{"title":"[Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: new international recommendations and emerging therapeutic options; current status of domestic practice in diagnostics and therapeutic strategies].","authors":"Cecília Rajda","doi":"10.18071/isz.78.0295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18071/isz.78.0295","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is a rare neuroimmunological disease associated with unpredictable deterioration. Even the first signs of the disease can be severe enough to lead to permanent neurological impairment, such as loss of vision or paralysis. Early symptoms can often be mistaken for another disease, leaving patients bouncing between several specialists, leading to diagnostic delay. Early detection of the disease can save lives and quality of life, as appropriate therapy started early can prevent neurologically debilitating deterioration. In Hungary, the \"off label\" rituximab has so far been given a facilitated procedure for therapy, while evidence-based medicines are not yet available to us.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"78 9-10","pages":"295-305"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sara Abbasigharaei, Aysegul Bostanci, Kiana Tabari, Mahmut Cerkez Ergoren
{"title":"Carrier frequency of SMA by quantitative analysis of the SMN1 deletion in the Northern-Cyprus population.","authors":"Sara Abbasigharaei, Aysegul Bostanci, Kiana Tabari, Mahmut Cerkez Ergoren","doi":"10.18071/isz.78.0349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18071/isz.78.0349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder, affecting approximately one out of 10,000 live births. Muscular atrophy is caused by the gradual loss of alpha motor neurons within the ventral spinal cord or motor nuclei in the lower brainstem. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the carrier frequency of SMN1 gene mutation causing SMA in the Turkish Cypriot population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is the first study to evaluate the SMN1 deletion mutations in this population. Exon 7 and 8 deletions of the SMN1 gene, and c.849C/T substitution within exon 7 were detected by Quantitative Real-Time PCR (RT-qPCR) method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In a total of 100 individuals, 3 patients turned out to be carriers of the pathogenic SMN1 gene variant in both exon 7 and 8 (carrier status type 1) and another patient (Carrier status type 2) showed a car- rier status of SMN1 gene only in exon 7. Our findings revealed that the carrier frequency of mutation in the SMN1 gene exon 7 is 4% (4:100 healthy individuals) while for exon 8 is 3% (3:100 healthy individuals). In conclusion, health precautions must be taken due to the high frequency of SMA linked to the deletion of the SMN1 gene.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Carrier testing as a technique for genetic counseling may be advantageous for individuals with a positive family history or can even be a useful test in a society with a high prevalence of this disease. For this population, we strongly recommend prenatal testing. The Ministry of Health has received our findings, and they will decide whether to include tests for the SMN1 gene variant in premarital examinations.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"78 9-10","pages":"349-355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Borbála Mikos, Lejla Vendégh, Bernadett Biró, Annamária Vicze, Orsolya Dér, Veronika Keszthelyi, Boglárka Petrik-Laky, Réka Ehrenberger, Rita Jakus, Tímea Bodó, Barbara Patócs, György János Velkey
{"title":"[Results in our symptomatic and presymptomatic SMA patients treated with disease-modifying therapy].","authors":"Borbála Mikos, Lejla Vendégh, Bernadett Biró, Annamária Vicze, Orsolya Dér, Veronika Keszthelyi, Boglárka Petrik-Laky, Réka Ehrenberger, Rita Jakus, Tímea Bodó, Barbara Patócs, György János Velkey","doi":"10.18071/isz.78.0319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18071/isz.78.0319","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was the comparison of the movement development, instrumental breathing and feeding support, and hospital care needs of children with SMA (spinal muscular atrophy) who received disease-modifying therapy in the presymptomatic and symptomatic stages.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>At the Bethesda Children's Hospital, between October 2019 and March 2024, the pre- and post-treatment condition of children receiving disease-modifying therapy for SMA, both in symptomatic and presymptomatic stages, was examined based on ret- rospective data collection and statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the examined period, 34 children received gene replacement treatment for SMA. In the 28 patients of group I, SMA was diagnosed based on symptoms at an average age of 7.47 (1.6-27) months, and their disease-modifying therapy began at 9.51 (2.0-31.0) months of age. In the II. group 6 patients were diagnosed with neonatal SMA screening at an average age of 15.83 (10-27) and therapy at 32.16 (22-48) days of age. Based on the health assessment conducted at the age of 3.08 (0.34-5.65), the number of patients requiring daily respiratory support did not change, the number of those requiring ventilation for each sleep was reduced by half, and the ability to swallow returned to 3 patients. The previously existing movement deficit in all patients showed partial improvement in 22 (78.57%) children, stagnated in 4 patients, and progressed in 2 children. The scale measuring the movement spectrum of patients unable to sit increased by an average of 14.62 (6-29) points. The scale examining children who are able to sit could be examined in 7 patients before therapy and in 16 patients during control; average increased by 8.36 (2-45) points. 