Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry最新文献

{"title":"Dynamics of Woody Species Composition and Diversity as a Result of Conversion of Open Grazing Land to an Exclosure in Northern Ethiopia: The Case of Tigray Lowlands","authors":"Kiros Abay","doi":"10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i3303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i3303","url":null,"abstract":"Exclosures have been establishedon open grazing lands to tackle environmental degradation in Ethiopia, particularly in Tigray region. However, little has been know with regard to the effect of establishing exclosures on open grazing lands especially in Lowlands of Tigray region, northern Ethiopia. Hence, this study was conducted to explore the effect of conversion of grazing lands to an exclosure on woody species composition and diversity at Tselemti district, which was taken as testing site to represent the lowlands of Tigray.  To collect data on vegetation, three line transects, parallel to each other and across the slope were laid in the exclosure and open grazing lands systematically at 150 meters interval. Along each transect line, six sample plots measuring 20m×20m were laid down at 100 meters intervals from each other. So, a total of 36 plots (18 from grazing land and 18 from exclosure), measuring 20m*20m, were established along 6 transects for vegetation sampling. 41 and 16 woody species were recorded in the exclosure and grazing land respectively. Shannon diversity, richness, evenness and density were found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) in exclosure than grazing land. It can be concluded that conversion of open grazing lands to exclosures is a viable option to restore degraded vegetation. For this reason, additional exclosures have to be established on previously degraded open grazing lands in the area and areas with similar biophysical setup.","PeriodicalId":503926,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141919334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of Woody Species Composition and Diversity as a Result of Conversion of Open Grazing Land to an Exclosure in Northern Ethiopia: The Case of Tigray Lowlands","authors":"Kiros Abay","doi":"10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i3303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i3303","url":null,"abstract":"Exclosures have been establishedon open grazing lands to tackle environmental degradation in Ethiopia, particularly in Tigray region. However, little has been know with regard to the effect of establishing exclosures on open grazing lands especially in Lowlands of Tigray region, northern Ethiopia. Hence, this study was conducted to explore the effect of conversion of grazing lands to an exclosure on woody species composition and diversity at Tselemti district, which was taken as testing site to represent the lowlands of Tigray.  To collect data on vegetation, three line transects, parallel to each other and across the slope were laid in the exclosure and open grazing lands systematically at 150 meters interval. Along each transect line, six sample plots measuring 20m×20m were laid down at 100 meters intervals from each other. So, a total of 36 plots (18 from grazing land and 18 from exclosure), measuring 20m*20m, were established along 6 transects for vegetation sampling. 41 and 16 woody species were recorded in the exclosure and grazing land respectively. Shannon diversity, richness, evenness and density were found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) in exclosure than grazing land. It can be concluded that conversion of open grazing lands to exclosures is a viable option to restore degraded vegetation. For this reason, additional exclosures have to be established on previously degraded open grazing lands in the area and areas with similar biophysical setup.","PeriodicalId":503926,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141919739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Coastal Environmental Profiling (CEP) of Barangay Mana, Malita, Davao Occidental, Philippines: Insights and Implications for Sustainable Management","authors":"Divine Louis P. Villalon, Marivic M. Sanico, John Paul R. Pacyao","doi":"10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i3302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i3302","url":null,"abstract":"The study focused on ascertaining comprehensive coastal environmental profile of Barangay Mana, Malita, Davao Occidental. Coastal environmental profiling can help policy-makers design appropriate management strategies in the locality. A self-structured survey questionnaire and key informant interview were articulated to know the stratum of the coastal area in terms of socio- political setting, present natural resources, economic sector, existing people’s organization and management issues and opportunities. Purposive sampling technique was employed for data gathering following one-shoot sampling technique. Mean, percentage and catch per unit effort (CPUE) formula were used in analyzing the findings of the data. Results revealed that the overall population were 5,679 people, their average age is 31.92 and the productive gender is male. The average of their monthly income is Php7, 550.00 and business and fishing activities were common sources of income. An approximate 6 hectares wetland ecosystem were occupied by mangroves and shrubs grown and 1,500m coastline and 0. 