorsal sural nerve conduction and sural/radial amplitude ratio in prediabetic patients.","authors":"Özdem Ertürk Çetin, Nazire Çelem, Çağla Çinar Balcioğlu, Damla Çetinkaya Tezer","doi":"10.18071/isz.79.0259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18071/isz.79.0259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSPN) is a common complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Patients often experience disturbing neuropathic symptoms such as numbness and burning. These symptoms can also be seen in prediabetic patients who do not meet the diagnostic criteria for DM. The sural nerve responses are evaluated as standard in electrophysiologic technique. However, the sural nerve may not always show abnormalities in those with mild neuropathy. Therefore, different nerves can be studied to detect mild neuropathy. Our study aimed to investigate both the superiority of electrophysiological tests evaluating mild neuropathy over each other and the sensitivity of these tests in patients with preDM. To do that, it focused on studying medial plantar, dorsal sural and sural/ radial amplitude ratio (SRAR) in prediabetic or DM patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study employed patients with prediabetes and DM. Our study included 92 (65 female, 27 male) patients. The neuropathic symptoms of the patients were evaluated using the Self-Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Sign (LANSS) pain scale. In addition to standard electrophysiological studies, nerve conduction studies were conducted on dorsal sural, medial plantar and radial nerve. SNAP (sensory nerve action potential) amplitudes of prediabetic patients without neuropathic symptoms are compared with healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although the mean amplitude of dorsal sural and medial plantar responses in the preDM patient group with high LANSS scores is at the lower limit of normal, it was significantly lower than those with low LANSS score. There was no significant difference in the SRAR rates between the two groups. Among the prediabetic patients with neuropathic symptoms, 13 (56%) showed below normal dorsal sural responses and 16 (69%) exhibited below normal medial plantar responses.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of our study show that dorsal sural and medial plantar responses may be affected in prediabetic patients with neuropathic complaints, even if sural nerve conduction is normal. Medial plantar nerve SNAP found to be more sensitive. In contrast, SRAR was evaluated as having a low contribution compared to dorsal sural and medial plantar responses in detecting a mild polyneuropathy. It is important to look for polyneuropathy in prediabetic patients with sensitive electrophysiological methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"79 7-8","pages":"259-265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148674639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
János Tajti, Anett Csáti, Tamás Körtési, László Vécsei, Délia Szok
{"title":"[Pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP)-targeting treatment as a potential migraine prophylactic therapy].","authors":"János Tajti, Anett Csáti, Tamás Körtési, László Vécsei, Délia Szok","doi":"10.18071/isz.79.0223","DOIUrl":"10.18071/isz.79.0223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>In migraine prophylaxis, specific therapeutic options are provided by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor, CGRP receptor antagonists (gepants), and 5-hydroxytryptamine 1F receptor agonist ditans. mAbs acting on the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) or its receptor (PAC1) represent a new therapeutic target.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature review based on a PubMed search.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results from a Phase 2a randomized clinical trial using a human mAb against the PAC1 receptor (subcutaneous AMG 301) showed no difference between placebo and the active drug in reducing the number of monthly migraine days (MMD). The HOPE study (Phase 2) targeted PACAP as a ligand used low (100 mg) and high (750 mg) doses of an intravenous humanized mAb, Lu AG09222, in patients with episodic and chronic migraine. After 4 weeks of treatment, the reduction in MMDs from baseline was -6.2 days in the high-dose active group, compared to -4.2 days in the placebo group. A recently published Phase 2 clinical trial investigating a human mAb targeting PACAP (a single 1500 mg intravenous dose of LY3451838) showed no difference in the reduction of MMDs in patients with episodic and chronic migraine. The results of the ongoing PROCEED study, which evaluates the efficacy of four different doses of Lu AG09222 in migraine prevention, are expected to be published soon.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the findings from early-phase observations with mAbs against PACAP and its receptor, further high-phase clinical studies are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"79 7-8","pages":"223-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148674560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gergely Fehér, Lilla Horváth, Antal Tibold, Vilmos Warta, Judit Kovács, Krisztina Lantos, Adrienne Csutka, Valéria Gaál