39.28% of the patients (n = 11) requested hospital care a total of 31 times due to acute deterioration. One patient died at home at the age of 3.2 years (22 months after gene therapy). The 6 patients of the II. group at an average age of 0.88 (0.25-1.07) did not require instrumental breathing and/or feeding support, the movement development of the five 3 SMN (Survival Motor Neuron)2-copy patients followed that of their healthy peers. A newborn with 2 copies of SMN2, starting with a score of 54, had slower motor development and a 6-point increase, unable to sit independently at one year of age.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The diagnosis of SMA should be considered as a neurological emergency both from the point of view of diagnosis and initiation of therapy. The only way to prevent progression and irreversible loss of function is automatic screening of the disease for the entire newborn population and early treatment. The absence of symptoms or only minimally suboptimal development achieved through early diagnosis and disease-modifying therapy, a lifestyle that is not confined to bed, and technology independence are health benefits for the individual, fam","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"78 9-10","pages":"319-329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Do nerve blocks boost mood and functional activity in patients with chronic migraine and medication overuse headache?","authors":"Ahmet Basari, Gökhan Pek, Ibrahim Asik","doi":"10.18071/isz.78.0339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18071/isz.78.0339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Chronic migraine (CM) and medication overuse headache (MOH) present significant therapeutic challenges, often accompanied by mood disturbances and functional impairment. Although prophylactic drug therapies remain essential, adjunct interventions such as Greater Occipital Nerve (GON) and Supraorbital Nerve (SON) blocks may offer additional benefits. This study aimed to assess whether adding these nerve blocks to standard medication prophylaxis could improve mood and functionality in patients diagnosed with CM or MOH.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted on 147 patients (131 females, 16 males) treated between December 2020 and March 2021. The patients were divided into three groups: prophylactic pharmacotreatment alone, prophylactic treatment with GON block, and prophylactic treatment with combined GON and SON blocks. Following this, pain and functionality metrics were assessed using Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores. Statistical analyses utilized the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and R software for non-parametric longitudinal data evaluation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 147 patients analysed for this study, GON + SON blocks significantly reduced VAS scores from week 2 onwards (Mann-Whitney U test p = 0.021), demonstrating faster improvement compared to other treatment groups. MIDAS scores significantly improved across all groups, with the combined GON + SON blocks show- ing the most pronounced reduction (Wald Time Statistic [WTS] = 1262.52, p < 0.01). BDI scores decreased significantly over time (WTS = 997.89, p < 0.01), though no treatment-specific superiority was observed. Minimal and manageable minor complications were reported, confirming procedural safety.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Adding GON and SON blocks to prophylactic drug treatment enhances pain reduction and functionality in CM and MOH patients. Combined blocks yield faster, significant benefits, with VAS improvements from the second week. BDI scores improved across all groups, though mood-related gains require further study. In the future multicenter randomized controlled trials are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"78 9-10","pages":"339-347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tompa Márton, Urbán Péter, Gálik Bence, Gazdagh Gabriella, Kajtár Béla, Kiss Zsuzsanna, Gyenesei Attila, Kálmán Bernadette
{"title":"A new diagnostic service for rare (neurologic) diseases in West-Hungary.","authors":"Tompa Márton, Urbán Péter, Gálik Bence, Gazdagh Gabriella, Kajtár Béla, Kiss Zsuzsanna, Gyenesei Attila, Kálmán Bernadette","doi":"10.18071/isz.78.0331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18071/isz.78.0331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Genetic services have not been evenly distributed in Hungary. Diagnostic services for rare diseases have particularly been scarce in the West end of the country. We aimed to fill this diagnostic gap.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We have created a new mod- el involving the molecular medicine (MM) service as a tertiary patient referral center at the Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital (MUTH) in contract with the Ge- nomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility of the Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, and the iBioScience company, which provide whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We present our results of molecular genetic and genomic diagnostics for rare neurological diseases, and highlight a few cases where the identification of the caus- ative pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant resulted in direct benefit to the patient.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our multidisciplinary collab- oration operating in less than two years has filled a gap in genetic services in the West-Hungary region, and yielded shortcuts to diagnostics, led to targeted therapy and supported family planning in several cases with rare neurological diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"78 9-10","pages":"331-337"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Csizmadia, Ágoston Schmelowszky, Noémi Mónika Szeifert