4 hectares of estuaries were abundant with seaweeds, seagrasses, mollusks and crustaceans and by which has contributed to building marine species habitat and livelihood. Economic sector was uplifted by 16.32% of fishermen with their volume caught fishes that goes through fermented processing and fish selling. There were four (4) people’s organizations that are engaging with product development and innovation. These People’s Organization aims to generate alternative livelihood income, thereby reduce poverty dense in the barangay. They were likewise supplemented with opportunities designed to fish food security and resiliency and Sustainable Livelihood Programs (SLP) from Local Government Unit (LGU) and National Government Agencies (NGA’s). With the result of the study, it is recommended that Barangay Mana is still in need of various supports from local and national offices in adopting and addressing management issues in both economic and coastal environments.","PeriodicalId":503926,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141927160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid against Mosaic Virus Disease in Capsicum annum","authors":"T. Surekha, Sushma Patil, T. Udayasree","doi":"10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i3301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i3301","url":null,"abstract":"India is the world's leading producer, consumer, and exporter of chilli, a commodity with significant worldwide value. Pests, diseases, and viruses pose serious risks to chillies, resulting in large losses every year. A phenolic derivative that is widely distributed in the kingdom of plants, salicylic acid, is known to regulate a number of physiological and biochemical processes, including thermogenesis, plant signaling or defense, and response to biotic and abiotic stress. Salicylic acid's potential as a plant regulator led to the conduct of this study to ascertain its potentized form's effectiveness in varying potencies in preventing Chilli mosaic virus disease in Capsicum annum plants and improving plant parameters. Four groups were used in the study: Group A, B, C and D were administered for placebo, 6C, 12C, 30C respectively. The parameters analyzed in each group are plant height, number of chillies, weight of the chilli, size of the chilli, number of leaves and total yield. The ANOVA single-factor test was used to statistically assess the obtained data. The variations in plant parameters (plant height, number of chilies, weight of the chilli, size of the chilli, number of leaves, and total yield) amongst the four study groups were, respectively, 148.25, 219.58, 67739.8, 14.48, 75.6, and 6.71. At the 5% level, the computed value of F is 11.55, greater than the table value of F crit 2.77 with degrees of freedom v1 = 5 and v2 = 18. Strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis and accept the research hypothesis is provided by the obtained P value of 0.000041, which is less than 0.01. According to the findings of this study, Salicylic acid is effective in enhancing the parameters of capsicum annuum infected with the Chilli mosaic virus at varying potencies.","PeriodicalId":503926,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Good Post-Harvest Practices and Barriers among Cocoa Farmers and Licensed Buying Agents in Southwest, Nigeria","authors":"Abiodun Festus Akinrotimi, Olaniran Anthony Thompson, S. F. Arifalo","doi":"10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i3300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i3300","url":null,"abstract":"This study assesses the post-harvest practices and barriers among cocoa farmers and Licensed Buying Agents (LBAs) in Southwest Nigeria. The research utilizes primary data collected through structured questionnaires distributed to 200 cocoa farmers and 120 LBAs in the region, analyzed using descriptive statistics and Tobit regression analysis. Findings reveal that although there is a high level of awareness of good post-harvest practices among farmers, adoption is hindered by cultural beliefs, labour constraints, and inadequate financial incentives. LBAs face similar challenges, including limited access to information, inadequate infrastructure, and financial constraints. The analysis highlights that education, experience, and access to credit significantly influence the adoption of GPHP among farmers and LBAs, while older age and larger family sizes negatively impact farmers' adoption rates. The study concludes that targeted educational programs and training, improved infrastructure, financial support, strengthened extension services, market stability mechanisms, enhanced regulatory frameworks, and ongoing research and development are essential to improve post-harvest practices in the cocoa sector. These measures will not only enhance the quality and marketability of Nigerian cocoa beans but also contribute to the economic well-being of farmers and the broader community. By addressing the identified barriers and leveraging the influencing factors, the cocoa sector in Southwest Nigeria can achieve significant advancements in post-harvest handling, thereby supporting sustainable development and increasing economic returns.","PeriodicalId":503926,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141814095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Growth Performance and Blood Profile of Rabbit Bucks