Fan Xie , Le Liu , Zhiguo Hao , Ting Wang , Songhao Yang , Aleksandra Lekić , Marjan Popov
{"title":"Non-unit protection method for boundary-component-free MTDC systems using normalized backward traveling waves","authors":"Fan Xie , Le Liu , Zhiguo Hao , Ting Wang , Songhao Yang , Aleksandra Lekić , Marjan Popov","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of existing protection methods for multi-terminal direct current systems depends on the availability and sizes of boundary components. To overcome the limitation, this paper proposes a non-unit DC line protection method based on the normalized backward traveling waves (BTWs) of the 1-mode voltage. Firstly, traveling wave propagation characteristics are analyzed, and a rationalization approach based on vector fitting is proposed. Next, the analytical expressions of normalized BTWs are derived, with the negative correlation between them and fault distance proved. Then, the derivative-free conjugate gradient algorithm is utilized for amplitude fitting and normalization calculation. Finally, a non-unit protection method using the normalized BTWs is developed. The performance is validated for both electromagnetic transient PSCAD/EMTDC and real-time digital RSCAD/RTDS simulation. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can accurately identify faults with various fault resistances and locations without requiring boundary components and high sampling frequencies, and it is robust against noise disturbances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 110370"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jindong Cui, Zengchen Zhu, Guoli Qu, Yuqing Wang, Ruotong Li
{"title":"Demand-side shared energy storage pricing strategy based on stackelberg-Nash game","authors":"Jindong Cui, Zengchen Zhu, Guoli Qu, Yuqing Wang, Ruotong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the large-scale access of user-side energy storage devices, shared energy storage has emerged as a key mode of energy storage in distribution networks. This mode requires efficient management of energy storage devices that balances the interests of different entities such as power supply enterprises, shared energy storage operators, and prosumers. In this mode, the formulation of charging and discharging prices is crucial. This paper proposed a dual-layer pricing model for shared energy storage systems based on mixed-game theory and its solution method. First, this study developed an upper-level stackelberg game model between the power supply enterprise and the cooperative alliance. The power supply enterprise, acting as the leader, sought to minimize operational costs while negotiating transaction electricity prices with the cooperative alliance. Second, a cooperative game model was developed within the lower-level alliance. As followers, the cooperative alliance seeks to maximize the alliance’s overall benefits. Based on the upper-level transaction electricity price and Nash bargaining theory, the internal transaction electricity price within the alliance was determined through negotiation. Subsequently, charging and discharging strategies were formulated along with a profit distribution mechanism. Finally, case studies simulations were used to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 110387"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing customer-side demand response identification for optimal scheduling considering satisfaction level for microgrids","authors":"Xidong Zheng , Feifei Bai , Tao Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The demand response (DR)-considered microgrid (MG) provides a large amount of electricity consumption information, and the value of these data has attracted increasing attention because accurately identifying customers’ electricity consumption behaviour patterns helps public utilities’ dispatch planning and precise services. This paper investigates how to achieve MGs’ optimal scheduling for analysing customer-side DR identification. To maintain the economics of the MG itself from the optimal scheduling of multiple MGs and the upper-level power system (ULP), a new master–slave management (MSM) is proposed. Then, by integrating the machine learning (ML)-based classifiers, the customer-side DR identification issues caused by abnormal data, such as data missing and label errors in MGs, are solved. A case study using the China State Grid data set proves the effectiveness of the proposed MSM and DR identification strategies. The assessment reveals that the integrated classification and identification centre (ICIC) helps ensure 4.615 average electricity purchase cost assessment (EPCA) and 4.835 for electricity power assessment (EPA), which is higher than abnormal situations without machine learning-based identification. The proposed method maximises customer satisfaction while reducing MG costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 110368"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shuhua Gao , Yuanbin Liu , Jing Wang , Zhengfang Wang , Xu Wenjun , Renfeng Yue , Ruipeng Cui , Yong Liu , Xuezhong Fan