{"title":"[Hungarian adaptation of the McMaster Paediatric Migraine Questionnaire: preliminary results].","authors":"Gergely Fehér, Lilla Horváth, Antal Tibold, Vilmos Warta, Judit Kovács, Krisztina Lantos, Adrienne Csutka, Valéria Gaál","doi":"10.18071/isz.79.0169","DOIUrl":"10.18071/isz.79.0169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Migraine affects up to 10% of the primary school children (6-14 years old) and its diagnosis is challenging. The purpose of our study is to present the Hungarian-language validation process of the McMaster Paediatric Migraine Headache Questionnaire, which is an easy-to-use questionnaire for workers in both outpatient and inpatient care.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The linguistic validation was conducted according to an international protocol: permission of the corresponding author, two independent forward translations, a synthesis of the translations, back translations and consensus team review. The comprehensibility of the resulting Hungarian version was tested during a pilot study involving 31 young children with headaches. The reliability of the questionnaire was examined by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient showing the internal consistency of the items.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 31 people filled the questionnaire, their mean age was 12.58 ± 3.3 years (16 girls, mean age 11.56 ± 3.1 years; 15 boys, mean age 13.7 ± 3.2 years). Almost three quarters of the participants (23 people, 74.2%) reported 5 or more headache days in a month. Based on the results of the McMaster Pediatric Migraine Questionnaire, 41.9% (13 people) of the participants suffered from migraine, and 9.6% of them had migraine with aura. The respondents rated the comprehensibility of the questionnaire as 1.93 on a scale from 1 (very easy) to 10 (very hard), which indicates easy completion. The Cronbach's alpha value of the questionnaire is 0.709, which means adequate reliability, but the complex validation process requires a larger sample.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The final Hungarian version of the questionnaire used is suitable for the next step of linguistic and cross-cultural adaptation, by examining a larger patient population for the screening of childhood migraines in both outpatient and inpatient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"79 5-6","pages":"169-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148151900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neurotransmitter changes in the brainstem and autonomic alterations during REM sleep - a mini review.","authors":"Péter Faragó, Péter Klivényi, Zoltán Szakács","doi":"10.18071/isz.79.0151","DOIUrl":"10.18071/isz.79.0151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Changes of neurotransmitter levels and autonomic nervous system parameters during sleep, such as variations in blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate are well known. REM and NREM sleep stage differences are created by neurotransmitter changes mainly generated in the brainstem, but several distinct subcortical areas, such as the amygdala, hippocampus, basal ganglia or anterior insula are involved. The neurotransmitter changes differ in sleep stages and define not only the stage of sleep, but also the autonomic alterations. During NREM sleep, there is a parasympathetic dominance, while during REM sleep, the sympathetic nervous system prevails. The exact mechanism of these changes is not fully understood, the examination of neurohumoral changes caused by external stimuli and global or local networks may elucidate it. In this manuscript, we aim to provide a summary of REM sleep generation, transmitter-changes in subcortical structures and the relationship between REM sleep and the autonomic nervous system.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"79 5-6","pages":"151-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148152063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zülfikar Memiş, Selen Soylu, Muhammet Duran Bayar, Aysel Büşra Şişman, Nuray Sancar, Erdem Tüzün, Birgül Baştan
{"title":"[Increased serum transferrin receptor 1 levels are associated with severity of acute ischemic stroke in patients with Covid-19 pneumonia].","authors":"Zülfikar Memiş, Selen Soylu, Muhammet Duran Bayar, Aysel Büşra Şişman, Nuray Sancar, Erdem Tüzün, Birgül Baştan","doi":"10.18071/isz.79.0181","DOIUrl":"10.18071/isz.79.0181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is often encountered during the clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Accumulated evidence has indicated involvement of ferroptosis in AIS. Our aim was to investigate the association between serum levels of ferroptosis markers and severity of AIS in COVID-19 patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-nine consecutively enrolled COVID-19+ pneumonia patients with AIS due to middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, 25 COVID-19+ pneumonia patients without AIS and 26 AIS patients without COVID-19 infection were included. Serum levels of ferroptosis markers glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP4) and soluble transferrin receptor 1 (sTFR1) were measured by ELISA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>While serum GPX4 levels were comparable among groups, COVID-19 patients with and without AIS showed significantly increased serum sTFR1 levels and COVID-19 patients with AIS showed significantly decreased serum DPP4 levels. In patients with COVID-19 and AIS, serum levels of DPP4 and sTFR1 respectively showed negative and positive correlation with levels of D-dimer and/or C-reactive protein (CRP). Levels of ferroptosis markers did not correlate with clinical/prognostic features of pneumonia or AIS. Nevertheless, COVID-19 patients with higher (≥ 131 pg/ ml) sTFR1 levels were more likely to exhibit severe pneumonia, increased clinical severity of AIS (assessed by the national institutes of health stroke and modified Rankin scales) and elevated D-dimer/CRP levels. Our results indicate TFR1 as a potential role player in both COVID-19 pneumonia and arterial thrombosis associated with COVID-19 infection. The biomarker utility of sTFR1 in these disorders should further be evaluated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results suggest that AIS associated with COVID-19 have a different pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"79 5-6","pages":"181-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148151893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}