Fed Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal","authors":"Nambeh, A. P., Ahemen, T., O. J., Anongo, T.T., Uza, O.","doi":"10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i2292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i2292","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted to assess growth performance and blood profile of rabbit bucks fed dietary inclusion levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MoLM). Thirty (30) rabbit bucks (739.83 to 805.17 g) were balanced for weight and allocated to five groups of 6 rabbits and replicated six times with a buck per replicate in a complete randomized design. Five diets were formulated with incorporation of MoLM at 0.0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5 and 30.0% and denoted as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. Results on growth performance parameters were not influenced by dietary treatment. Rabbits fed control diet, diets containing 7.5, 15.0 and 22.5% had highest and similar dress weight while those on diet containing 30.0% recorded the least dress weight. Heart weight was highest and similar for rabbit fed control diet, diets containing 7.5, 22.5 and 30.0% while those on diet containing 15.0% had the least heart weight. Rabbits on control diet had highest kidney fats while rabbits on diet containing 7.5 and 30.0% recorded the least and similar kidney fats weight. Bile, left kidney and liver weight were lower for rabbits fed 30.0%. Rabbits fed control diet, diets containing 7.5, 15.0 and 30.0% had highest and similar MCHC while rabbits on diet containing 22.5% recorded the least MCHC. Rabbits on control diet and diet containing 30.0% had the highest) and least lymphocytes, respectively. Rabbits fed control diet, diets containing 7.5 and 15.0% recorded highest and similar neutrophils while rabbits fed diet containing 30.00% had least neutrophils. Rabbits on control diet, diets containing 7.5 and 15.0% had highest and similar albumin while rabbits fed diets containing 22.5 and 30.0% recorded the least and similar albumin. Rabbits on control diet, diets containing 22.5 and 30.0% recorded highest and similar ALP while rabbits on diets containing 7.5 and 15.0% had the least and similar ALP.   It is concluded that inclusion MOLM up to 30% had no adverse effect on their growth performance, blood profile reduced kidney fat and liver weight kidney weight. It is therefore recommended that Moringa oleifera leaf meal can be included in the diets of rabbit bucks intended for breeding purposes up to 30.0%.","PeriodicalId":503926,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141336131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Overview of Trees in Smallholder Farmers' Agricultural Landscapes: A Case Study from Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Gilbert Lungu, Chilala Ndeke, Yusuf Umer, Abduletif Abdurahman Mume, Abdi Hassen, Petros Chavula","doi":"10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i2291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i2291","url":null,"abstract":"Many developing countries, especially those in sub-Saharan Africa, have focused on improving agricultural production at the farm level. Governments have implemented agricultural policies and acts to support various initiatives aimed at generating secure and affordable food for low- and middle-income populations. However, these policies can sometimes lead to more homogeneous landscapes, reducing the diversity of accessible food. As global demand for food increases, farmers are expanding their crops and livestock into new areas. Yet, the inclusion of trees in agricultural landscapes is crucial for maintaining diversity. The objective of this study was to synthesize the benefits of incorporating trees in smallholder farming systems in sub-Sahara Africa. Therefore, the study found increasing evidence that trees can enhance welfare among rural farming households, particularly in sub-Sahara Africa. Incorporating trees into agricultural landscapes offers numerous benefits, including improved household nutrition and food security through enhanced crop yields and diversified diets. These practices also support income generation and livelihood diversification, providing farmers with additional sources of revenue. Moreover, trees contribute to environmental benefits and ecosystem services such as soil fertility, water retention, and carbon sequestration, which are crucial for climate change adaptation and resilience. Additionally, integrating trees fosters the preservation of cultural and traditional knowledge, while promoting biodiversity conservation and ecosystem restoration, ultimately creating a more sustainable and resilient agricultural system. Moreover, integrating trees into farming landscapes can help address Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1 and 2—' No Poverty' and 'Zero Hunger'—by increasing crop yields. This study recommends enhanced awareness campaigns for incorporating trees into agricultural landscapes.","PeriodicalId":503926,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141345040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Carcass, Growth Performance, Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Broiler Chickens Fed Additive of Onion Bulb Peel Powder","authors":"O. Alamuoye, Nathaniel Olu Alamuoye, Francis Bosede Adebayo, Victoria Oniyilo","doi":"10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i2287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i2287","url":null,"abstract":"The study evaluated the effect of the powder of onion bulb peel waste (Allium cepa) as feed additives on