{"title":"Short-term residential load forecasting via transfer learning and multi-attention fusion for EVs’ coordinated charging","authors":"Shuhua Gao , Yuanbin Liu , Jing Wang , Zhengfang Wang , Xu Wenjun , Renfeng Yue , Ruipeng Cui , Yong Liu , Xuezhong Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate load forecasting plays a crucial role in the optimal scheduling of electric vehicles’ (EVs) coordinated charging. Although many load forecasting methods have emerged in recent years, these methods face two significant challenges: effectively capturing the impact of special events on load and requiring a substantial amount of historical data for model training. To better apply day-ahead load forecasting (DALF) to the optimal scheduling of EVs’ coordinated charging, we propose a Transformer-based network architecture combining transfer learning and multi-attention fusion. The core idea of this algorithm comprehensively considers the dependencies between special events, seasonality, and load through multi-attention fusion. Simultaneously, by introducing time series decomposition block (TSDBlock), the load data is decomposed into seasonal and trend components to effectively extract crucial information, enhancing the performance of load forecasting models. To address data scarcity issues, we introduce transfer learning, selecting the best-performing model on the target task as the source model to avoid negative transfer effects. Ultimately, the experimental results show that our proposed method achieves the best forecasting performance in the datasets in five different regions. Especially in the non-working days, its performance is outstanding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 110349"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fei Li , Weifei Tu , Yun Zhou , Heng Li , Feng Zhou , Weirong Liu , Chao Hu
{"title":"Distributed secondary control for DC microgrids using two-stage multi-agent reinforcement learning","authors":"Fei Li , Weifei Tu , Yun Zhou , Heng Li , Feng Zhou , Weirong Liu , Chao Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-agent reinforcement learning has emerged as a promising candidate for the secondary control of DC microgrids. However, the one-stage reward function incorporating both voltage regulation and current sharing results in the significant bus voltage fluctuations and long current sharing time. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a two-stage reinforcement learning secondary control method for DC microgrids, which can effectively suppress the bus voltage fluctuations and reduce the current sharing time. The multi-agent Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm is utilized to regulate the current and voltage of each node in the microgrids. Specifically, a two-stage reward function based on voltage error and current error is designed, which can effectively improve the convergence speed. Moreover, an action safe mechanism is constructed to mitigate the effects of random noise and ensure the smooth operation of the DC microgrids. We have built a hardware-in-the-loop platform to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Experiment results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the current sharing speed and reduce the bus voltage fluctuation when compared with existing methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 110335"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giancarlo C. Heck , Ananias A. Quispe , Patryk H. da Fonseca , Osni S. Junior , Roberto A. Hexsel , Luiz C.P. Albini
{"title":"FRR: A Fast Routing Recovery mechanism minimizing network formation time in smart grids","authors":"Giancarlo C. Heck , Ananias A. Quispe , Patryk H. da Fonseca , Osni S. Junior , Roberto A. Hexsel , Luiz C.P. Albini","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have been applied to the most diverse types of applications, highlighting their use in Smart Grids (SGs), such as smart metering, demand response, fault detection and renewable energy integration, as well as in Smart Cities, such as smart lighting, smart parking and environmental monitoring. A technology that has been widely used in these contexts is the Wireless Smart Ubiquitous Networks Field Area Network (Wi-SUN FAN) standard, which defines the implementation and behavior of interoperable networks based on open standards such as IEEE 802.15.4 and the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). The adopted standards allow Wi-SUN FAN networks to take advantage of features such as security, frequency hopping, multi-hop packet routing, and IPv6 addressing, ensuring a wide coverage area and immunity against electromagnetic interference. Despite all the advantages, a shortcoming of Wi-SUN FAN networks is the long network formation time. In this article, we propose a mechanism called Fast Routing Recovery (FRR), which aims to accelerate the reconnection process in networks that use the RPL protocol by memorizing information about the nodes’ preferred parents. We evaluate the FRR mechanism by simulations and experiments. The results indicate that FRR can reduce the network formation time by up to 50% in certain network scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 110364"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuanshi Zhang , Wenyan Qian , Yiwen Feng , Fei Zhang , Chenyi Zheng , Qinran Hu , Liwei Wang