{"title":"[The impact of Leary's interpersonal relationships and attachment styles in the background of suicide attempts in borderline personality disorder].","authors":"Laura Csizmadia, Ágoston Schmelowszky, Noémi Mónika Szeifert","doi":"10.18071/isz.78.0307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18071/isz.78.0307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Nowadays ever more studies are devoted to the causes and background of suicide attempts by psychiatric patients. The research results so far show that the motivations behind borderline suicidality are also closely related to attachment patterns. In addition, many investigations are also directed at the disturbance of interpersonal relationships in this context. Recently, the examination of the disturbance of interpersonal relations as a risk factor has received significant emphasis. The present research aims to explore the mediating effect of Leary's interpersonal relationships in relation to attachment styles and suicidality in borderline personality disorder.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our compiled questionnaire package was administered in the form of a paper-and-pencil test at the Traumatology Center, Crisis Intervention and Psychiatry Department, Toxicology Department and Crisis Ambulance of Péterfy Sándor Hospital with a sample of borderline patients (N = 213; 155 female, 58 male; M age = 38.16, SD age = 13.40) who underwent suicide attempts. Attachment styles were defined by the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) and the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS), while the interpersonal relationships were assessed using Leary's Interpersonal Checklist. We tested the direct and indirect effects between the variables using structural path analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All attachment forms had a significant direct effect on the Managerial-Autocratic (AP) category (secure: ß = 0.32; p < 0.5; preoccupied: ß = 0.53; p < 0.5; dismissing: ß = 0.34; p.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the background of the development of borderline suicidality, the disturbance of interpersonal relationships, especially the Rebellious-Distrustful (FG) category, and the risk factors behind suicidal behavior have a stronger efficacy than the attachment styles themselves. Attachment forms can exert their influence on borderline suicidality through mediating effect of interpersonal relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"78 9-10","pages":"307-317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Doruk Arslan, Can Ebru Bekircan-Kurt, Meryem Asli Tuncer, Cagri Mesut Temucin, Sevim Erdem-Ozdamar, Ersin Tan
{"title":"Adult-onset desmin myopathy in a patient with multiple sclerosis.","authors":"Doruk Arslan, Can Ebru Bekircan-Kurt, Meryem Asli Tuncer, Cagri Mesut Temucin, Sevim Erdem-Ozdamar, Ersin Tan","doi":"10.18071/isz.78.0357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18071/isz.78.0357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Desmin is an intermediate filament and the mutation of its gene, DES, mostly causes myofibrillar myopathy. A 26-year-old male patient presented with progressive proximal weakness was admitted for diagnostic evaluation. On examination, decreased visual acuity on the right-side and mild superficial sensory impairment was noted besides the proximal weakness of the extremities. High creatine kinase level in serum, and myopathic changes on electromyography were detected. Muscle biopsy showed myopathic changes with vacuoles immunoreactive to dystrophin and mild increase of the endomysium. Brain MR imaging depicted T2 hyperintense lesions, some with contrast enhancement, compatible with primary demyelinating disease. The new generation DNA sequencing revealed homozygous c.1289-2A>G mutation in DES gene, which was reported only in one family previously. Although central nervous system involvement can be present in various muscle disorders, the co-occurrence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and myopathy is very rare. In our knowledge, this is the first case with desmin-related myopathy and MS.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"78 9-10","pages":"357-360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gábor Czigléczki, Csaba Padányi, György Berényi, Péter Banczerowski