growth performance, blood profile and carcass features of broiler chickens. A total of 150-day old Arbo acre strains of broiler chicks were randomly allocated into five treatments group with 30 birds in each treatment with three replicates of 10 birds each. The birds were reared on the floor of a pen partitioned into experimental units. The study was conducted in two phases; starter phase (0-28 day) and finisher phase (28-56 day). A basal experimental diet was formulated for the broiler chickens and varying levels of onion bulb peel powder was added as a supplement at 0mg/kg (control), 25mg/kg, 50mg/kg, 75mg/kg and 100mg/kg in diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. The results obtained in this study revealed that there was significant difference (p<0.05) in feed intake, body weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, hematological and bio-chemical parameters, carcass weight, non-carcass weight, percentage of carcass cut-part relative to the dressed weight and percentage non carcass relative to live weight between treatment diets. Onion bulb peel powder at 100mg/kg enhanced growth performance, reduced total blood cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein, increased the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and improved carcass yield of the birds. Since the feeding of onion bulb peel powder up to 100mg/kg as feed additives did not constitute nutritional disorder or any adverse effect on heamatological parameters of broiler chickens, it can be concluded that onion bulb peel powder at this level of inclusion is good for broiler chicken production.","PeriodicalId":503926,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140973353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apparent and True Digestibility in Clarias gariepinus, Burchell, 1822 FED Soyabean Meal Based Diets Supplemented with Protease","authors":"J. Oyedokun, O. Ogunwole, I. C. Adene, A. H. Oladele, Yewande Sunday, Kenneth Obosi, Olaolu Olalekan Fawole","doi":"10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i2286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i2286","url":null,"abstract":"Soyabean meal (SBM) could be a suitable replacement for the expensive fishmeal but for its low digestibility in fish. However, protease supplementation could improve digestibility of SBM based diets. Therefore, apparent and true digestibility in Clarias gariepinus fed SBM based diets supplemented with protease were investigated. Six diets containing varied inclusion levels of protease (ppm) in solvent extracted soybean-based diets (SESBD) were formulated; Control (without protease), SS100 (100), SS200 (200), SS300 (300), SS400 (400), SS500 (500). The Clarias gariepinus (n=720) weighing 12.00±0.10g were fed to satiation with the diets for 12 weeks. Each treatment was in triplicate. Protease supplementation significantly (P<0.05) influenced the weight gain of C. gariepinus with the higher value in fish fed SS400 (44.63±3.13) and least value in control diet (32.03±0.65).  FCR had a significantly (P<0.05) least value in C. gariepinus fed SS400 (1.62±0.18) but similar (P>0.05) to C. gariepinus diet SS300 (1.88±0.11). Supplemental protease in soyabean-based diet improved (P<0.05) apparent protein digestibility of C. gariepinus on diet SS400 (87.38±1.10) but similar (P>0.05) to C. gariepinus on diet SS200 (87.29±0.97). Also, true lysine digestibility was enhanced with protease supplementation in soybean-based diet with the higher value in diet SS200 (95.90±0.07). Optimal FCR occurred SESBD of 350ppm dietary inclusion (R2= 0.8147) of protease.  The findings suggest that, protease supplementation in solvent extracted soyabean based diet could improve growth performance and amino acid digestibility in C. gariepinus at 350ppm inclusion level.","PeriodicalId":503926,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140984096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution Analysis of the Land use in the Municipality of Korsimoro, North-Central Burkina Faso: Predictive Modelling for 2050","authors":"Ibrahim Ouedraogo, Amadou Zan, Joachim Bonkoungou, I. Yanogo","doi":"10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i2285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i2285","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of the commune of Korsimoro in Burkina Faso, this study looked at the evolution of land use between 1991 and 2021, with projections to 2050. Using satellite data and geospatial processing methods, an analysis of past and projected trends in future land-use scenarios was conducted. The results revealed a significant increase in anthropogenic activities in recent decades, with a 25.69 per cent increase in land dedicated to agriculture and the expansion of urban areas. However, an optimistic outlook for 2050 suggests a regression in anthropogenic activities and an increase in natural areas, with 5.67 per cent increase for wooded savannahs and 78.37 per cent increase for shrub and grassy savannahs, respectively. These findings underscore the importance of rethinking land management policies in order to promote more sustainable development. Sustainable agricultural practices, integrated urban planning and the protection of natural ecosystems appear to be promising avenues for reconciling human needs with environmental preservation.","PeriodicalId":503926,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141013141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}