{"title":"An adaptive voltage reference based multi-objective line flow control methods for MMC-MTDC system","authors":"Yuanshi Zhang , Wenyan Qian , Yiwen Feng , Fei Zhang , Chenyi Zheng , Qinran Hu , Liwei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The regulation of DC line power flow and optimization of system operational characteristics after contingency is crucial for the stable and economic operation of the MTDC grid. In this paper, a novel adaptive voltage reference based multi-objective optimal control method is proposed for proper line power flow control, as well as voltage deviation minimization and economic operation of the MTDC system. A hierarchical control method based on the M-MOMPA algorithm is proposed for the development of dispatch solutions for the MTDC system connected to multiple AC systems and large-scale wind farms. A pre-evaluation method is proposed to choose appropriate control variables and accelerate the convergence of optimization algorithms. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated through comparisons with several algorithms. The dynamic simulations of a five-terminal MTDC grid are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink and RTLAB to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method under various types of disturbance and contingency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 110373"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bi-level coordinated restoration for the distribution system and multi-microgrids","authors":"Hao Zhu, Xiaotian Sun, Haipeng Xie, Lingfeng Tang, Zhaohong Bie","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microgrids (MGs) play an important role in enhancing the resilience of distribution systems (DSs). However, each MG has its own operation scheme and the ownership obstructs the coordination of restoration resources from different MGs. To address this problem, this paper proposes a bi-level coordinated restoration framework for the distribution system operators (DSOs) and the microgrid operators (MGOs). In the framework, MGOs report their surplus capacity to DSO once an extreme event occurs, and then DSO dispatches its own resources and orders MGOs’ supporting capacity. After receiving the order, MGOs dispatch distributed generators and energy storage systems to provide the surplus power. The proposed framework is capable of finding the optimal restoration scheme provided that the autonomy of MGs is retained. The stochastic programming is leveraged to model the uncertainty of renewable energy, and the coordinated restoration framework is formulated as a bi-level mixed integer linear programming (BMILP). The relaxation-based bi-level reformulation and decomposition (RBRD) algorithm is adopted to effectively achieve the global optimal solution. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated on a test system comprised of the IEEE 33-bus system and three IEEE 13 node test feeders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 110371"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modular multilevel converter periodic trajectory determination — A generic Fourier-based collocation method","authors":"Philippe De Rua, Jef Beerten","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a generic method for the steady-state periodic trajectory calculation of the modular multilevel converter (MMC) and MMC-based HVDC systems, which is a prerequisite to steady-state performance optimization and harmonic state-space-based small-signal stability analysis, among other applications. In the case of the MMC, the periodic trajectory determination is challenging due to nonlinearity and delays in the differential equations, in particular when control dynamics are taken into account. To this day, most methods rely on lengthy manipulations of waveform representations and cannot generally account for delays and nonlinearities other than products of variables. Hence, there has been missing a more efficient formulation capable of addressing the limitations of existing state-of-the-art methods. This paper fills this gap by presenting a highly flexible Fourier-based collocation method which seamlessly accounts for control dynamics, nonlinearity and delays. Being based in the time-domain, the developed method naturally accounts for nonlinearity in the differential equations and, being real-valued, it is solved efficiently with readily available root-finding Newton-based algorithms. In this paper, the proposed method is also applied to an illustrative simple RLC circuit as well as to a complete arm-averaged model of the MMC; it is validated against simulations and compared with a state-of-the-art shooting method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 110336"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaikai Zhang , Guibin Zou , Jinliang Zhang , Houlei Li , Yazhong Sun , Guoliang Li
{"title":"Microgrid energy management strategy considering source-load forecast error","authors":"Kaikai Zhang , Guibin Zou , Jinliang Zhang , Houlei Li , Yazhong Sun , Guoliang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hybrid energy storage system (HESS) can stabilize renewable energy power generation, but unreasonable energy storage power distribution and photovoltaic-load forecast errors will affect the economic benefits of the whole system. Aiming at the microgrid (MG) composed of photovoltaic (PV) and HESS, an energy management strategy (EMS) of MG considering forecast errors is proposed. Firstly, an optimization model considering the depreciation cost of battery is established. Secondly, day-ahead EMS is implemented under multiple operating modes considering minimum fluctuation and optimal economy. Then, according to the real-time forecast results and the feedback of system operation status, the intraday rolling energy management strategy (REMS) is developed to alleviate the impact of forecast errors. Finally, the real-time state of charge (SOC) of the supercapacitor (SC) is introduced to adjust the filter coefficient, which avoids the SC working in the charge/discharge restricted area for a long time and improves the adjustment effect. The results of the case analysis show that the proposed intraday REMS can effectively reduce the influence of forecast errors on energy management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 110372"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}