{"title":"[Combined endoscopic and percutaneous technique to treat lumbar spondylolisthesis - technical note].","authors":"Gábor Czigléczki, Csaba Padányi, György Berényi, Péter Banczerowski","doi":"10.18071/isz.78.0257","DOIUrl":"10.18071/isz.78.0257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>The surgery of spondylolisthesis or vertebral slippage aims to treat segmental instability and decompress nerve structures. Because of the complications/consequences of open surgical techniques, a demand emerged from both patients and surgeons to develop minimally invasive techniques such as endoscopic methods. The purpose of this article is to present endoscopic interbody fusion technique that is a safe and effective alternative in the treatment of patients with vertebral slippage.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The surgery is performed under general anesthesia. Under aseptic circumstances, two 1,5-2 centimeters paramedian incisions are used to introduce endoscopic instruments on the symptomatic side.Continuous irrigation is used during the surgery. Yellow ligament can be removed both ipsilateral and contralateral under endoscopic visualization with the decompression of nerve roots at the same time. After removing the intervertebral disc, a cage is implanted through the working channel to which enough space is provided with sufficient bony decompression. The screws and rods are placed with standard percutaneous technique under continuous fluoroscopy guidance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The endoscopic interbody fusion technique could reduce the time of hospital stay, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative pain and recovery time in total. Compared to open surgeries, the incidence of postoperative adjacent segment syndrome can also be reduced. All of aesthetic result, decreased rehabilitation time and faster return to work increase the satisfaction of patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The endoscopic interbody fusion technique is a safe and sufficient method in the treatment of vertebral slippage with all advantages of minimally invasive techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"78 7-8","pages":"257-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144735042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
István Biro, Gábor Szabo, Veronika Udvardi, Gábor Fazekas
{"title":"[Assessing the cognitive ability of elderly drivers: challenges and options].","authors":"István Biro, Gábor Szabo, Veronika Udvardi, Gábor Fazekas","doi":"10.18071/isz.78.0229","DOIUrl":"10.18071/isz.78.0229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evaluating the driving capabilities of elderly individuals is a multifaceted issue of significant societal importance. While traffic safety statistics generally worsen with age, advanced age is only a weak predictor of driving performance. Since the cognitive abilities of elderly individuals vary significantly, it is necessary to individually assess their functional status. According to literature recommendations, individuals who age at a physiological pace are typically considered fit for driving, provided that other chronic conditions do not pose contraindications. Regular cognitive evaluation is warranted in cases where cognitive decline is evident. Those living with Mild Cognitive Impairment or in the early stages of dementia may still be capable of safe driving under close medical supervision, but they should prepare for alternative transportation means over time. Numerous international examples show that periodic medical assessments targeting the elderly often fail to achieve their objectives due to the use of low-validity measurement methods, resulting in no improvement and sometimes exacerbation of traffic safety indicators. In our comprehensive study, we propose the use of neuropsychological assessment tools and novel data analysismethods that could also be implemented in primary care settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"78 7-8","pages":"229-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144735040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"[The place of eslicarbazepine acetate in the treatment of epilepsy in adults].","authors":"Délia Szok","doi":"10.18071/isz.78.0223","DOIUrl":"10.18071/isz.78.0223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL), a sodium ionchannel blocker as a third-generation antiseizure drug is a member of the firstline dibenzazepine antiseizure medications after carbamazepine (first generation) and oxcarbazepine (second generation). The hypothesis of the further development of carbamazepine was that the direct metabolite S-licarbazepine possessed higher permeability to blood-brain barrier compared to R-enantiomer. This can lead to a more efficacious drug with fewer side effects.Based on the results of the randomized controlled clinical trials can be established that ESL administered once daily as addon pharmacotherapy is efficacious, welltolerated with a beneficial safety profile in patients with focal epilepsies (with or without secondary generalization) in adults and in children older than 6 years. ESL used in monotherapy is recommended also in focal epilepsies (with or without secondary generalization) for newly diagnosed adult epileptic patients. It has been confirmed that ESL either in monotherapy or in combination drug treatment is an effective, well-tolerated and safe antiseizure medication.</p>","PeriodicalId":50394,"journal":{"name":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle-Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"78 7-8","pages":"223-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144735043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}